MORPHOLOGY OF KINGDOMS PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA
What Is Morphology ? The words "morphology" and "lógos, " which are both from Ancient Greek and mean "research" or "examination, " respectively, refer to shape. Morphology is the study of the dimensions, forms, and shapes of plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as the relationships between their parts. A branch of biology called morphology examines how organisms are built, including their specific structural traits. Therefore, the morphology that wants to be outlined here is related to the kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia.
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Practical 1: EXAMINING THE MORPHOLOGY OF CONIFEROPHYTA AND ANTHOPHYTA 1.0 Introduction The entire plant kingdom is known as Kingdom Plantae. They are multicellular eukaryotes, and they are made up of the cell wall, a hard structure that encloses the cell membrane. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment with a green hue that is crucial for photosynthesis. The five subgroups of the plant kingdom are Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (Coniferophyta), and Angiosperms (Anthophyta). 2.0 Aim To examine the morphology of Kingdom Plantae.
3.0 Procedures 1. Dacrydium comosum is taken from the appropriate place. 2. Dacrydium comosum is then placed on the white tile. 3. Dacrydium comosum structure is examined with the naked eye while using forceps. 4. The features of Dacrydium comosum is recorded. 5. Dacrydium comosum picture is captured using a smartphone. 6. Steps 1 - 5 is repeated using Hibiscus rosa sinensis.
4.0 Discussion Of Coniferophyta 4.1 Introduction Gymnosperm refers to any vascular plant that reproduces by an exposed seed or ovule. Many gymnosperm seeds are borne in cones and are not visible until the plant matures. Gymnosperms, unlike angiosperms, do not produce blooms or fruit. Coniferophyta is one of the plant components that exist from the four varieties of gymnosperms according to taxonomists (Britannica, 2023). Conifers, which have the most species diversity among gymnosperms, are included in the Coniferophyta category. Most conifers are evergreen and comprise some of the world's biggest, tallest, and oldest trees. Pines, sequoias, firs, hemlocks, and spruces are examples of conifers (Malik, 2019).
4.2 Structure of Dacrydium comosum Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Coniferophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Araucariales Family: Podocarpaceae Genus: Dacrydium Species: comosum Scientific name: Dacrydium comosum Classification female pinecone male pinecone seed cone pollen cone needle-like leaves needle-like leaves = retain more water and seeds cone = protect the developing seed.
Quarkwood High 4.3 Unique Characteristics Appearance: Dacrydium comosum is distinguished by its narrow, conical form and a thick coating of small, needle-like leaves grouped in whorls around the branches. Adaptability: Dacrydium comosum is a hardy plant that can survive in a variety of environments. It can thrive in both wet and dry soils and is resistant to cold temperatures and high winds. Longevity: Dacrydium comosum is a slow-growing plant that may survive for hundreds of years. Several trees have been dated back over 1000 years.
4.4 Habitat Dacrydium comosum is a coniferous tree native to the high altitudes of the central highlands. Dacrydium comosum is found in chilly, damp highland forests in its native environment. However, this species is also found in Peninsular Malaysia such as Genting Highlands and Gunung Hulu Kali, even though it is not a natural habitat. Dacrydium comosum is suitable for cooler climates and lower humidity with well-drained soils rich in organic matter, therefore it may be suitable for higher-elevation places in Peninsular Malaysia with these characteristics (Besi et al., 2020).
4.5 Reproduction Sexual reproduction: Dacrydium comosum is dioecious, meaning it has male and female trees. In Dacrydium comosum, sexual reproduction occurs when pollen from male cones fertilizes the ovules of female cones. The fertilized ovules mature into seeds that are confined within the cone. Wind disperses the seeds, and when they land in favorable conditions, they germinate and develop into new trees. Male trees generate little pollen cones that are yellow or brown in colour and develop at the terminals of the branches. Female trees have bigger seed cones that develop closer to the tree's trunk.
Asexual reproduction: Asexual reproduction in Dacrydium comosum can occur by vegetative propagation, which includes layering, cutting, and suckering. Layering is bending a tree branch or stem down to the ground and partially burying it in soil. The buried piece of the stem will sprout roots and grow into its own tree. After that, take stem cuttings from the tree and put them in soil or rooting media. If the conditions are right, these cuttings will form roots and grow into new trees. Dacrydium comosum can then develop suckers, which are branches that sprout from the tree's roots or base. These suckers can be removed from the parent tree and cultivated as independent trees. As a result, vegetative propagation can be an effective strategy for spreading Dacrydium comosum since it produces genetically identical progeny.
4.6 Life Cycle In a mature Dacrydium comosum plant, cones develop. Male spores transform into male gametophytes inside male cones. Each male gametophyte is made up of several cells that are enclosed inside a pollen grain. Female spores transform into female gametophytes inside female cones. Inside each ovule, a female gametophyte creates an egg. When pollen is transferred from a male to a female cone, pollination takes place. A diploid zygote is created when sperm move from the pollen to the egg to allow fertilization to take place. Inside a seed, which comes from the ovule inside the female cone, the zygote grows into an embryo. In the situation that the seed grows into a mature Dacrydium comosum tree, the cycle may be repeated.
4.7 Growth Cycle Seed production: The cones produced by the tree contain many seeds, which are released as the cone grows. Germination: To germinate, the seeds require appropriate moisture and temperature. The seedling grows a taproot and its first set of genuine leaves after germinating. Vegetative growth: The tree creates branches and leaves as it grows. Dacrydium comosum is a slow-growing tree that can take several years to reach one meter in height. Reproductive maturity: Dacrydium comosum normally takes 20-30 years to mature reproductively. Senescence: The tree's growth rate and reproductive production may decrease as it matures. It may eventually perish because of natural causes or environmental pressures.
5.0 Discussion Of Anthophyta 5.1 Introduction The Greek terms 'Angeion' , which means vessel, and 'Sperma, ' which means seed, are the origin of the word 'angiosperm. It alludes to flowerproducing plants. It's classified as a flowering plant as well. With over 300,000 species, angiosperms produce the largest and most varied group of blooming plants in the kingdom Plantae. Pollen grains and ovules are formed in specialized structures called flowers in angiosperms. Angiosperm fruits contain the seeds of the species. (Britannica, 2023). The Anthophyta, commonly known as the angiosperms is a dominant plant in most terrestrial ecosystems and is used in most ornamental plants. Anthophyta comprises the flowering plants because the gametes are produced within the ovules and the seeds into which they develop are enclosed in a carpel(Bernal‐Escobar et al., 2022).
receptacle sepals ovary spiral leaf filament style stigma anthers petals 5.2 Structure of Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Anthophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malvalves Family: Malvaceae Genus: Hibiscus Species: rosa-sinensis Scientific name: Hibiscus rosa sinensis Classification petals = bright-colored part that attracts bees, insects, and birds stigma = male reproductive organ anther = producing and storing the pollens filament = supporting the anther style = connects the stigma and the ovary sepals = protect rising buds receptacle = point on the stem to which the other structures attach ovary = located at the base of the pistil to protect the ovules.
5.3 Unique Characteristics Attractive Flowers: The enormous, bright, and stunning flowers of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis are one of its most distinguishing characteristics. The flowers are trumpet-shaped and can grow to reach up to 8 inches across. Evergreen Shrubs: Hibiscus rosa sinensis is an evergreen shrub. The leaves are glossy, dark green, oval in form, and have a pointed tip. Adaptability: Hibiscus rosa sinensis is a tropical plant that may thrive in a variety of environments. It can grow in a wide range of soil types and can withstand both drought and flooding. It can also thrive in partial shade, making it appropriate for use in a variety of landscaping situations. Medicinal Properties: The plant has antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant chemicals, and it has been used to treat a variety of diseases, including high blood pressure, fever, and respiratory infections.
5.4 Habitat In subtropical and tropical regions of the world, from 30 degrees north to 30 degrees south latitude, the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis grows on its own. This plant can, however, be grown in pots. This is so that plants may grow properly, which requires full sun and humid circumstances. In Malaysia, this plant is utilized as a home barrier or as a beautiful tree in the yard. It is impossible for the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis to survive in climates with temperatures below 12 degrees Celsius, or roughly 56 degrees Fahrenheit. Thus, Hibiscus rosa sinensis cannot survive in cold climates.
5.5 Reproduction Sexual reproduction: The Hibiscus rosa sinensis produces showy flowers, which contain both male and female reproductive structures. The male reproductive structure is referred to as the stamen and the female reproductive structure is referred to as the ovary. The male structures produce pollen, which is transferred to the female structures of the same or different flowers, resulting in fertilization and seed production. The seeds are contained in a seed pod that develops after the flower has wilted and fallen off. The seeds can be collected and planted to grow new plants. The sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells. The haploid cell then develops into a multicellular haploid, which is called the gametophyte. The gametophyte then undergoes mitosis to produce gametes. One of the gametes is then fertilized and forms a zygote. The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a flower or the sporophyte portion of the plant.
Asexual reproduction: Asexual propagation of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis can also be accomplished by vegetative procedures like cuttings, layering, or grafting. Cuttings are made by removing a piece of a stem or leaf with a node and rooting it in soil or water to create a new plant. Bending a low-growing stem to the ground and burying a piece of it in the soil to stimulate roots, after which it may be removed from the parent plant to form a new one, is the process of layering. Grafting is the process of uniting two separate plant tissues, usually a stem or a bud, from two different Hibiscus rosa sinensis plants to form a new plant with desired characteristics.
5.6 Life Cycle The dominant sporophyte plant produces flowers. Flowers generate spores, which mature into gametophytes. Male gametophytes are made up of a few cells within a pollen grain that creates sperm. Female gametophytes produce eggs within floral ovaries. Flowers also attract pollinators from animals.A diploid zygote develops within an ovule in the ovary if pollination and fertilization occur. The zygote grows into an embryo within a seed, which originates from the ovule and also contains nourishment for the embryo to nurture. The ovary that surrounds the seed has the potential to grow into a fruit. Fruits attract animals, which may disseminate the seeds contained within them.
5.7 Growth Cycle Germination of seeds: The Hibiscus rosa sinensis is propagated through seed under ideal temperatures and humidity levels, and can take up to 10 to 21 days to germinate. Seedling stage: The Hibiscus rosa sinensis will start to grow and produce its first set of leaves once the seeds have germinated. Vegetative stage: During this stage, the plant will continue to grow and develop its leaves and stems. The plant may need many months or perhaps a full year to mature and begin flowering. Flowering stage: large, beautiful flowers in a range of hues will start to appear on the hibiscus Rosa sinensis as it reaches maturity. The flowers normally remain on the plant for a few days to a week before fading and dropping off. Reproductive stage: The Hibiscus rosa sinensis will generate seed pods that carry the plant's seeds after the flowers have faded. The seed pods which reach maturity and split open causes the seed to disperse to the ground to germinate and restart the life cycle.
Make sure to wear gloves when handling the Dacrydium comosum and Hibiscus rosa sinensis to avoid any injury or allergy. Be sure to be careful when taking Dacrydium comosum and Hibiscus rosa sinensis from their habitat to avoid injury. Forceps are used in experiments to hold small parts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis such as anther and stigma Make sure the photos taken are clear to facilitate the recording process. 6.0 Precaution
7.0 Conclusion Overall, the kingdom Plantae also plays a big role for humans. This is because they provide many benefits to human life. Among its importance is to be a source of food in terms of fruits and vegetables. In addition, it supplies oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Finally, become a source of medicine as many medicines are made from kingdom plantae.
8.0 References
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
1.0 Introduction The kingdom of Animalia is composed of all animals.It is regarded as one of the largest of the five kingdoms. These are eukaryotic multicellular creatures. Unlike plants, these do not have a cell wall or chlorophyll. Animals in the animal kingdom eat in a heterotrophic way. Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata are the ten subphyla that make up the kingdom Animalia (Vedantu, 2023). Practical 2: EXAMINING THE MORPHOLOGY OF ANNELIDA, MOLLUSCA AND ARTHROPODA 2.0 Aim To examine the morphology of Kingdom Animalia.
3.0 Procedures 1. Lumbricus terrestris is taken from their respective habitats. 2. Lumbricus terrestris is then placed on the white tile. 3. Lumbricus terrestris structure is examined with the naked eye while using forceps. 4. The features of Lumbricus terrestris is recorded. 5. Lumbricus terrestris picture is captured using a smartphone. 6. Steps 1 - 5 is repeated using Lissachatina fulica and Microcentrum rhombifolium.
4.0 Discussion Of Annelida 4.1 Introduction Animalia's phylum Annelida is one of the largest in the animal kingdom. Both aquatic and terrestrial settings support annelids. These invertebrate species have bilateral symmetry. They can be distinguished from other organisms by their segmented bodies. Example of animals of Annelida is polychaete, earthworms, clitellata, and others (Byju’s, 2021).
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Class: Clitellata Order: ophisthopora Family: Lumbricidae Genus: Lumbricus Species: terrestris Scientificname: Lumbricus terrestris Common name: Common Earthworm Classification 4.2 Structure of Lumbricus terrestris anus posterior : mouth anterior : clitellum : segments : secretes a viscous fluid has a prostomium at the end to intake food has a anus at the end to expelling waste body either contract or relax to move
4.3 Unique Characteristics Segmented body: Lumbricus terrestris uses the segments, which are covered with tiny bristles known as setae, to move. Size: One of the largest earthworm species is Lumbricus terrestris, which may reach lengths of up to 30 centimeters (12 inches) and a diameter of 1.5 cm (0.6 inches). Burrowing behavior: The burrowing activity of Lumbricus terrestris is well known for aerating and fertilizing the soil. When it digs, the worm consumes the dirt and excretes castings that are rich in nutrients. Sensory organs: Lumbricus terrestris have light-sensitive sensory organs called photoreceptors that enable them to detect environmental changes and evade predators.
4.4 Habitat Considered to be an endogeic earthworm. Many soil types can support Lumbricus terrestris, except for bare rock, acidic peat, and coarse sands (Sphagnum). Usually found in mineral soil, it eats both organic matter present in the soil and waste at the soil-litter interface causing nutrient mineralization to be affected. It can survive in soils with a pH range of 3.5 to 3.7 and up to around 8. Although frequently found in fields used for farming, it performs badly because of pesticides, mechanical harm, and a lack of leaf litter. As a result, they are frequently discovered closer to the soil's surface
The Art of Wood A S H O R T I N T R O D U C T I O N Presentations are communication toolsthat can be used as demonstrations, lectures, speeches, reports, and more. 4.5 Reproduction The Lumbricus terrestris is a hermaphrodite, which means it possesses both male and female reproductive organs. Yet, they still require another common earthworm to mate and exchange genetic material. Two Lumbricus terrestris arrange their bodies so that their ventral surfaces are facing one another during mating, and then they trade sperm packets known as spermatophores. Internal fertilization takes place while the sperm is kept in spermathecae.
The Art of Wood A S H O R T I N T R O D U C T I O N Presentations are communication toolsthat can be used as demonstrations, lectures, speeches, reports, and more. The Lumbricus terrestris secretes a mucous cocoon from its clitellum, a specialized glandular structure located close to the anterior end of the body, after fertilization. The cocoon advances while gathering sperm and eggs, then seals at the front and back to create a protective capsule. The eggs are fertilized and grow into juveniles inside the cocoon. The young emerge from the cocoon as tiny earthworms and develop into adults over time. Although the exact period required to reach sexual maturity in Lumbricus terrestris varies, it normally lasts between six months and a year.
4.6 Life Cycle Egg stage: Since they have both male and female reproductive organs, common earthworms are hermaphrodites. Lumbricus terrestris exchange sperm and fertilize their own eggs during mating. The cocoons in which the eggs are placed are buried in the ground. Cocoon stage: In around three to four weeks after being buried in the soil, the cocoons hatch, releasing young, immature Lumbricus terrestris that will develop into adults. Juvenile stage: The Lumbricus terrestris start to resemble adult Lumbricus terrestris as they mature and start to form their distinctive segmented bodies. They eat the soil's decomposing organic materials during this stage. Adult stage: Lumbricus terrestris mature sexually between the ages of six and one. They can now begin reproducing and laying their own eggs, which will complete the life cycle.
Mating and reproduction: Adult Lumbricus terrestris exude mucus to entice potential mates when they are ready to mate. Two Lumbricus terrestris line up with their heads pointing in opposing directions during mating, then exchange sperm. Lumbricus terrestris will produce cocoons with fertilized eggs after mating. Death and decomposition: Like all living things, Lumbricus terrestris pass away eventually. The ecosystem will benefit from the decomposition of a Lumbricus terrestris earthworm's body, which returns nutrients to the soil once it dies.
5.0 Discussion Of Mollusca 5.1 Introduction The term used by Aristotle to describe cuttlefish is where the word "Mollusca" originates. Mollusc is a soft term. The class the second-largest animal phylum, Mollusca, contains more than 100,000 species. Several wellknown creatures, such as clams, snails, slugs, and squid, as well as some uncommon ones, such as chitons and tusk shells, are among the molluscs (LibreText Biology,2022). Molluscs can be found in almost every freshwater and marine environment, as well as on land in some cases. The members of this phylum that are most well-known and are most immediately recognisable are the marine molluscs (Ponder et al., 2019).
5.2 Structure of Lissachatina fulica mouth lower tentacles
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Stylommatophora Family: Achatinidae Genus: Lissachatina Species: fulica Scientific name: Lissachatina fulica Common name: Giant African land snail Classification upper tentacle = hold the snail's eyes lower tentacle = serves as olfactory (smelling) organs shell = protects and supports the soft body inside mantle = enclose and protect the internal organs whorl = prevent dessication when the Lissachatina fulica is inactive for long periods pneumostome = breathing pore
5.3 Unique Characteristics Large size: One of the largest land snail species is Lissachatina fulica, with adults reaching lengths of up to 20 centimeters and a diameter of up to 10 centimeters. Colorful appearance: Lissachatina fulica often has a brownish-yellow shell with dark brown stripes. High reproductive rate: With individuals able to produce up to 1,200 eggs annually, Lissachatina fulica is renowned for its high reproductive rate. Feeds on a wide range of plants: An omnivorous species Lissachatina fulica consumes a variety of vegetation, including fruits, vegetables, and flowers. This has caused it to be categorized as an agricultural pest in several areas. Ability to hibernate: Due to its ability to hibernate during times of drought or extreme cold, Lissachatina fulica can endure hostile conditions.
5.4 Habitat Except for Antarctica, every country where Lissachatina fulica lives has a tropical environment with warm, pleasant temperatures all year round and high humidity. This snail does best in hot, humid climates. Also, the species coexisted with humans in natural and man-made forests, marshes, agricultural areas, coastal areas, and disturbed areas. Lissachatina fulica can endure temperatures as low as 2°C by hibernating, and as high as 30°C by aestivating. It is active over a range of 9°C to 29°C. The sun has killed this snail.
5.5 Reproduction The Lissachatina fulica can self-fertilize since they are hermaphrodites, which means they have the reproductive systems of both males and females, but they don't normally do it. They have "conventional" mating behavior. Yet occasionally only spermatozoa are produced by young or immature snails, but adults are also capable of producing eggs. Both Lissachatina fulicas’ approach during the pre-copulation stage, and one of them positions itself above the shell and behind the other. The top Lissachatina fulica starts copulation to transfer sperm and fertilize its mate's eggs if the one below accepts it and moves back. Similar-sized snails can fertilize each other's eggs at the same time. In most cases, coupling happens at night.
The Lissachatina fulica lays between 100 and 500 eggs in a nest beneath the earth or between rocks and vegetation 8 to 20 days after the sexual encounter. Laying happens every two to three months. After 11–15 days, the eggs hatch, but the parents do not care for the young. They don't have a set breeding season and, on average, lay 5–6 clutches of eggs each year, with 200 eggs on average per clutch under ideal circumstances. Thus, this species can easily turn into a nuisance with a yearly egg production of close to 1,200 and a hatch success chance of 90%.
5.6 Life Cycle Egg: The adult Lissachatina fulica produces batches of 100 to 400 eggs at a time when they lay eggs. The round, tiny, white eggs are placed on the dirt or leaf litter. Hatching: After a few weeks, the eggs hatch, and the young snails emerge. They have a clear shell and are about 5 mm in size. Juvenile: The juvenile Lissachatina fulica develops quickly and becomes sexually mature in about 5 to 6 months. To facilitate their growth, they lose their skin multiple times during this period. Adult: Lissachatina fulica reaches adult lengths of 20 cm and has a lifespan of up to 5 years. As hermaphrodites, they possess both the male and female reproductive systems.
Reproduction: After exchanging sperm, two Lissachatina fulica might continue to lay eggs for a few weeks. The Lissachatina fulica can lay hundreds of eggs in each clutch, which they can do up to six times every year. Dormancy: A state of hibernation known as estivation can be reached by Lissachatina fulica during times of drought or poor climatic circumstances. In order to conserve moisture, they withdraw into their shell and cover it with a layer of mucus.
6.0 Discussion Of Arthropoda 6.1 Introduction The existence of many joints, a chitinous exoskeleton, segmentation, and an open circulatory system define an arthropod as a living invertebrate. Invertebrate animals classified as arthropods include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans (Nadein & Gorb, 2022).
long antennae walking legs long jumping legs HEAD THORAX ABDOMEN spiracel pronotum mouth compound eye abdominal segment ovipositor 6.2 Structure of Microcentrum rhombifolium
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum:Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Orthoptera Family: Tettigoniidae Genus: Microcentrum Species: rhombifolium Scientific name: Microcentrum rhombifolium Common name: Broad-winged katydid Classification long antennae = sensory receptors that help them find their way around in the dark tympana = sound receptors ovipositor = dig a deep chamber in the ground for egg burial, manipulate the eggs, and to assist in capping the egg pod with froth spiracle = respiratory openings pronotum = area for of the thorax for hopper identification
6.3 Unique Characteristics Broad wings: The Microcentrum rhombifolium, has broad wings that cover most of its body and are formed like a shield. Cryptic coloration: Because of its cryptic coloring, the Microcentrum rhombifolium can blend in with its environment and evade predators. Loud calls: The loud and distinctive sounds of the males of this species are produced by them rubbing their wings together. The calls are audible as far away as 300 meters. Long lifespan: The Microcentrum rhombifolium has a lifespan that can reach up to two years, which is unusually long for an insect. Slow-moving: The Microcentrum rhombifolium is a slow-moving species that is very simple for predators to take down despite its size. Nonetheless, its covert coloring aids in keeping it hidden.
6.4 Habitat The Microcentrum rhombifolium inhabits a wide range of habitats, including forests, woods, and fields. They like densely forested environments, such as bushes and trees, where they may climb and feast on the leaves. The Microcentrum rhombifolium have also been observed in residential areas, parks, and gardens, where they may feed on roses and hibiscus. They like warm, humid climates and are most active during the summer months when temperatures are high. So, Microcentrum rhombifolium are found all over the world, except for Antarctica, which is the coldest place on the planet.