Comments
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Balsam fir is frequently segregated into two varieties (e.g., H.J. Scoggan 1978--1979) based on whether the bracts are included (var. balsamea ) or exserted (var. phanerolepis Fernald), the latter considered by Liu T. S. (1971) to be a hybrid between Abies balsamea and A . fraseri . D.T. Lester (1968) demonstrated, however, that bract length may vary within a cone, annually, and from tree to tree. Nevertheless, a tendency exists for the exserted variety to be found most commonly from Newfoundland south through New England (R.C. Hosie 1969; B.F. Jacobs et al. 1984); it is not found west of Ontario. Western populations lack 3-carene and have other minor chemical differences separating them from eastern balsam fir (E.Zavarin and K.Snajberk 1972; R.S. Hunt and E.von Rudloff 1974). Morphologic variation in balsam fir has been studied mainly east of Ontario; the populations to the west have been ignored for the most part, although they may yield stronger evidence for species subdivision.
In Alberta, populations intermediate between western Abies balsamea and A . bifolia (E.H. Moss 1953; R.S. Hunt and E.von Rudloff 1974, 1979) may be classified as A . balsamea ´ bifolia . In West Virginia and Virginia, populations of balsam fir tend to be more similar to A . fraseri than are more northern populations (B.F. Jacobs et al. 1984).
Balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) is the provincial tree of New Brunswick.
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- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Trees to 23m; trunk to 0.6m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth, in age often becoming broken into irregular brownish scales. Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, the lower often spreading and drooping; twigs mostly opposite, greenish brown, pubescence sparse. Buds hidden by leaves or exposed, brown, conic, small, resinous, apex acute; basal scales short, broad, nearly equilaterally triangular, glabrous, resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1.2--2.5cm ´ 1.5--2mm, 1-ranked (particularly on lower branches) to spiraled, flexible; cross section flat, grooved adaxially; odor pinelike (copious ß-pinene); abaxial surface with (4--)6--7(--8) stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface dark green, slightly or not glaucous, with 0--3 stomatal rows at midleaf, these more numerous toward leaf apex; apex slightly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins, midway between abaxial and adaxial epidermal layers. Pollen cones at pollination red, purplish, bluish, greenish, or orange. Seed cones cylindric, 4--7 ´ 1.5--3cm, gray-purple, turning brown before scale shed, sessile, apex round to obtuse; scales ca. 1--l.5 ´ 0.7--1.7cm (relationship reversed in more western collections), pubescent; bracts included or exserted and reflexed over scales. Seeds 3--6 ´ 2--3mm, body brown; wing about twice as long as body, brown-purple; cotyledons ca. 4. 2 n =24.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Boreal and northern forests; 0--1700m; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Conn., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.Y., Pa., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Pinus balsamea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1002. 1753
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من EOL authors
Abies balsamea, balsam fir, is a coniferous evergreen tree in the Pinaceae family, native to areas with cold climates northeastern U.S. and Canada. It is important in northeastern North America, where it forms large single-species stands or is one of the dominant species in several boreal forest types in the northern United States and in Canada. A small- to medium-sized tree with light and relatively week wood, its timber is used primarily for pulpwood for paper manufacture, and in light interior construction (or as plywood), but it is a popular Christmas tree, and is the Provincial tree of New Brunswick. Balsam fir typically grows to 14–20 meters (46–66 feet) tall, with a narrow, symmetrical, conic crown. Bark on young trees is smooth, grey, and dotted with resin blisters (which tend to spray when ruptured), becoming rough and fissured or scaly on old trees. The leaves are flat needle-like, 15 to 30 millimeters (½–1 in) long, dark green above often with a small patch of stomata near the tip, and two white stomatal bands below, and a slightly notched tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but with the leaf bases twisted to appear in two more-or-less horizontal rows. The cones are erect, 4–8 cm (1.5–3 inches) long, dark purple, ripening brown and disintegrating to release the winged seeds in September. In addition to its use as for pulpwood and Christmas trees, balsam fir bark and leaves produce oleoresins that are used to make turpentine, varnishes, and Canada balsam (used as a slide fixative) and in the manufacture of medicinal compounds. The resin is reported to have numerous medical uses, as an antiseptic and general healing agent, and was used to treat sore throat and coughs, colds, and fevers by North American native peoples including the Ojibwa, as well as in Western pharmaceuticals such as Buckley’s Mixture cough syrup in Canada. Balsam fir grows in low swampy areas and areas with ample moisture, although it may also occur on well-drained hillsides. It commonly occurs with trees species such as spruces (Picea), birches (Betula sp.), and aspens (Populus sp.). It is moderately important to wildlife. The young trees are used as cover for mammals and nesting sites for birds. Deer and moose browse the leaves, sometimes extensively in winter "deer yards." At least 8 species of songbirds and several mammal species eat the winged seeds. Balsam fir is popular for the fragrance of its needles, inspiring poetic reflections: “To anyone whose childhood summers were spent [in the great North Woods], the delicious spicy fragrance of Balsam needles is the dearest odor in all of Nature” (Peattie 1991). (Burns and Honkala 1990, Farrar 1995, Harlow et al. 1991, Martin et al. 1951, Peattie 1991, PFAF 2011, Wikipedia 2011)
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- Jacqueline Courteau
Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
seed,
treeFire creates seedbeds favorable for balsam fir germination and
establishment. If seed is available, balsam fir readily establishes on
burned sites. In northern Minnesota, balsam fir seedlings were
established within 5 years of a stand-destroying fire; seed originated
from an unburned mixed-conifer stand across a river [
28]. Balsam fir
seedlings establish after fall fires that occur when seed is ripe and
still on the tree [
11].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
balsam fir
balsam
Canadian balsam
Canada balsam
eastern fir
bracted balsam fir
blister fir
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
hardwoodBalsam fir provides important winter cover for white-tailed deer and
moose. Balsam fir stands attract ungulates because snow is not as deep
as in adjacent hardwood stands [
30]. Lowland balsam fir stands are used
extensively by white-tailed deer as winter yarding areas [
21], and by
moose with calves during severe winters [
30]. During summer, deer,
bear, and moose often rest under the shade of balsam fir trees [
30].
Young balsam firs provide cover for small mammals and birds. Martens,
hares, songbirds, and even deer hide from predators in balsam fir
thickets [
30]. Grouse and songbirds seek shelter during winter within
the evergreen foliage [
5]. In Maine, fishers often nest in witches
brooms in balsam fir trees [
4].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
duff,
treeBalsam fir is a native, coniferous, evergreen, small to medium-sized,
upright tree. At maturity it may reach a height of 40 to 90 feet (12-27
m) and a d.b.h. of 12 to 30 inches (30-75 cm) [
5]. Maximum age is about
200 years. Balsam fir has a dense, narrowly pyrimidal crown terminating
in a slender, spirelike top. Open-grown trees may have live branches
extending to the ground, but trees in well-stocked stands have dead,
persistent lower branches [
29]. The needles are flat, resinous, and 0.4
to 1.2 inches (1-3 cm) long [
5]. Erect cones occur on the upper side of
1-year-old branches in the upper crown. The bark is gray and smooth and
contains numerous raised resin blisters. On older trees the bark
becomes brown and scaly but is less than 0.5 inch (1.2 cm) thick [
5].
Balsam fir has a shallow root system that is mostly confined to duff and
upper mineral soil layers. Roots rarely penetrate more than 30 inches
(75 cm) below the ground surface, except in sandy soils [
21].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Balsam fir is widely distributed in northeastern North America. It
occurs from Newfoundland west across northern Quebec, northern Ontario,
central Manitoba, and Saskatchewan to northwestern Alberta, south about
400 miles (640 km) to central Alberta, southeast to northern Minnesota
and Wisconsin, and east to New England [
21]. In the United States,
scattered populations occur in southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
northeastern Iowa, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and northern Virginia.
The two varieties are distributed as follows [
5]:
var. balsamea - from Newfoundland and Labrador west to northeastern
Alberta and south to Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern
Ontario, northern Pennsylvania, New York, and New
England. It is local in northeastern Iowa.
var. phanerolepis - from Newfoundland and Labrador to Ontario and Maine
and in the high mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont,
and New York. It is also common in the higher
mountains of Virginia and West Virginia.
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
seedBalsam fir is easily killed by fire. Seedlings establish after fire
only if surviving seed trees are present. Balsam fir is therefore a
rare postfire pioneer [
14].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire suppression,
fuel,
herbaceous,
prescribed fire,
treePrescribed fire: Prescribed fire can be used to convert balsam fir
forests to other species. It is an important silvicultural tool in
spruce budworm-infested stands. Burning infested stands eliminates the
unaffected balsam fir understory and prepares the site for other
commercial species, particularly black spruce [
25]. In northern
Ontario, prescribed burning on sites pretreated by tramping (leveling
the dead trees with bulldozers) successfully prepared a spruce
budworm-killed balsam fir stand for planting [
38]. Tramping aided fire
spread in this summer burn, when green herbaceous plants might otherwise
have hindered it. The standing dead trees were dry before tramping.
Some large balsam fir boles were completely consumed and 55 percent of
balsam fir slash between 2.75 and 5 inches (7-13 cm) in diameter were
consumed. Prescribed fires can also be used to kill balsam fir
seedlings and saplings in pine and mixed-wood types. In these types,
low-intensity surface fires are sufficient to kill balsam fir saplings
[
37].
Fire behavior: Balsam fir tree mortality is often between 70 and 100
percent after the collapse of a spruce budworm outbreak [
25]. These
altered forests are more flammable because the dead trees provide dry
aerial fuel and the newly exposed understory is drier than normal. Fire
suppression in spruce budworm-killed stands is extremely difficult [
25].
Experimental burns in spruce budworm-killed stands have been explosive.
In balsam fir stands with 30- to 90-year-old dead trees averaging 23 to
39 feet (7-12 m) in height, spring fires (before flushing of understory
vegetation), under conditions of high but not extreme fire danger,
burned with intensities as high as 38,000 KW/m and spread rates in
excess of 148 feet/minute (45 m/min.) [
50]. Tree crown and surface fuel
consumption were nearly complete, and standing tree boles smoldered for
hours after the passage of the fire front. These hot fires transport
large amounts of peeling bark, fine twigs, and branchlets in convection
columns which start spot fires downwind [
49].
Decay after fire: Fire-killed balsam fir deteriorates rather slowly.
Commercial salvage operations are possible for a number of years after
stand-killing fires [
5]. However, budworm-killed trees quickly succumb
to wood-rotting fungi and are largely unusable after 1 to 3 years [
34].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
bog,
shrubBalsam fir grows on a wide variety of upland and lowland sites. It
occurs on mountain slopes and glaciated uplands as well as on alluvial
flats, peatlands, and swamps. It is found in pure, mixed coniferous,
and mixed coniferous-deciduous stands.
Soils: Balsam fir grows on sites underlain by a variety of parent
materials, including gneiss, schist, anorthosite, diabase, slate,
sandstone, and limestone. It grows mostly on acid Spodosol, Inceptisol,
and Histisol soil orders [
21]. It grows on all soil textures, from
heavy clay to rocky. It tolerates a wide range of soil acidity. In the
Lake States, balsam fir is most common on cool, wet-mesic sites with
soil pH values between 5.1 and 6.0 [
21]. In northeast Wisconsin it
commonly grows on limestone outcrops [
45].
Associated trees: Associated trees of uplands include white spruce, red
spruce, paper birch, aspen, white ash (Fraxinus americana), yellow birch
(Betula alleghaniensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), red maple,
sugar maple (Acer saccharum), eastern hemlock, and white pine. Lowland
associates are black spruce, white spruce, tamarack (Larix laricina),
red maple, black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and northern white-cedar [
17].
Understory: Common shrub associates include beaked hazel (Corylus
cornuta), bog Labrador-tea (Ledum groenlandicum), mountain maple (Acer
spicatum), Canada yew (Taxus canadensis), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus),
sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), and hobblebush (Viburnum
lantanoides) [
21].
Elevation: Balsam fir grows from near sea level along the Atlantic
seaboard to timberline at 5,600 feet (1,700 m) in the Appalachian
Mountains, and to 6,200 feet (1,890 m) in the White Mountains in New
Hampshire [
21].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
30 Red spruce - yellow birch
31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white cedar
38 Tamarack
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
60 Beech - sugar maple
107 White spruce
108 Red maple
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
204 Black spruce
251 White spruce - aspen
253 Black spruce - white spruce
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
seed,
wildfireBalsam fir is the least fire-resistant conifer in the northeastern
United States [
48]. Most fires kill balsam fir trees and destroy the
seeds [
14]. Trees have thin, resinous, easily ignitable bark and
shallow roots [
1,
21]. Seeds have no endosperm to protect them from high
temperatures. Cones are not necessarily destroyed by fire, but immature
seeds will not ripen on fire-killed trees.
If balsam fir trees are killed over extensive areas by summer fires, no
seed will be available to revegetate the burned area. This occurred
following the 1936 wildfire on Isle Royale which burned 26,000 acres
(10,500 ha). Most of the balsam fir trees were killed, and for 30 years
after the fire, balsam fir was largely absent from the burned area [
27].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Balsam fir is a major food of moose during winter. It tends to be
utilized more when snow is deep and moose populations are high [
41].
Moose may browse balsam fir in winter to save energy because the twigs
weigh 8 to 13 times more than deciduous twigs of similar length and
therefore it requires less time and effort to consume equivalent amounts
[
41]. Balsam fir is unimportant in the diets of caribou and
white-tailed deer. Spruce and ruffed grouse feed on balsam fir needles,
tips, and buds, which often make up 5 to 10 percent of the fall and
winter diet. Red squirrels feed on balsam fir male flower buds, and
less frequently on leader and lateral buds in late winter and spring
when other foods are scarce [
5]. Stands attacked by the spruce budworm
attract numerous insect-eating birds, especially warblers and
woodpeckers [
30].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
climax,
forest,
treeBalsam fir is more commonly found in mixed than in pure stands. It does
occurs as a dominant species in pure stands in Newfoundland, Ontario,
and Quebec. Its importance as a major forest tree declines west of
Manitoba [
5]. Balsam fir is a principal tree of boreal mixed stands in
Canada, where it occurs with paper birch (Betula papyrifera), aspen
(Populus tremuloides), black spruce (Picea mariana), and white spruce
(P. glauca) [
46].
In the Lake States, climax stands of balsam fir are relatively uncommon
[
21,
45]. In Maine, balsam fir forms pure stands on flats between swamps
and uplands [
5]. In the Adirondacks, balsam fir sometimes dominates
upper slopes above 3,200 feet (975 m) [
5]. In New England and the Lake
States, balsam fir is more commonly found in mixed stands, especially in
forests dominated by black spruce, red spruce (Picea rubens), white
spruce, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), northern white-cedar (Thuja
occidentalis), paper birch, aspen, and red maple (Acer rubrum)
[
5,
30,
45].
Balsam fir is listed as a dominant part of the vegetation in the
following community type (cts) and ecosystem (eas) classifications:
Area Classification Authority
PQ: Gaspe Peninsula forest veg. cts Zoladeski 1988
ON forest eas Jones & others 1983
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
basal area,
forestSilviculture: Balsam fir is managed under both even- and uneven-aged
silvicultural systems [
22,
23,
30]. Balsam fir types are usually
converted to other forest types because of their susceptibility to
spruce budworm outbreaks and because of the relatively low value of the
timber [
30].
Wildlife damage: White-tailed deer, snowshoe hares, and especially
moose browse balsam fir reproduction on cutovers. This often retards
growth but is seldom fatal [
30]. In Newfoundland, 4-foot-tall (1.2 m)
balsam fir survived up to 12 years of heavy moose browsing [
8].
Release: Several herbicides are used to release balsam fir from
competing hardwoods. Balsam fir is resistant to 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,
glyphosate, and hexazinone [
30,
40].
Insects: The spruce budworm is the most serious damaging agent of
balsam fir. Historically, cyclical spruce budworm epidemics have killed
trees over vast areas [
55]. The most susceptible stands are those
with the following characteristics [
30]:
(1) High basal area or percentage of stand in balsam fir and/or white
spruce;
(2) Mature stands (50 years or older), especially if
extensive;
(3) Open stands with tops of balsam fir and/or white spruce
protruding above the canopy;
(4) Stands on poorly drained soils that are extremely wet or dry; and
(5) Stands downwind of a budworm outbreak area.
Once an outbreak begins, trees usually die after 3 to 5 years of
continuous defoliation. Johnston [
30] has outlined management
principles for spruce-budworm-infested balsam fir.
Other serious insect pests include the hemlock looper and blackheaded
budworm, defoliators primarily associated with mature and overmature
stands [
30]. The introduced balsam wooly adelgid, which occurs in
southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States, attacks stems,
twigs, and buds and can kill trees within 3 years [
21].
Rots: Several heart, butt, and root rots cause much decay in living
trees. Heart rots often infect more than 50 percent of 70-year-old
trees [
6].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
In Newfoundland, healthy balsam fir plants with dark blue-green foliage
are more nutritious than plants with yellow or light green foliage.
Chemical analysis of balsam fir browse during the growing season varied
according to color as follows [
8]:
(percent composition on dry matter basis)
foliage color protein fat fiber ash N-free Mg K
Extract
very yellow 4.65 7.54 25.2 2.1 60.60 0.12 0.32
yellow 5.49 8.29 22.01 2.49 61.72 0.18 0.15
light green 6.33 7.71 22.83 2.44 60.69 0.13 0.27
green 6.89 8.08 21.36 3.24 60.43 0.13 0.42
dark green 8.59 7.88 20.67 3.54 59.41 0.09 0.44
dark blue-green 13.54 5.55 26.24 3.68 50.99 0.13 1.01
On logged-over land in Newfoundland, twigs from balsam fir saplings in
thinned stands contained 33 percent more protein and 17 percent more
crude fat than those from unthinned stands [
53].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
CT IA ME MA MI MN NH NY PA VT
VA WV WI AB LB MB NB NF NS ON
PE PQ SK
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeBalsam fir is a popular Christmas tree in the East and grown on
plantations for this purpose. The branches are used to make Christmas
wreaths. The fragrant needles are used as a stuffing in souvenir
pillows sold in New England [
21].
Balsam fir is occasionally used in landscaping. It can be used in
screenings, mass plantings, and windbreaks but requires abundant soil
moisture for these purposes [
21].
Bark blisters contain oleoresin, which is used in the optics industry as
a medium for mounting microscope specimens and as a cement for various
parts of optical systems [
21].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Balsam fir is moderately to highly palatable to moose in winter.
Palatability varies between individual plants. Green-foliaged
individuals are often browsed heavily, while chlorotic plants are
avoided [
5]. This is attributed to the higher nutrient content of
healthy plants with dark green foliage.
The palatability of balsam fir to white-tailed deer and caribou is low
[
5]. White-tailed deer may eat small amounts of balsam fir due to its
abundance, but it is not a preferred food [
51].
In laboratory experiments, mice and voles preferred the seeds of pines
(Pinus spp.), spruces (Picea spp.), and eastern hemlock over balsam fir
seeds [
5].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Phenological events proceed as follows [
5]:
Event Southern part of range Northern part of range
flowering begins early May early June
seeds ripen late August-early Sept. October
seedfall begins early September October
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedBalsam fir is generally slow to reestablish after fire. Because most
trees are killed by fire, it relies on rare survivors found in protected
pockets within the burn or trees from adjacent unburned areas to provide
seed for postfire seedling establishment. Associates such as aspen,
paper birch, black spruce, and jack pine usually seed in aggressively
following fire and quickly dominate the site. Balsam fir is usually
rare or absent for the first 30 to 50 years after fire, but thereafter
gradually establishes under the canopy of its seral associates
[
2,
14,
20].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
root crown,
secondary colonizerTree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
layering,
litter,
natural,
seed,
treeSeed production and dispersal: Balsam fir is a prolific seed producer.
Seed production begins when plants are about 20 years old or 15 feet
tall [
5], and regular seed production occurs after trees are about 30
years old. Some seed is produced every year, with heavy seed crops
occurring at 2- to 4-year intervals [
21]. Most seeds are shed in
autumn, but small amounts fall throughout the winter and into spring
[
21]. The winged seeds are primarily dispersed by wind. Most fall
within 80 to 200 feet (25-60 m) of the tree, but some travel up to 525
feet from the tree (160 m) [
21]. Some seed is dispersed by small
mammals.
Only about 50 percent of balsam fir seeds are sound [
24]. Germinative
capacity is relatively low, ranging from about 20 to 50 percent [
5].
Seeds remain viable for less than 1 year under natural conditions [
21].
Germination and seedling establishment: Most seeds germinate between
late May and early July [
21]. If moisture is sufficient, seedlings will
establish on almost any substrate, but establishment is generally best
on mineral soil. Other good seedbeds include rotting wood embedded in
humus because it can remain moist even during prolonged drought, and
rotting logs and stumps because they have a tendency to shed hardwood
leaf litter which can smother seedlings [
36]. Hardwood leaf litter is a
poor seedbed; seedlings on deep layers of hardwood litter usually die
within a few weeks of germination [
5]. However, balsam fir establishes
more readily on shallow litter (less than 3 inches [7.5 cm]) than other
conifers because seedlings quickly develop a deep root system [
21].
Seedlings are very shade tolerant. Once established they can withstand
many years of suppression.
Vegetative reproduction: Layering occurs in swamps and mossy areas, and
under white and jack pine (Pinus strobus, P. banksiana) overstories [
5].
In the White Mountains of New Hampshire, prostrate balsam fir above
5,500 feet (1,700 m) in elevation reproduce almost entirely by layering
[
5].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
mesicBalsam fir is a late successional or climax species. Following fire, it
is replaced by pioneering hardwoods and conifers, such as aspen, paper
birch, balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), jack pine, and black spruce.
Except for scattered survivors, it is mostly absent for the first few
postfire decades. In Ontario, balsam fir seedlings often first appear
under aspen-birch-spruce types 30 to 50 years after fire [
5,
36]. Balsam
fir seedlings are shade tolerant and less exacting in seedbed
requirements than many associates. It readily establishes under a
canopy of hardwoods and conifers. In the Lake States, an understory of
balsam fir seedlings is almost ubiquitous in several upland and lowland
forests [
30]. In boreal forests, it is usually a common understory
component beneath pines, aspen, and paper birch [
7,
15,
28]. In the
continued absence of fire, balsam fir may assume dominance as the canopy
of the pioneering trees begins to break up.
In the Lake States, balsam fir can become climax on poorly drained clay
soils. It often succeeds aspen, paper birch, and sometimes black spruce
[
17]. On mesic sites, it is often replaced by shade-tolerant hardwoods
such as sugar maple [
30].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fernThe currently accepted scientific name of balsam fir is Abies balsamea
(L.) Mill [
32]. The genus Abies consists of about 40 species of
evergreen trees found in the Northern Hemisphere. Nine Abies species,
including balsam fir, are native to the United States.
Balsam fir is widely distributed and exhibits geographic variation. Two
varieties based on morphological differences are recognized [
47]:
var. balsamea
var. phanerolepis Fern.
Balsam fir is closely related to Fraser fir (A. fraseri). These species
are probably relicts of an ancestral taxon which exhibited north-south
clinal variation [
24]. Trees in Virginia and West Virginia are possibly
hybrids between these two species [
32]. Some authorities recognize
Fraser fir as a variety of balsam fir: A. b. var. fraseri [
21].
Balsam fir hybridizes with subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa) where their
ranges overlap in the Canadian Rockies [
24].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedThe use of balsam fir for rehabilitation purposes is largely unexplored.
It is probably best suited for long-term revegetation. Nursery-grown
stock is available for outplanting. Methods for collecting, processing,
testing, storing, and sowing balsam fir seed, as well as nursery
practices for seedling production, have been outlined in the literature
[
5,
16,
24].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Balsam fir wood is used primarily for pulpwood and lumber for light
frame construction. It is also used extensively for cabin logs. The
wood is lightweight, relatively soft, low in shock resistance, and has
good splitting resistance. Balsam fir is not well suited for use as
posts and poles because it decays rapidly. Minor wood products include
paneling, crates, and other products not requiring high structural
strength [
5,
21].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies balsamea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Tree species associated with balsam fir in the boreal region of Canada
are black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (Picea glauca),
paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and quaking aspen (Populus
tremuloides). In the more southerly northern forest region, additional
associates include bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata), yellow
birch (Betula alleghaniensis), American beech (Fagus
grandifolia), red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (Acer
saccharum), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), eastern white
pine (Pinus strobus), tamarack (Larix laricina), black ash
(Fraxinus nigra), and northern white-cedar (Thuja
occidentalis). Red spruce (Picea rubens) is an important
associate in New Brunswick and Maine. Occasional associates are balsam
poplar (Populus balsamifera), gray birch (Betula populifolia),
red pine (Pinus resinosa), jack pine (Pinus banksiana),
and American elm (Ulmus americana) (10).
Pure stands of balsam fir or stands in which balsam fir is the major
component of growing stock make up the forest cover type Balsam Fir
(Society of American Foresters Type 5) (10). Balsam fir is also a major
component in two other eastern forest cover types: Red Spruce-Balsam Fir
(Type 33) and Paper Birch-Red Spruce-Balsam Fir (Type 35). It is an
associated species in 22 eastern forest cover types and in 4 western
forest cover types.
Common shrubs associated with balsam fir include beaked hazel (Corylus
cornuta), mountain maple (Acer spicatum), Labrador-tea
(Ledum groenlandicum), Canada yew (Taxus canadensis), red
raspberry (Rubus idaeus var. strigosus), sheep-laurel (Kalmia
angustifolia), and hobblebush (Viburnum lantanoides) (10,41).
Among the herbaceous plants commonly found under balsam fir are
twinflower (Linnaea borealis), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis),
starflower (Trientalis borealis), creeping snowberry (Gaultheria
hispidula), sedges (Carex spp.), common woodsorrel
(Oxalis montana), bluebead lily or cornlily (Clintonia
borealis), painted trillium (Trillium undulatum), cinnamon
fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), sweetscented bedstraw (Galium
triflorum), Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), and
spinulose woodfern (Dryopteris spinulosa).
Certain associations of shrubs, herbs, and mosses indicate forest site
quality (41). The four main indicator associations, designated as
Hylocomium/ Hypnum, Cornus/Maianthemum, Oxalis/Cornus, and Viburnum/Oxalis
indicate, in the order listed, increasing productivity of site and
increasing proportions of shrubs and hardwood trees in natural stands.
Only the Hylocomium/Hypnum sites are likely to be occupied by pure
balsam fir.
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Climate
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Balsam fir grows best in the eastern part of its range in southeastern
Canada and the Northeastern United States. This area is characterized by
cool temperatures and abundant moisture. Growth is optimum in areas with a
mean temperature of 2° to 4° C (35° to 40° F), a
January average ranging from -18° to -12° C (0° to 10°
F), a July mean temperature ranging from 16° to 18° C (60°
to 65° F), and mean annual precipitation ranging from 760 to 1100 mm
(30 to 43 in) (1).
The mean annual temperature within the range of balsam fir varies from
-4° to 7° C (25° to 45° F). Mean annual precipitation
records show as much as 1400 mm (55 in) to as little as 390 mm (15 in).
The amount of growing season precipitation is from 150 to 620 mm (6 to 25
in) (1). There are 80 to 180 frost-free days and about 110 days for
optimum growth (1).
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Damaging Agents
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Many agents act to hinder the growth of balsam
fir. Insects and diseases may be devastating. Flammable needles, often
close to the ground, shallow root systems, and thin resinous bark make
balsam fir susceptible to severe damage and mortality from fire.
Susceptibility to wind damage is especially high in old unmanaged stands
growing on wet shallow soils. Various species of mice, voles, and birds
consume balsam fir seed; birds and squirrels nip buds; and black bears
girdle mature trees.
Balsam fir has several insect enemies, the most important by far being
the spruce budworm. Despite its name, the spruce budworm prefers fir over
spruce; it is most likely to cause heavy damage and mortality in stands
that contain mature fir, or that have a dense stocking of fir or a high
proportion of fir in relation to other species. Vast budworm outbreaks in
eastern North America, perhaps as many as 11 since 1704, have killed tens
of millions of cubic meters (hundreds of millions of ft³) of balsam
fir (6). Defoliation causes extensive root mortality. Evidence of budworm
attack such as deformation, buried leaders, and decay can be seen 40 or
more years later (1). Detailed articles about this important insect pest,
with suggestions to alleviate damage, have been written (7,32) and a
comprehensive bibliography assembled (25).
A classification system for tree vigor and budworm resistance was
developed as a guide for selecting spruce and fir trees to remove or
retain so as to make spruce-fir stands less vulnerable to spruce budworm
attack. Silvicultural techniques designed to increase stand resistance to
budworm cannot achieve their aim in the short term; several stand entries
over the long term may be required, especially in stands dominated by
balsam fir regeneration (46).
The balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae), an introduced
insect, is found in Southeastern Canada and in the Northeastern United
States. Unless checked by low winter temperatures, populations build up
and weaken or kill many trees. Severe stem attack can kill trees within 3
years. The insect also attacks twigs and buds, causing swellings and
resulting in loss of new buds, gradual death of twigs and tops, and severe
damage to regeneration. An abnormal growth of tracheids caused by insect
saliva results in dark, brittle "redwood" (41).
The red heart fungus (Haematostereum sanguinolentum), causes
much decay in living balsam fir. It enters almost entirely through
injuries to the trunk and living branches (18). Losses from red heart rot
are two or three times greater than those caused by butt rots (11,41). Six
root and butt rots in balsam fir are economically important. These include
the shoestring rot (Armillaria mellea), the two brown cubical rots
(Tyromyces balsameus and Coniophora puteana), and the
three white stringy rots (Poria subacida, Resinicium bicolor, and
Scytinostroma galactinium). Another root disease of importance is
Serpula himantioides. Phaeolus schweinitzii and Inonotus
tomentosus also cause a small percentage of the root and butt rot in
balsam fir (18). Mechanical or insect-caused wounds to the roots or basal
areas of trees provide entrances for these fungi (41). Although the root
and butt rots are not responsible for an excessive amount of cull in
standing trees, they do weaken trees and make them more susceptible to
wind damage, especially if trees are 20 cm (8 in) d.b.h. and larger. The
defect caused by these rots is severe enough to be the decisive factor in
setting the pathological rotation of fir at about 70 years (11,18,41).
Rot can begin in balsam fir as early as 40 years and increases as the
trees get older. More than half generally are infected by the time they
are 70 years old. No reliable external indicator of rot is known and even
fruiting bodies are rare on living trees. Site seems to have an effect on
the incidence and severity of rot; generally, the drier the site, the
greater the damage from rot (41).
Specific causes of seedling diseases in nurseries have not been
thoroughly reported. The foliage diseases of balsam fir are many but none
are economically important to wood production. The same can be said for
balsam fir's many stem or canker diseases (18).
The most conspicuous disease of balsam fir is witches' broom, caused by
the rust fungus Melampsorella caryophyllacearum. Broomed shoots
are upright and dwarfed and have yellow needles. Trunk and branch
swellings are produced in the shoots (18).
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Flowering and Fruiting
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Exposure to light influences flowering
in balsam fir. In New Brunswick, female strobili were observed on 83
percent of dominant, 59 percent of codominant, and 6 percent of
intermediate trees. None were found on suppressed trees (41).
Balsam fir is monoecious. In spring, 1 year before pollination, male
(staminate) and female (ovulate or pistillate) strobili differentiate from
flower buds. The strobili are microscopically recognizable at this time.
Male strobili usually are distinguishable before the female strobili
because they initially develop more rapidly. Flower buds usually open in
late May or early June before vegetative buds (41) but have been
reported as flowering as early as late April (42).
Male strobili, yellowish-red and tinged with purple, develop in the
axils of leaves along the undersides of the 1-year-old twigs, usually in
dense clusters. Their position in the crown is mostly within 5 m (15 ft)
of the top and is almost always below the female strobili. Female strobili
are purplish and are found singly or in small groups, confined to the top
1.5 m (5 ft) of the crown. They are located on the upper side of the twig
and, like the male strobili, develop on the previous year's twig. Flower
production is best on the outer end of branches (41,42). At
maturity, male flowers are about 3 mm (0.1 in) long; female flowers are
about 25 mm (1.0 in) long (1).
Pollen grains are yellow; when developed, their average diameter is 90 µ
(0.00354 in). In one series of observations in Ontario, fertilization
occurred on June 25 (1). The mature fruit is an erect cone 5 to 10 cm (2
to 4 in) long with short, round, irregularly notched scales and pointed
tips. There are thin, closely overlapping fan-shaped scales near the
center of the cone. The cone matures and ripens during the first fall in
late August and early September. The scales and shorter bracts drop away
with the seeds, leaving the central axis, which can persist for many
years.
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Genetics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Population Differences
Variation in balsam fir appears to be clinal and continuous and related
to altitudinal gradient and to both east-west and north-south geographic
gradients. Variation has been explored in a number of studies.
Balsam fir seedlings grown from seed collected along an elevational
gradient in New Hampshire showed a clinal pattern of carbon dioxide uptake
with respect to the elevational gradient. This suggests an adaption to
temperature through natural selection (14). Another study failed to show
that geographical variation in food quality of balsam fir needles is
important to the spruce budworm diet but did suggest variation in food
quality between locations (33).
In the southern Appalachians the monoterpenes- alpha-pinene and
beta-phellandrene- appear to be the best taxonomic characteristics for
separating balsam fir from Fraser fir, with alpha-terpene increasing
southward and beta-terpene increasing northward. Because no regional
variation pattern was evident for wood specific gravity or tracheid
length, it has been suggested that only one species of balsam fir with
three varieties be recognized in the Eastern United States: Abies
balsamea var. balsamea, Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis,
and Abies balsamea var. fraseri (29,39).
Balsam fir provenances from eastern portions of the range exhibited more
vigor than those from western portions (24). This trait continued
through 11 (22) and 13 years of total tree age (9). Southern
sources tended to flush later, indicating selection for minimizing damage
from the balsam gall midge (Dasineura balsamicola) and for
resistance to late spring frost.
Specific gravity and tracheid length generally vary along an east-west
gradient, with eastern sources of lower specific gravity and longer
tracheids (9). Generally, trees from slow-growing sources have
higher specific gravities and shorter tracheids than trees from
fast-growing sources.
Races and Hybrids
No distinct races of balsam fir have been identified. Botanical
varieties of balsam fir have been described, Abies balsamea var.
phanerolepis being most important. This variety, the bracted
balsam fir, is distinguished by its cone scales, which are shorter than
the bracts. The variety phanerolepis is found infrequently from
Labrador and Newfoundland to Maine and Ontario, and in the high mountains
of New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It is found locally in northern
Virginia and West Virginia (21,41,42), and commonly in several
locations in Nova Scotia.
Until the late 1930's, natural or artificial hybrids of balsam fir had
not been reported in North America. There were earlier reports, however,
of hybrids between balsam fir and Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) in
Europe (1).
Balsam fir is closely related to Fraser fir (A. fraseri). A
taxon of doubtful status, A. intermedia, representing a possible
cross between the two species, has been reported. This cross has also been
reported as A. balsamea var. phanerolepis (1). Subalpine
fir (A. lasiocarpa) also may hybridize with balsam fir where they
adjoin in Alberta (42). Workers in Canada apparently have been
successful in some instances in hybridizing balsam fir with several
species of Abies, among them European silver fir (A. alba),
alpine fir, and Fraser fir (1). Similar attempts in the United States
have been only partially successful.
European horticulturists have propagated many forms of balsam fir for
ornamental purposes. Plant form, needle color, and branch length and angle
are characteristics usually manipulated. Nineteen such cultivars have been
listed (1).
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Growth and Yield
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Balsam fir at maturity is small to medium
size, depending on location and growing conditions. In general, heights
range from 12 to 18 m (40 to 60 ft); diameters range from 30 to 46 cm. (12
to 18 in) at breast height (41). Where growth is optimum, as in the Green
River watershed in New Brunswick, some trees can reach 27 m (90 ft) in
height and 75 cm. (30 in) in d.b.h. The reported record d.b.h. for balsam
fir is 86 cm (34 in). Maximum age is about 200 years (1). How large or how
fast balsam fir grows, or how much a stand of balsam fir will yield is
related to site factors such as biotic, climatic, and soil conditions, and
to age. The condition of the tree or stand and the composition and
structure of the stand also influence growth.
Diameter growth was related to vigor and crown length-to-height ratio in
a study in Maine. Balsam fir with high vigor and a ratio of at least 0.7-
the proportion of live-crown length to total tree height averaged 6.1 cm
(2.4 in) of growth in d.b.h. in 10 years. Less vigorous trees with smaller
crown-length ratios ranged downward to an average of 1.0 cm (0.4 in) of
growth in 10 years. Vigorous trees with room to grow attain a d.b.h. of at
least 25 cm (10 in) in about 50 years (41). In uneven-aged stands of
several density classes in Maine, balsam fir grew faster in diameter than
spruce and hemlock (35).
Data obtained from stem analysis of balsam fir growing on sites of
varying quality in northern Maine has shown height growth curves to be
polymorphic (fig. 1). Height growth varies with site quality. From these
curves the average site index of a stand can be estimated (16).
Monomorphic or harmonized site index curves for balsam fir are also
available (17).
Figure 1-Polymorphic site index curves (base age 50 years
at breast height) for balsam fir in northern Maine, as derived
from stem data (16).
Balsam fir is a strong contender for space in stands in which it grows.
A 20-year record of stands containing balsam fir in the Penobscot
Experimental Forest in Maine showed that the periodic annual volume
ingrowth of the species, as a proportion of total volume ingrowth, greatly
exceeded its representation in the original stands (12). Because of its
many natural enemies, however, volume mortality of balsam fir also greatly
exceeds its original representation in these stands.
Balsam fir accounted for 35 percent of the average annual net growth in
predominantly softwood stands and 32 percent in mixed stands that were
extensively managed. These stands were growing at annual rates of 3.5 m³/ha
(49.3 ft³/acre) and 2.9 m³/ha (41.1 ft³/acre), respectively
(31).
Yields in total cubic-foot volume, including stump and top, of all trees
larger than 1.5 cm (0.6 in), in d.b.h. are given in table 1. These yields
are based on sample plots in even-aged spruce-fir stands, mostly on old
fields. They tend to exaggerate the yields that might be expected from the
irregular stands that develop after harvesting (41).
Table 1- Total tree volume (exclusive of roots) of
balsam fir greater than 1.5 cm (0.6 in) in d.b.h. by age and site index
(41).
Site index¹
12.2 m
or 40 ft
15.2 m
or 50 ft
18.3 m
or 60 ft
21.3 m
or 70 ft
Age
yr
m³/ha
20
6
8
9
12
30
50
67
85
102
40
136
182
229
276
50
204
274
344
414
60
245
329
413
497
70
267
360
452
543
80
286
384
481
579
90
300
403
506
609
yr
ft³/acre
20
80
110
135
165
30
720
960
1,210
1,455
40
1,940
2,600
3,270
3,940
50
2,190
3,920
4,920
5,910
60
3,500
4,700
5,900
7,100
70
3,820
5,140
6,450
7,760
80
4,080
5,480
6,870
8,270
90
4,290
5,760
7,230
8,700
¹Base age 50 years when age is measured at
d.b.h.- total tree age is estimated to be 65 years at that time.
Simulating the management and growth of forest stands containing balsam
fir is possible because of advances in computer technology. A matrix
model, FIBER (36), has been developed for stands in the Northeast.
Even-aged and multi-aged stands, containing balsam fir, spruce, northern
hardwoods, and other associated species, can be programmed to simulate a
range of silvicultural treatments.
In a ranking with both hardwoods and softwoods from around the world,
balsam fir is highest with a total above-ground ovendry biomass at age 50
of 184 t/ha (82 tons/acre). Annual increment or annual net primary
production averages 10.3 t/ha (4.6 tons/acre) (20). In New Brunswick (3),
dry-matter production of balsam fir in pure stands increased dramatically
with increases in stand densities of from 1,730 stems per hectare
(700/acre) to 12,350/ha (5,000/acre). At an average age from release of 43
years, total above-ground biomass was 96 t/ha (43 tons/acre) for the least
dense stand and 143 t/ha (64 tons/acre) for the most dense stand.
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Reaction to Competition
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Balsam fir has a strong ability to
become established and grow under the shade of larger trees (7,11). It is
classified as very tolerant. Because relative tolerance of species may
vary with soil fertility, climate, and age, balsam fir is rated as both
more and less shade tolerant than red spruce, and more tolerant than
either black or white spruce (41). Intraspecific competition is evident in
many sapling and small pole-size stands of pure balsam fir. As these
stands mature, dominance usually is expressed. Competition is severe in
dense fir thickets, however, and growth rates of individual trees suffer
greatly. Other major competition is from the shade-tolerant hardwoods.
In New England, balsam fir is considered a subclimax type, except that
it may be a climax species in the zone below timberline. It tends to
become climax in Quebec and in the Lake States (41).
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Rooting Habit
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Balsam fir root systems are mostly confined to
the duff layer and to the upper few centimeters of mineral soil (11).
Windfall potential is high. Damage from wind is especially likely when the
shallow root systems are loosened by heavy rainfall and gusty winds and
where timber removals from stands not previously thinned have been poorly
conducted. These usually older, dense stands are susceptible probably
because root development has been poor.
Root penetration on deep or shallow soils extends to 60 to 75 cm (24 to
30 in) and has been reported to a depth of 137 cm (54 in) in sandy soils
in northern Ontario. Lateral roots of balsam fir are usually strongly
developed and extend horizontally in all directions to 1.5 m (5 ft) or
more (1).
Root breakage and other root damage caused by swaying trees may not be
as severe as is commonly thought. Most investigators agree, however, that
some root breakage probably occurs because of frostheaving and swaying.
During epidemics of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), rootlet
mortality can reach 75 percent after 3 consecutive years of defoliation
(1).
Balsam fir root grafts are probably common and have been reported
frequently. Abrasion of the bark of roots of swaying trees on lowland
soils and interroot compatibility and growth pressure on upland soils
apparently account for the majority of root grafts. Infection may spread
through grafted roots to damage other balsam fir trees (1).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Regular seed production
probably begins after 20 to 30 years. Cone development has been reported
for trees 15 years of age and younger and only 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Good
seed crops occur at intervals of 2 to 4 years, with some seed production
usually occurring during intervening years (1). On the average, 35 L
(bushel) containing 1,000 to 2,000 cones weighs approximately 16 kg (35
lb) and yields 1000 to 1200 g (35 to 42 oz) of cleaned seeds. The number
of cleaned seeds per kilogram (2.2 lb) ranges from 66,000 to 208,000 and
averages 131,000. These are about 134 seeds per cone (42). The seed yield
of balsam fir ranged from 5.6 to 20.2 kg/ha (5 to 18 lb/acre) during
several good seed years in Ontario (1). Over a 37-year period, annual seed
production in this area averaged 1,950 seeds per square meter (181/ft²)
(15).
The period of balsam fir seedfall is long and dissemination distances
vary. Seedfall begins late in August, peaks in September and October, and
continues into November. Some seeds fall throughout the winter and into
early spring. Most of the seeds are spread by wind-some to great distances
over frozen snow-and some are spread by rodents. Although seeds may
disseminate from 100 m (330 ft) to more than 160 m (525 ft), effective
distances are 25 m to 60 m (80 to 200 ft) (1,11,28). Many seeds falling
with the cone scales land close to the base of the tree.
Balsam fir seeds have dormant embryos and should be stratified in moist
sand at about 50 C (410 F) for at least 30 days before planting.
Germination is epigeal (42).
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Seedling Development
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Within the range of suitable temperatures,
moisture is more important than light for germination. In fact, light
intensities of only 10 percent of full sunlight result in successful
germination (1). The low capacity of planted balsam fir seeds to germinate
may be attributed in part to seed injury during the cleaning process. The
age of the tree may also contribute to the viability of seeds.
A study in Michigan (41) showed that germination was highest for a
41-year-old tree (68 percent), varied for trees 30 years old (8 to 57
percent), and was lowest for trees 155 years old (10 percent). Testing of
32 commercial seed lots showed average germination of about 26 percent
with a range of 4 to 62 percent (42). Once the seed reaches the ground,
its viability diminishes quickly and is gone within 1 year (13). It has
been suggested, however, that in cold swamps viability of some seeds is
retained for 2 to 3 years (1).
Most germination occurs from late May to early July. Survival the first
winter is questionable if germination occurs after mid-July (1). If enough
moisture is available, almost any seedbed type is satisfactory, but
mineral soil-neither too sandy nor too heavy-with some shade is best.
Litter and humus are poor seedbeds, especially if moisture is inadequate
or -light is excessive. Competition, often severe, makes heavy sod the
poorest seedbed (11).
A thick layer of duff exceeding about 8 cm (3 in) is less favorable for
balsam fir but even worse for the slower growing associated spruces.
Balsam fir seedlings may have a heavy central root, much like a taproot,
that extends to the bottom of the humus layer and then splits into several
laterals. In general, balsam fir roots grow more rapidly and penetrate
deeper than red spruce roots. Where seasonal root elongation of young
balsam fir growing in humus averaged 10.6 cm (4.2 in), red spruce was 7.6
cm (3.0 in), and white spruce 9.0 cm (3.5 in), or 39 percent and 18
percent less, respectively (1).
Because the surface of thick duff usually dries out, there may be some
delayed germination as late as August. Few seedlings become established,
however. The closer seeds lie to mineral soil, the greater the initial
establishment of seedlings.
Seedlings starting in the open may sustain heavy mortality when surface
temperatures exceed 46° to 54° C (115° to 130° F) or
when there is drought or frost heaving. Seedlings may also be smothered or
crushed by litter, ice, snow, and hardwood leaves. Losses after the first
year usually are minor. As seedlings develop, light at intensities of at
least 50 percent of full sunlight are necessary for optimum growth
(11,41). Damage caused by late spring frost to new foliage of young
seedlings is seldom severe.
Balsam fir seedlings about 15 cm (6 in) tall can be considered to be
established (11), especially if secondary branching has occurred. Early
growth is then determined largely by the amount and character of dominant
competition. Bracken, raspberry, and hardwood sprouts-especially the
maples-are the chief competitors on heavily cutover lands in the
Northeast. These species may increase dramatically when the original basal
area is reduced by 50 percent or more and may dominate the site for 10 to
25 years (2). Unless there has been some soil disturbance, there will be
little regeneration of balsam fir and spruce immediately following logging
(45). Both balsam fir and the spruces can survive many years of
suppression and still respond to release (11,41). The space required for
the continual development and establishment of new seedlings probably
exceeds that created by the removal of individual trees. To ensure
successful regeneration relatively small groups of trees should be removed
initially (12).
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Soils and Topography
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Balsam fir grows on a wide range of inorganic and organic soils
originating from glaciation and generally falling within the acid
Spodosol, Inceptisol, and Histosol soil orders. These are characterized by
a thick mor humus and a well-defined A2 horizon,
usually gray in appearance because of leaching, and commonly caused by
abundant rainfall, cool climate, and coniferous cover. Many of the glacial
till soils in New England are shallow and have a compact layer about 46 cm
(18 in) below the surface (11).
Soil moisture was the most important predictor of site index in a study
in Newfoundland. Soil nutrient status and topography, in that order, were
of lesser importance. Glacial tills, often shallow, cover much of the area
(27).
Balsam fir has been reported as growing on soils of a wide range of
acidity. In the northern Lake States it is most common on cool, wet-mesic
sites with pH values between 5.1 to 6.0 (19). Optimum growth occurs on
soils where the pH of the upper organic layers is between 6.5 and 7.0 (1).
On gravelly sands and in peat swamps, growth is comparatively slow (41).
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Special Uses
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
The most important products made from balsam fir wood are pulpwood and
lumber (43). The wood of balsam fir, as well as that of other true firs,
is creamy white to pale brown. The sapwood has little odor or taste. Wood
structure in the true firs is so similar that identification of species is
impossible by examining only the wood (1,43).
Balsam fir is pulped by all of the pulping processes. Sulfate and
semichemical processes are used most extensively. A fiber length of 3 to 4
mm A 12 to 0.16 in) is good, as is fiber quality. Because balsam fir is
less dense than other major pulpwood species, its yield is lower (37).
The wood of balsam fir is light in weight, relatively soft, low in shock
resistance, and has good splitting resistance. Recent testing of several
mechanical properties of balsam fir and of red, white, and black spruce
indicates strength values for balsam fir generally exceeding those of
white spruce. In some tests, strength values were equivalent to or only
slightly below the values of red and black spruce (5,34). Nail-holding
capacity is low. Balsam fir is very low in resistance to decay (43). The
major use of balsam fir lumber is for light-frame construction. Minor uses
include paneling, crates, and other products not requiring high structural
strength.
Balsam fir provides food or cover for some animals and both food and
cover for others. Moose rely on balsam fir in winter when it is a major
source of food. The use of balsam fir by deer for cover and shelter is
well documented. During severe winter weather, especially in northern
areas of the white-tailed deer range, lowland balsam fir stands and
spruce-balsam fir swamps are used extensively as winter yarding areas. The
fact that these sites usually contain, at best, only small amounts of
preferred food suggests their attractiveness as shelter.
Other mammals use balsam fir to varying degrees. The snowshoe hare uses
it for cover, and there is some seed and phloem feeding by various species
of mice and voles. Red squirrels occasionally feed on balsam fir seed,
bark, and wood. They prefer flower buds to vegetative buds. There is some
use of wood by beaver for dam building, but little is used as food. Black
bear strip bark and lick the exposed surfaces between bark and wood (1).
Balsam fir provides a minor part of the diet for both the spruce grouse
and the ruffed grouse. Buds, tips, and needles are consumed, and more
feeding occurs in winter than in summer. Thickets of balsam fir provide
shelter for both birds (1). The response of bird populations to several
forestry practices in stands containing balsam fir has been recorded
(8,40). Species composition, the vertical and horizontal structure of the
stand, and the extent of spruce budworm infestation influence the
composition and density of bird populations.
Balsam fir is not widely planted as an ornamental nor does it offer much
potential in areas other than northern New England, Canada, and perhaps
the Lake States. Plantings as screens or as windbreaks are successful only
when the moisture requirement of the species is met (1). On certain lands
and especially on public lands, the unique presence of spruce-fir stands
suggests management for esthetic values. In the southern Appalachian
mountains, coniferous forests containing balsam fir are managed for
watershed protection (44).
Oleoresin, a substance confined to the bark blisters of balsam fir, is
used as a medium for mounting microscopic specimens and as a cement for
various parts of optical systems. It is also used in the manufacture of
medicinal compounds and spirit varnishes (4).
Balsam fir wood is not prized for fuelwood, but industries that use
balsam fir for pulp and lumber products are using increasingly larger
quantities of wood waste for the production of energy. The heating value
of ovendry fir bark is 21 166 600 joules/kg (9,100 Btu/lb) (26).
The fir tree has been a favorite Christmas tree for more than 400 years.
It remains among the top three species. In 1980, balsam fir ranked second
behind Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), commanding 13.9
percent of the market (38). Sheared plantation-grown trees are usually
preferred over wildings by retailers and consumers. Wreath-making is
another holiday business that rivals that of Christmas tree sales in some
areas. Prolonged needle retention after harvest, color, and pleasant
fragrance are characteristics of balsam fir that make it attractive for
these uses. Fragrance alone accounts for use of the needles as stuffing
for souvenir pillows commonly sold in New England gift shops.
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Vegetative Reproduction
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Layering is not an important means of
regeneration except for prostrate balsam fir growing in the more northern
and mountainous locations such as Isle Royale in Lake Superior, and the
White Mountains of New Hampshire. Layering also occurs in open swamps and
deep mossy areas and under white pine and jack pine overstories. Trees of
any age apparently may layer. Second generations, vegetatively produced,
develop when connecting tissues decay and separate (1).
Balsam fir apparently grafts easily (41). In a study in New York,
greenhouse grafts were 85 percent successful and field grafts were 80
percent successful. One attempt to air-layer balsam fir was unsuccessful
(1). Balsam fir Christmas trees are stump cultured from lateral branches
or adventitious shoots.
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Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In Canada, balsam fir extends from Newfoundland and Labrador west
through the more northerly portions of Quebec and Ontario, in scattered
stands through north-central Manitoba and Saskatchewan to the Peace River
Valley in northwestern Alberta, then south for approximately 640 km (400
mi) to central Alberta, and east and south to southern Manitoba.
In the United States, the range of balsam fir extends from extreme
northern Minnesota west of Lake-of-the-Woods southeast to Iowa; east to
central Wisconsin and central Michigan into New York and central
Pennsylvania; then northeastward from Connecticut to the other New England
States. The species is also present locally in the mountains of Virginia
and West Virginia (23,30).
Balsam fir grows from sea level to within 15 to 23 m (50 to 75 ft) below
the 1917 m (6,288 ft) summit of Mount Washington in the White Mountains of
New Hampshire. At this elevation prostrate balsam fir is found in
sheltered areas (1).
- The native range of balsam fir.
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Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
Robert M. Frank
Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is one of the more important
conifers in the northern United States and in Canada. Within its range it
may also be referred to as balsam, Canadian balsam, eastern fir, and
bracted balsam fir. It is a small to medium-sized tree used primarily for
pulp and light frame construction, and it is one of the most popular
Christmas trees. Wildlife rely extensively on this tree for food and
shelter.
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Physical Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Primary plant stem smooth, Tree with bark smooth, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex obtuse, Leaf apex mucronulate, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs pubescent, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone exerted, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds purple, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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- Stephen C. Meyers
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- المحول البرمجي
- Steffi Ickert-Bond
- المحول البرمجي
- Damon Little
Abies balsamea
(
الأستورية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AST
Abies balsamea, abetu balsámicu o abetu de Navidá ye una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de les pinacees, orixinaria d'Estaos Xuníos y la mayor parte de les rexones del este y centru de Canadá.
Carauterístiques
Ye una conífera de tamañu ente pequeñu y medianu (de normal 14-20 m, raramente 27 m), de copa columnar cónica bien estilizada y col ápiz apuntiáu. La corteza nos árboles nuevos ye llisa, de color gris y con abuitaes angüeñes resinoses, volviéndose rugosa y sedada o escamosa nos exemplares vieyos. Les fueyes son aciculares daqué fendíes nes punta, d'ente 1,5 a 3 cm, de color verde escuru brillante pol fexe y con dos bandes llonxitudinales de color plateáu pol viesu. Broten n'espiral apretadamente, cola base de les fueyes retorcigañao y dispuestu pa formar dos fileres más o menos horizontales. Los conos son erectos, de 4-8 cm de llongures, púrpura escuros de mozos y marrones al maurecer en setiembre, cuando se desfacer pa lliberar les granes alaes.
Ecoloxía
En cuetos y fasteres espuestes del monte, los exemplares d'abetu balsámicu desenvuelven de xemes en cuando ondes del abetu.
Usos
La resina utilizar pa producir el "Bálsamu de Canadá" o aguarrás, (en bioloxía usar pa caltener amueses microscópiques) y en silvicultura pa la fabricación de papel. Esti elementu yera tamién l'elementu que sirvía pa pegar lentes usaes nos preseos ópticos dempués de ser sometíu a una evaporación de los aceites que contién; el so índiz de refraición averáu a 3/2 y la so alta tresparencia facer ideal pa correxir les aberraciones cromátiques. Esti procesu trai ciertos problemes de caltenimientu de la unión de lentes, una y bones esti elementu orgánicu ye malváu poles bacteries a lo llargo de los años, provocando'l deterioru de les imáxenes. Foi sustituyíu, fundamentalmente, por polímeros basáu en pegamentos epoxis siendo la lluz azul l'activador del procesu de polimerización.
Taxonomía
Abies balsamea describióse por (L. Mill. y espublizóse en The Gardeners Dictionary: . . . eighth edition non. 3. 1768.[2]
- Etimoloxía
Abies: nome xenéricu que vien del nome llatín de Abies alba.[3]
balsamea: epítetu llatín que significa "como bálsamu".[4]
- Variedaes
Esisten dos variedaes:
-
Abies balsamea var. balsamea - bráctees escamoses curties, invisibles nos conos zarraos. La mayoría de les especies.
-
Abies balmasea var. phanerolepis - bráctees escamosa más llargues, visibles nos conos zarraos. Les especies del sudeste, dende'l sur de Quebec a Virginia occidental. Dellos botánicos consideren esta variedá como un híbridu natural ente Abies balsamea y Abies fraseri que'l so hábitat atopar más al sur, nos Apalaches.
- Sinonimia
-
Abies balsamea var. brachylepis Willk.
-
Abies balsamea f. hudsonia (Bosc ex Jacques) Fernald & Weath.
-
Abies balsamea var. longifolia Loudon
-
Abies balsamifera Michx.
-
Abies fraseri var. hudsonia (Bosc ex Jacques) Carrière
-
Abies hudsonia Bosc ex Jacques
-
Abies minor Duhamel ex Gordon
-
Peuce balsamea (L.) Rich.
-
Picea aromatica Carrière
-
Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon
-
Picea fraseri var. hudsonia (Bosc ex Jacques) Knight & Perry
-
Pinus abies var. balsamea (L.) Münchh.
-
Pinus balsamea L. basónimu
-
Pinus balsamea var. longifolia (Loudon) Endl.
-
Pinus taxifolia Salisb.[5]
Ver tamién
Referencies
Bibliografía
- Bailey, L. H. & Y. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, y. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Moss, Y. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
- Porsild, A. Y. & W. Cody. 1980. Vasc. Pl. Continental Northw. Terr. Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978 [1979]. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. 2: 93–545. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Voss, Y. G. 1972. Gymnosperms and Monocots. i–xv, 1–488. In Michigan Fl.. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
Enllaces esternos
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
Abies balsamea: Brief Summary
(
الأستورية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AST
Abies balsamea, abetu balsámicu o abetu de Navidá ye una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de les pinacees, orixinaria d'Estaos Xuníos y la mayor parte de les rexones del este y centru de Canadá.
Ətirli ağ şam
(
الأذرية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AZ
Şimali Amerika nın iynəyarpaqlı meşələrində, Kanada və ABŞ -da tundra zonasına qədər bitir, daşlıqlarda isə meşənin yuxarı sərhədlərinə qədər (1500-2500 m) yayılmışdır. Uzunömürlüdür, 150-200 ilə qədər yaşayır. Hündürlüyü 15-25 m, gövdəsinin diametri 50 (70) sm, düz, konusvarı, sıx, çətiri aşağı əyilmiş ağacdır. Cavan ağacların qabığı boz, hamar, çox miqdarda ətirli, qabarıq, sonradan qırmızı-qonur, xırda yarıqlıdır. Cavan zoğları əvvəlcə yaşıl, qısa, düz dayanan tükcüklərlə örtülmüşdür, sonradan qırmızı-qonur olur, çılpaqdır. Tumurcuqları şarşəkilli və ya yumurtavarı, qatranlı, yaşılımtıl, açıq-bənövşəyi çalarlıdır. İynəyarpaqların uzunluğu 15-35 mm, eni 2 mm, üstü tünd-yaşıl, parlaq, ucu kütdür, budaqların üzərində 4-7 il qalır, sürtüldükdə ətirli qoxu verir. Zoğda iynəyarpaqları iki cərgədə yerləşir. Qozaları oavl-silindrik, uzunluğu 5-10 sm, eni 2-2,5 sm, kal halda tünd-bənövşəyi, yetişdikdən sonra boz-qonur rəngdə olur, çox qətranlıdır. Toxum qabıqlarının uzunluğu təxminən 15 mm, eni 17 mm, yuxarı tərəfi yumru, ensiz kiiçk ayaqlıdır, rəngi bənövşəyi çalarlıdır. Küləyə, soyuğa davamlıdır, tez böyüyür. Aşağı budaqları asanlıqla kök atır, ana bitkinin ətrafında böyüyən caavn ağaclar çox effektli qrup yaradır. Meyvə verməyə 20-30 yaşından başlayır. Budaqların budanması bitkinin formasını dəyişir. Xiyaban, qrup və tək əkinlərdə istifadə edilir. Mədəni şəraitdə 1697-ci ildən becərilir. Abşeron da və Astara da məədni şəraitdə becərilir.
Məlumat mənbələri:
Деревья и кустарники СССР. т.3.1954; Флора Азербайджана. т.5. 1954; Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. III cild. 1970; Azərbaycanın “Qırmızı” və “Yaşıl Кitabları”na tövsiyə olunan bitki və bitki formasiyaları. 1996; Azərbaycan florasının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008.
İstinadlar
- “Azərbaycan dendraflorasi” I cild, Baki, “Elm”, 2011, 312 səh.
Mənbə
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Ətirli ağ şam: Brief Summary
(
الأذرية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AZ
Şimali Amerika nın iynəyarpaqlı meşələrində, Kanada və ABŞ -da tundra zonasına qədər bitir, daşlıqlarda isə meşənin yuxarı sərhədlərinə qədər (1500-2500 m) yayılmışdır. Uzunömürlüdür, 150-200 ilə qədər yaşayır. Hündürlüyü 15-25 m, gövdəsinin diametri 50 (70) sm, düz, konusvarı, sıx, çətiri aşağı əyilmiş ağacdır. Cavan ağacların qabığı boz, hamar, çox miqdarda ətirli, qabarıq, sonradan qırmızı-qonur, xırda yarıqlıdır. Cavan zoğları əvvəlcə yaşıl, qısa, düz dayanan tükcüklərlə örtülmüşdür, sonradan qırmızı-qonur olur, çılpaqdır. Tumurcuqları şarşəkilli və ya yumurtavarı, qatranlı, yaşılımtıl, açıq-bənövşəyi çalarlıdır. İynəyarpaqların uzunluğu 15-35 mm, eni 2 mm, üstü tünd-yaşıl, parlaq, ucu kütdür, budaqların üzərində 4-7 il qalır, sürtüldükdə ətirli qoxu verir. Zoğda iynəyarpaqları iki cərgədə yerləşir. Qozaları oavl-silindrik, uzunluğu 5-10 sm, eni 2-2,5 sm, kal halda tünd-bənövşəyi, yetişdikdən sonra boz-qonur rəngdə olur, çox qətranlıdır. Toxum qabıqlarının uzunluğu təxminən 15 mm, eni 17 mm, yuxarı tərəfi yumru, ensiz kiiçk ayaqlıdır, rəngi bənövşəyi çalarlıdır. Küləyə, soyuğa davamlıdır, tez böyüyür. Aşağı budaqları asanlıqla kök atır, ana bitkinin ətrafında böyüyən caavn ağaclar çox effektli qrup yaradır. Meyvə verməyə 20-30 yaşından başlayır. Budaqların budanması bitkinin formasını dəyişir. Xiyaban, qrup və tək əkinlərdə istifadə edilir. Mədəni şəraitdə 1697-ci ildən becərilir. Abşeron da və Astara da məədni şəraitdə becərilir.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Abies balsamea
(
الكتالونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CA
Abies balsamea, avet balsàmic o avet de Nadal és una espècie arbòria pertanyent a la família de les pináceas, originària dels Estats Units i la major part de les regions de l'est i centre de Canadà.
Característiques
És una conífera de grandària entre petita i mitjana (normalment 14–20 m, rarament 27 m), de copa columnar cònica molt estilitzada i amb l'àpex punxegut. L'escorça en els arbres joves és llisa, de color gris i amb engruixades butllofes resinoses, tornant-se rugosa i esquerdada o escamosa en els exemplars vells. Les fulles són aciculars y una mica dividides a les puntes, de 1,5 a 3 cm, de color verd fosc brillant pel dret i amb dues bandes longitudinals de color platejat pel revers. Brollen en espiral atapeïdament, amb la base de les fulles retorçada i disposades per formar dues fileres més o menys horitzontals. Els cons són erectes, de 4–8 cm de llargària, de color porpra fosc de joves i marrons en madurar al setembre, quan es desfan per alliberar les llavors alades.[1]
Ecologia
En turons i vessants exposats de la muntanya, els exemplars d'avet balsàmic desenvolupen de tant en tant ones de l'avet.
Usos
La resina s'utilitza per produir el "Bàlsam de Canadà" o Trementina, (en biologia s'usa per conservar mostres microscòpiques) i en silvicultura per a la fabricació de paper. Aquest element era també l'element que servia per pegar lents usades en els instruments òptics després de ser sotmès a una evaporació dels olis que conté; el seu índex de refracció aproximat a 3/2 i la seva alta transparència ho feia ideal per corregir les aberracions cromàtiques. Aquest procés comporta certs problemes de conservació de la unió de lents, ja que aquest element orgànic és corromput pels bacteris al llarg dels anys, provocant la deterioració de les imatges. Ha estat substituït, fonamentalment, per polímers basat en coles epoxis sent la llum blava el activador del procés de polimerització.[1]
Taxonomia
Abies balsamea va ser descrita per (L. Mill. i publicat en The Gardeners Dictionary: . . . eighth edition no. 3. 1768.[2]
- Etimologia
Abies: nom genèric que ve del nom llatí de Abies alba.[3]
balsamea: epítet llatí que significa "com a bàlsam".[4]
- Varietats
Existeixen dues varietats:
-
Abies balsamea var. balsamea - bràctees escamoses curtes, invisibles en els cons tancats. La majoria de les espècies.
-
Abies balmasea var. phanerolepis - bràctees escamosa més llargues, visibles en els cons tancats. Les espècies del sud-est, des del sud de Quebec a Virgínia occidental. Alguns botànics consideren aquesta varietat com un híbrid natural entre Abies balsamea i Abies fraseri l'hàbitat del qual es troba més al sud, en els Apalatxes.
- Sinonímia
-
Abies balsamea var. brachylepis Willk.
-
Abies balsamea f. hudsonia (Bosc ExJacques) Fernald & Weath.
-
Abies balsamea var. longifolia Loudon
-
Abies balsamifera Michx.
-
Abies fraseri var. hudsonia (Bosc ExJacques) Carrière
-
Abies hudsonia Bosc ExJacques
-
Abies minor Duhamel ExGordon
-
Peuce balsamea (L.) Rich.
-
Picea aromatica Carrière
-
Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon
-
Picea fraseri var. hudsonia (Bosc ExJacques) Knight & Perry
-
Pinus abies var. balsamea (L.) Münchh.
-
Pinus balsamea L.basónimo
-
Pinus balsamea var. longifolia (Loudon) Endl.
-
Pinus taxifolia Salisb.[5]
Vegeu també
Referències
Bibliografia
- Bailey, L. H. & I. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, i. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Moss, I. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Torontó Press, Torontó.
- Porsild, A. I. & W. Cody. 1980. Vasc. Pl. Continental Northw. Terr. Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978 [1979]. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. 2: 93–545. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Voss, I. G. 1972. Gymnosperms and Monocots. i–xv, 1–488. In Michigan Fl.. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
Enllaços externs
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Abies balsamea: Brief Summary
(
الكتالونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CA
Abies balsamea, avet balsàmic o avet de Nadal és una espècie arbòria pertanyent a la família de les pináceas, originària dels Estats Units i la major part de les regions de l'est i centre de Canadà.
Jedle balzámová
(
التشيكية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
Jedle balzámová (Abies balsamea) je jehličnatý strom z čeledi borovicovité. Pochází ze Severní Ameriky, je však pěstována i v České republice.
Synonymum
-
Pinus balsamea Linné, 1753
-
Abies balsamifera Mchx.
Variety
-
Abies balsamea (Linné, 1753) Miller, 1786 var. balsamea – jedle balzámová pravá
-
Abies balsamea (Linné, 1753) Miller, 1786 var. phanerolepis (Fernald) A.E.Murray, 1982; synonyma:
-
Abies balsamea (Linné, 1753) Miller, 1786 subsp. phanerolepis (Fernald)
-
Abies × phanerolepis (Fernald) T. S. Liu
Popis
Vždy zelený strom středního vzrůstu, dosahující výšky 14-20 m, výjimečně až 30 m, s úzkou kuželovitou korunou. Borka mladších stromů je hladká, tmavošedá a pokrytá eliptickými, horizontálně protáhlými puchýřky, obsahujícími bezbarvou lepivou a velmi intenzívně vonící pryskyřici. Jehlice jsou ploché, 1,5-3 cm dlouhé, tmavozelené, se dvěma světlejšími proužky na rubu. Přestože jsou jehlice k větvičkám připojeny spirálovitě, natočení jejich řapíků způsobuje, že vytvářejí dvě spíše ploché řady na letorostech. Šišky jsou vzpřímené, 4-8 cm dlouhé, mladé jsou purpurově červené, zralé světle hnědé, rozpadávají se na stromech. Obsahují okřídlená semena, která dozrávají většinou v září.
Areál rozšíření
Původně se vyskytovala v chladnějších a vlhčích horských a podhorských oblastech severovýchodních USA (až k severní hranici lesa) a jihovýchodní a centrální Kanady. Lesnicky a zahradnicky se však pěstuje v mírném pásmu na celém světě. Do Čech ji introdukovali v 19. stol. lesníci na panství rodiny Colloredo-Mansfeld na Dobříši (arboretum Aglaia), odkud se rozšířila i do jiných oblastí Čech.
Použití
V oblasti přirozeného výskytu se používá jako surovina pro výrobu celulosy v papírenském průmyslu.
Surová pryskyřice, která se získává ze zářezů do kůry, je známá jako kanadský balzám. Destilací se z ní připravuje kanadský terpentýn. Pryskyřice se používala k výrobě balzámu na rty a je jedním z nejlepších kloktadel proti bolestem v krku. Léčí se s ní katary a ve formě teplých obkladů pomáhá proti artritidě, ranám a pohmožděninám. Dříve se také používala na lepení čoček v optických systémech (objektivech a okulárech), při spojování rámečků na diapozitivy a při výrobě laků.
Pryskyřice se dá žvýkat. Děti ji dříve používaly též jako náhražku parfému.
V USA a Kanadě patří k nejoblíbenějšímu druhu vánočních stromků. Za tím účelem se pěstuje i v jiných světadílech, zejména v Evropě.
V zahradnictví je vysazována jako ozdobný solitérní strom v sadech a zahradách.
Taxonomická poznámka
Dnes je obecně přijímán názor, že Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis je křížencem severoamerických druhů A. balsamea × A. fraseri.
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
Externí odkazy
Jedle balzámová: Brief Summary
(
التشيكية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
![src=]()
Větévka jedle balzámové
Jedle balzámová (Abies balsamea) je jehličnatý strom z čeledi borovicovité. Pochází ze Severní Ameriky, je však pěstována i v České republice.
Balsam-Tanne
(
الألمانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DE
Die Balsam-Tanne (Abies balsamea) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies). Sie wächst im nordöstlichen Nordamerika, wo sie sowohl Tief- als auch Bergland besiedelt. Sie gilt als relativ anspruchslos gegenüber dem Standort und ist frosthart. In vielen Teilen des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes stellt sie die Klimaxbaumart dar.
Die Balsam-Tanne kann bis zu 245 Jahre alt werden und ist damit relativ kurzlebig.[1] Die Nadeln und das Harz verströmen einen aromatischen Duft, worauf sich das Artepitheton balsamea für ‚wohlriechend‘ bezieht.[2]
Eine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung hat heute nur noch das Holz. Früher wurde aus den Harzblasen der jungen Bäume Kanadabalsam gewonnen, der als Klebsubstanz bei optischen Geräten sowie als Einbettungsmittel für mikroskopische Präparate diente. In jüngerer Zeit wurde der Kanadabalsam aber immer mehr von synthetischen Stoffen verdrängt. Die Balsam-Tanne ist der Provinzbaum und damit eine Art Wahrzeichen der kanadischen Provinz New Brunswick.[1]
Beschreibung
Erscheinungsform
Die Balsam-Tanne wächst als immergrüner Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 12 bis 23, selten bis 30 Meter sowie Brusthöhendurchmesser von 10 bis 60, selten bis 120 Zentimetern.[1] Sie bildet eine symmetrisch-pyramidenförmige Krone aus, welche spitz zuläuft. Die Krone bildet sich aus den regelmäßigen und dicht stehenden Quirlen aus vier bis sechs Ästen des monopodial verzweigten Stammes. Frei stehende Bäume sind meist bis zum Boden beastet, da die tiefer ansetzenden Äste nicht absterben. Die Kronen von in Beständen wachsenden Bäumen sind meist schmal. Jungbäume weisen eine sehr kompakte, kegelförmige Krone auf.[3] Die Keimlinge besitzen mindestens vier stumpfe Keimblätter (Kotyledonen), die eine Länge von rund 10 bis 15 Millimeter aufweisen. Vor allem in nördlichen Regionen in feuchten Gebieten kann es zu vegetativer Vermehrung kommen.[4][5]
Knospen und Nadeln
Die mit Harz bedeckten Knospen sind rundlich oder eiförmig und zwischen 3 und 7 Millimetern lang. Die Knospenschuppen sind dunkel orange-grün bis rötlich gefärbt.[3]
Die schmal-linearen Nadeln sind flach und 10 bis 35 Millimeter lang.[6] Die Nadelspitze ist rundlich oder stumpf. Dem direkten Sonnenlicht ausgesetzte Nadeln des oberen Kronenbereichs werden 10 bis 15 Millimeter lang und sind dicker. Sie sind zur Zweigachse hin gekrümmt und weisen eine scharfe Nadelspitze auf. Alle Nadeln sind an der Nadeloberseite dunkelgrün gefärbt und weisen an der Nadelunterseite zwei silbrig-weiße Stomastreifen auf. Nadeln, welche an stammnahen Zweigen wachsen, stehen aufgrund einer Drehung an der Basis kammförmig gescheitelt. Die harzigen Nadeln duften beim Zerreiben stark aromatisch. Sie verbleiben 7 bis 10, selten bis zu 13 Jahre am Baum.[3]
Blüten, Zapfen und Samen
Die Balsam-Tanne ist einhäusig-getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). Sie wird mit 20 bis 30 Jahren mannbar, gelegentlich bilden allerdings schon 15-jährige Bäume Zapfen aus.[4] Die Blütezeit erstreckt sich je nach Standort von Ende April bis Anfang Juni.[6] Die Blütenknospen bilden sich an Nadelachsen vorjähriger Zweige. Die 3 bis 6 Millimeter langen, männlichen Blütenzapfen sind länglich-zylindrisch. Ihre Farbe reicht von rot über purpurfarben, bläulich, grünlich bis orange.[1] Sie stehen in kleinen Gruppen an den Zweigunterseiten im mittleren Kronenbereich. Die ungestielten, weiblichen Blütenzapfen sind kugelig bis eiförmig. Sie werden rund 2 Zentimeter lang und erreichen einen Durchmesser von 1,5 bis 3,75 Zentimeter. Ihre Farbe reicht von blau-graugrün bis purpurfarben. Sie stehen in kleinen Gruppen an der Zweigoberseite im oberen Kronenbereich. Der gelbe Pollen erreicht Durchmesser von rund 90 Mikrometern.[4][3]
Die 3,5 bis 10 Zentimeter langen und 2 bis 5 Zentimeter dicken Zapfen sind grau-braun gefärbt und weisen einen rötlichen Ton auf.[6] Die aufrecht stehenden Zapfen sind in der Gestalt länglich-zylindrisch und haben eine rundliche Spitze. Die Zapfenschuppen werden etwa 1 bis 1,5 Zentimeter lang und 0,7 bis 1,7 Zentimeter breit[1] und verdecken, außer bei der Varietät phanerolepis, die Deckschuppen. Unter jeder Samenschuppe befinden sich zwei Samen. Meist ab Ende August bis Anfang September[4] beginnen sie sich zusammen mit den Zapfenschuppen von der Zapfenspindel zu lösen. Die Zapfenspindeln verbleiben noch bis in den darauf folgenden Sommer am Baum.[3]
Die dreieckigen, glänzend braunen Samen werden 5 bis 7 Millimeter lang und 2 bis 3 Millimeter breit. Sie besitzen einen relativ breiten, purpur-braunen Flügel, der etwa doppelt so lang ist wie der Samenkörper selbst. Ein Zapfen enthält durchschnittlich 134 Samen. Das Tausendkorngewicht beträgt rund 7,61 Gramm. Der Samen wird durch den Wind (Anemochorie) und durch Nagetiere verbreitet. Bei der Windausbreitung können sie Strecken von bis zu 150 Metern zurücklegen. Eine ausreichende Bodenfeuchte ist für die Keimung der Samen wichtiger als gute Lichtverhältnisse.[4][3]
Wurzelsystem
Die Balsam-Tanne ist ein Flachwurzler und deshalb sehr anfällig gegenüber Windwurf und Wurzelbrüchen. Die Wurzeln wachsen selbst an tiefgründigen Standorten nicht tiefer als 60 bis 75 Zentimeter. Einzig für Sandböden im nördlichen Ontario ist eine Wurzeltiefe von 137 Zentimeter nachgewiesen. Selten kommt es zur Bildung einer Pfahlwurzel, die jedoch meist schon nach kurzer Zeit abstirbt.[6] Die Feinwurzeln bilden ein dichtes Polster in den oberflächennahen und humusreichen Bodenschichten. Nicht selten kommt es zu Wurzelverwachsungen mit benachbarten Bäumen.[7]
![src=]()
Rinde eines jungen Baumes mit Harzblasen
Rinde
Junge Triebe sind zuerst behaart und später kahl. Die Färbung der Zweigrinde ist graubraun. Es sind meist kleine, runde Narben zu erkennen, welche durch abgefallene Nadeln entstehen. Sämlinge besitzen eine dünne und glatte Rinde, die stumpf graugrün gefärbt ist. Jungbäume besitzen eine glatte, graubraune Rinde. Häufig werden Harzblasen gebildet, aus denen Kanadabalsam gewonnen werden kann. Alte Bäume entwickeln eine dicke, glatte oder rissige Borke, die von grauer bis rotbrauner Farbe ist. Diese Borke ist relativ dünn und erreicht meist nur Dicken von 2,5 bis 11 Millimetern.[6][3]
Holz
Das Holz der Balsam-Tanne weist eine cremig-weiße bis hellbraune Färbung auf. Das Kernholz ist farblich nicht vom Splintholz zu unterscheiden. Ist es der Witterung ausgesetzt, färbt es sich hellgrau. Die Jahresringe sind gut sichtbar und bestehen zu zwei Drittel aus Frühholz. Die einreihigen Holzstrahlen sind sehr schmal und das Parenchym ist nur schwer zu erkennen. Es sind keine Harzkanäle vorhanden. Die Tracheiden erreichen eine Länge von etwa 3,5 Millimeter und einen Durchmesser von 30 bis 50 Mikrometer.[6] Es kommt häufig zu kleinen Anschwellungen an den Astbasen. Bei einem geraden und parallelen Faserverlauf ist das Holz weicher und leichter als das der ostamerikanischen Fichtenarten.[8]
Verbreitung und Standort
Die Balsam-Tanne kommt im nordöstlichen Nordamerika vor. Ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von der Atlantikküste Labradors, Neufundlands und Neuschottlands im Osten bis ins Peace River Valley in Nordwest-Alberta im Westen.[4] Die nördliche Verbreitungsgrenze liegt beim Kleinen Sklavensee im Süden Albertas, wobei auch schon Bäume in der Nähe des weiter nördlich gelegenen Großen Sklavensees bei rund 62° nördlicher Breite nachgewiesen wurden.[9] Die Südgrenze wird von einer isolierten Population in Virginia gebildet. Die Art wurde und wird außerhalb Nordamerikas kaum forstwirtschaftlich angepflanzt.[2]
Die Balsam-Tanne ist eine frostharte Baumart borealer Wälder und stellt in vielen Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes die Klimaxbaumart dar. Sie wächst bevorzugt unter kontinentalem Klima, hat aber ihr Optimum in den feucht-kühlen Regionen Südost-Kanadas und den nordöstlichen USA mit jährlichen Niederschlagsmengen von 700 bis 1.100 mm. Je nach Standort variiert die jährliche Niederschlagsmenge zwischen 390 und 1.400 mm. Man findet die Art bis in Höhenlagen von 1.900 Metern, wobei sie in den Gipfelregionen meist nur als Krummholz wächst. An den Boden stellt die Balsam-Tanne kaum Ansprüche. Sie kommt sowohl auf Sand und Kies als auch auf organischen Auflagen über Fels im Gebirge vor. Im Bergland werden auch kompakte Lehme und im Flachland sumpfige Standorte besiedelt. Diese Böden weisen meist einen mächtigen Auflagehorizont (O-Horizont) und einen gut entwickelten Eluvialhorizont (E-Horizont) auf. Wichtig für das Wachstum ist die Bodenfeuchte. Der Nährstoffgehalt des Bodens sowie die Lage im Gelände spielen nur eine untergeordnete Rolle.[4] Der pH-Wert der besiedelten Böden liegt zwischen 5,1 und 7,0.[10]
Ökologie
Mykorrhizapartner
Die Balsam-Tanne bildet Ektomykorrhizen mit Cenococcum geophilum und dem Körnchenröhrling (Suillus granulatus).[7]
Vergesellschaftung
![src=]()
Balsam-Tannenbestand mit Unterwuchs in
Quebec
Die Balsam-Tanne bildet sowohl Rein- als auch Mischbestände. Mischbestände treten vor allem auf feuchten Standorten auf. In den Hochlagen der nordöstlichen USA werden fast vollständige Reinbestände gebildet. In den mittleren Höhenbereichen dieser Region sowie in den Bundesstaaten New Brunswick und Maine kommt die Balsam-Tanne auch gemischt mit der Amerikanischen Rot-Fichte (Picea rubens) vor. Weiters können die Mischbestände nach drei Regionen unterteilt werden:[10]
- In der borealen Zone werden Mischbestände vor allem mit der Papier-Birke (Betula papyrifera), der Weiß-Fichte (Picea glauca), der Schwarz-Fichte (Picea mariana) und der Amerikanischen Zitterpappel (Populus tremuloides) gebildet.[10]
- Im Bergland bildet die Balsam-Tanne hauptsächlich mit dem Rot-Ahorn (Acer rubrum), dem Zucker-Ahorn (Acer saccharum), der Gelb-Birke (Betula alleghaniensis), der Papier-Birke (Betula papyrifera), der Amerikanischen Buche (Fagus grandifolia), der Weiß-Fichte (Picea glauca), der Weymouth-Kiefer (Pinus strobus), Populus grandidentata, der Amerikanischen Zitterpappel (Populus tremuloides), Sorbus americana und der Kanadischen Hemlocktanne (Tsuga canadensis) Mischbestände.[10]
- An Standorten in Küstennähe kommt es vor allem zu Bestandsbildung mit dem Rot-Ahorn (Acer rubrum), der Schwarz-Esche (Fraxinus nigra), der Ostamerikanischen Lärche (Larix laricina), der Weiß-Fichte (Picea glauca), der Schwarz-Fichte (Picea mariana) und dem Abendländischen Lebensbaum (Thuja occidentalis).[10]
Die Strauchschicht von Balsam-Tannenwäldern wird meist durch den Vermont-Ahorn (Acer spicatum), Corylus cornuta, Gaultheria hispidula, die Schmalblättrigen Lorbeerrose (Kalmia angustifolia), den Grönländischen Porst (Rhododendron groenlandicum), die Kanadische Eibe (Taxus canadensis) und Viburnum lantanoides gebildet. Unter den Pflanzen der Krautschicht dominieren vor allem Seggenarten (Carex), Clintonia borealis, der Kanadische Hartriegel (Cornus canadensis), der Gewöhnliche Dornfarn (Dryopteris carthusiana), das Dreiblütige Labkraut (Galium triflorum), das Moosglöckchen (Linnaea borealis), Maianthemum canadense, der Zimtfarn (Osmunda cinnamomea), Trientalis borealis sowie Trillium undulatum.[4]
Nutzung
Das Holz der Balsam-Tanne wird in der Forstwirtschaft hauptsächlich für die Zellstoffherstellung und als Konstruktionsholz verwendet. Es findet aber auch zur Herstellung von Pappe, Spanplatten, Sperrholz, Kisten, Lattenverschlägen und Holzcontainer Verwendung. Klebstoffe und Farben halten besonders gut auf dem Holz. Als Bauholz ist es ungeeignet, da es nur eine geringe Nagelfestigkeit hat und Holzschutzmittel nur schwer eindringen. Es ist zudem anfällig gegenüber Fäule.[11]
Aufgrund ihres relativ raschen Wachstums, des harmonischen Aufbaus und der attraktiven Benadelung wird die Art gelegentlich als Park- und Gartenbaum angepflanzt. Über die Jahre wurde eine Vielzahl an Gartenformen gezüchtet, welche durch besondere Nadelfärbungen und Wuchsformen attraktiv für den Gartenbau sind.[12] Wegen ihrer Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Luftschadstoffen und Streusalz ist sie jedoch für den Stadtbereich weniger gut geeignet. Für Windschutzstreifen ist die Art nur geeignet, wenn eine ausreichende Bodenfeuchte gegeben ist. In den USA und in Kanada wird sie häufig als Christbaum und Weihnachtskranz verwendet. Wegen der aromatisch duftenden Nadeln werden gelegentlich Duftkissen mit ihnen gefüllt.[4][11]
Aus den Harzblasen, die an der Stamm- und Astrinde von jungen Bäumen auftreten, wird Kanadabalsam gewonnen. Kanadabalsam wird bei der Herstellung optischer Instrumente zur Befestigung von Linsen sowie zum Eingießen mikroskopischer Präparate genutzt, wobei er heute zunehmend von synthetischen Stoffen verdrängt wird. Er findet auch als Bestandteil von Lacken Verwendung.[4][11] Im Jahr 2012 beschrieb ein Forschungsteam um Philipp Zerbe und Jörg Bohlmann in einer im Journal of Biological Chemistry veröffentlichten Arbeit die Balsam-Tanne cis-Abienol produziert, welches stark dem aus Pottwalen gewonnenen Ambra ähnelt. Es könnte daher als Alternative für das in teuren Parfüms noch immer verwendete Ambra dienen.[13]
Krankheiten und Schädlinge
![src=]()
Durch den Befall mit
Melampsorella caryophyllacearum entstandener Hexenbesen
Die Balsam-Tanne wird in großem Umfang von abiotischen Schadfaktoren angegriffen. Aufgrund der leicht entflammbaren Nadeln und der dünnen, harzreichen Rinde ist die Art besonders anfällig für Waldbrände. Wegen des flachen Wurzelsystems ist sie vor allem auf flachgründigen Standorten stark windwurfgefährdet. Wurzelschäden können bereits durch Stammschwingungen auftreten. Durch Eisbehang kann es zu Kronenbrüchen kommen.[14]
Die Balsam-Tanne wird häufig von Schadpilzen befallen, wobei Stamm- und Wurzelfäuleerreger eine größere Rolle spielen als Nadelparasiten. Der Gemeine Hallimasch (Armillaria mellea) ist allerdings die einzige Art, die nennenswerte Ausfälle verursacht. Stockfäule wird häufig durch den Braunen Kellerschwamm (Coniophora puteana), Poria subacida, Resinicium bicolor und Tyromyces balsameus ausgelöst, die über die Wurzeln und basisnahe Stammverletzungen den Baum befallen. Durch einen Befall erhöht sich die Windwurfgefahr. Weiters lösen der Gestielte Schillerporling (Inonotus tomentosus), der Kiefern-Braunporling (Phaeolus schweinitzii), der Kiefern-Feuerschwamm (Phellinus pini) und der Wilde Hausschwamm (Serpula himantioides) Wurzelerkrankungen aus. Die Balsam-Tanne wird von einer Vielzahl an Nadelparasiten befallen, die jedoch keine ernsten Schäden anrichten. Zu den Nadelparasiten zählen Pilzarten der Gattungen Lirula, Lophodermium, Phacidium, Phaeocryptopus, Pucciniastrum und Uredinopsis. Durch den Rostpilz Melampsorella caryophyllacearum, dem Erreger des Tannenkrebses, kommt es häufig zur Bildung von Hexenbesen.[4][14]
Unter den Schadinsekten hat die Wicklerart Choristoneura fumiferana die größte Bedeutung. Seine Raupen fressen an den Nadeln und Knospen der Tannen. Gesunde und wuchskräftige Bäume überleben einen einmaligen Befall meist. Ein wiederholter oder extrem starker Befall, bei dem die Bäume entnadelt werden, führt zu erheblichen Wachstumseinbußen und starken Verlusten. Durch die Entnadelung treten auch häufig Wurzelschäden auf. Im Zusammenhang mit einem Befall durch Choristoneura fumiferana tritt manchmal das so genannte Stillwell's Syndrom auf, bei dem sich die Nadeln hellrot verfärben und der Baum abstirbt. Als weiterer Schädling hat sich die, aus Europa eingeschleppte, Tannenstammlaus (Adelges piceae) erwiesen. Sie saugt an der Baumrinde im Kronen- und Stammbereich und kann nach mehrjährigem Befall zu Abgängen führen. Sie befällt Bäume aller Altersklassen. Der Speichel dieser Art führt zu einem abnormalen Wachstum der Tracheiden, wodurch das Holz spröde wird.[4][14]
Die Samen werden unter anderem von Mäusen und Vögeln gefressen. Eichhörnchen knabbern die Zapfen auf, um an die Samen zu kommen. Bäume im Stangen- sowie im Nutzholzalter werden gelegentlich von Schwarzbären (Ursus americanus) entrindet, um an die süßen Baumsäfte zu gelangen.[15][4]
![src=]()
Abies balsamea var.
phanerolepis
Systematik
Die erste botanische Beschreibung dieser Art wurde bereits 1704 von John Ray veröffentlicht.[12] Den ersten wissenschaftlichen Namen erhielt sie aber erst 1753 mit Pinus balsamea durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, Band 2, S. 1002. Sie wurde 1768 von Philip Miller in die Gattung Abies gestellt.
Die Balsam-Tanne wird in der hier genutzten Systematik innerhalb der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in die Sektion Balsameae und die Untersektion Laterales gestellt. Von Liu Tang-Shui 1971 wird diese Art in die Sektion Balsameae der Untergattung Abies gestellt.[16] Nach der Systematik nach Franco wird sie innerhalb der Untergattung Sapinus der Sektion Balsameae und der Serie Lasiocarpae zugeordnet.[17]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[1]
Varietäten und Formen
Bei der Balsam-Tanne liegen, trotz des großen Verbreitungsgebietes, kaum umfassende intraspezifische Differenzen vor. Je nach Herkunft wurden physiologische und holzanatomische Unterschiede nachgewiesen. So ist etwa im Osten die Rohdichte des Holzes niedriger und die Tracheidenlänge höher als im Westen. Es wurde auch eine Vielzahl an Gartenformen gezüchtet.[12][17]
Folgende Varietäten oder Formen können unterschieden werden:[18]
-
Abies balsamea vra. balsamea: Sie kommt vom zentralen und östlichen Kanada bis Virginia vor.[18]
-
Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis Fern. ist eine Varietät, die vermutlich eine natürliche Hybride mit der Fraser-Tanne (Abies fraseri) darstellt. Sie wird nur von einigen Autoren als Varietät anerkannt.[19][18] Diese Varietät besitzt zylindrische Zapfen, deren Deckschuppen hervorstehen. Sie kommt in mehreren Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes vor, wobei sie in Nova Scotia etwas häufiger auftritt.[17]
-
Abies balsamea f. hudsonia (Jacques) Fernald & Weath. ist eine nicht allgemein anerkannte Zwergform, die in New Hampshire vorkommt. Sie wächst in Hochlagen und ist vor allem auf Berggipfeln zu finden.[12][20]
Hybride
In den Überschneidungsbereichen der Verbreitungsgebiete bildet die Balsam-Tanne mit der Fraser-Tanne (Abies fraseri) und der Felsengebirgs-Tanne (Abies lasiocarpa) natürliche Hybride. Aus Alberta liegen Berichte über eine natürliche Kreuzung mit Abies bifolia vor, die von manchen Autoren jedoch als Unterart der Felsengebirgs-Tanne angesehen wird.[1] Die mit der Fraser-Tanne entstehende Hybride wird von manchen Autoren als Varietät var. phanerolepis der Balsam-Tanne beschrieben. Erfolgreiche Kreuzungsversuche fanden mit der Weiß-Tanne (Abies alba) und der Sibirischen Tanne (Abies sibirica) statt.[17]
Gefährdung und Schutz
In der Roten Liste der IUCN wird die Balsam-Tanne als „nicht gefährdet“ geführt. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine neuerliche Untersuchung zur Gefährdung der Art nötig ist.[21]
Literatur
- E. V. Bakuzis, H. L. Hansen: Balsam Fir. A Monographic Review. North Central Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN 1965, ISBN 0-8166-0353-7 (books.google.at).
-
Peter Schütt: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Verbreitung – Beschreibung – Ökologie – Nutzung. Die große Enzyklopädie [... unter Mitwirkung von 30 Experten]. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-933203-80-9, S. 19–26.
- Christopher J. Earle: Abies balsamea. In: The Gymnosperm Database. 2009 (conifers.org).
- Richard S. Hunt: Abies balsamea. In: Flora of North America. Band 2, 1993 (efloras.org).
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c d e f g Christopher J. Earle, 2009: Abies balsamea in The Gymnosperm Database. abgerufen am 29. August 2010
-
↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 20.
-
↑ a b c d e f g Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 21.
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Robert M. Frank: Abies balsamea In: Conifers at Silvis of North America. (PDF; 5,8 MB) abgerufen am 29. August 2010.
-
↑ Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 24.
-
↑ a b c d e f E. V. Bakuzis, H. L. Hansen: Balsam Fir: A Monographic Review. North Central Publishing Company, St. Paul, USA 1965, S. 13–20.
-
↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 22.
-
↑ Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 21–22.
-
↑ E. V. Bakuzis, H. L. Hansen: Balsam Fir: A Monographic Review. North Central Publishing Company, St. Paul, USA 1965, S. 35–39.
-
↑ a b c d e Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 23–24.
-
↑ a b c Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 25.
-
↑ a b c d E. V. Bakuzis, H. L. Hansen: Balsam Fir: A Monographic Review. North Central Publishing Company, St. Paul, USA 1965, S. 1–9.
-
↑ Dörte Saße: Luxus-Parfums von der Tanne statt vom Wal. wissenschaft-aktuell.de, abgerufen am 13. April 2012.
-
↑ a b c Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 24–25.
-
↑ E. V. Bakuzis, H. L. Hansen: Balsam Fir: A Monographic Review. North Central Publishing Company, St. Paul, USA 1965, S. 120.
-
↑ Liu Tang-Shui: A Monograph of the Genus Abies. National Taiwan University, Taipei 1971.
-
↑ a b c d Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 22–23.
-
↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Abies. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 5. April 2019.
-
↑ Eintrag bei GRIN Taxonomy abgerufen am 10. Juli 2010.
-
↑ Eintrag bei GRIN Taxonomy abgerufen am 6. Juni 2010.
-
↑ Eintrag in der Roten Liste der IUCN abgerufen am 29. August 2010.
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Balsam-Tanne: Brief Summary
(
الألمانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DE
Die Balsam-Tanne (Abies balsamea) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies). Sie wächst im nordöstlichen Nordamerika, wo sie sowohl Tief- als auch Bergland besiedelt. Sie gilt als relativ anspruchslos gegenüber dem Standort und ist frosthart. In vielen Teilen des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes stellt sie die Klimaxbaumart dar.
Die Balsam-Tanne kann bis zu 245 Jahre alt werden und ist damit relativ kurzlebig. Die Nadeln und das Harz verströmen einen aromatischen Duft, worauf sich das Artepitheton balsamea für ‚wohlriechend‘ bezieht.
Eine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung hat heute nur noch das Holz. Früher wurde aus den Harzblasen der jungen Bäume Kanadabalsam gewonnen, der als Klebsubstanz bei optischen Geräten sowie als Einbettungsmittel für mikroskopische Präparate diente. In jüngerer Zeit wurde der Kanadabalsam aber immer mehr von synthetischen Stoffen verdrängt. Die Balsam-Tanne ist der Provinzbaum und damit eine Art Wahrzeichen der kanadischen Provinz New Brunswick.
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Ελάτη η βαλσαμική
(
اليونانية الحديثة (1453-)
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Η Ελάτη η βαλσαμική (Abies balsamea) ή άλλως ελατοβάλσαμο είναι ένα βορειοαμερικανικό έλατο, ιθαγενές στο μεγαλύτερο τμήμα του ανατολικού και του κεντρικού Καναδά (Νέα Γη), τη δυτική προς κεντρική Βρετανική Κολομβία και τις βορειοανατολικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες (Μινεσότα ανατολικά προς το Μέιν και νότια στα Απαλάχια Όρη έως τη Δυτική Βιρτζίνια).[3]
Ανάπτυξη
Το ελατοβάλσαμο είναι ένα μικρό έως μεσαίου μεγέθους αειθαλές δέντρο, συνήθως 14-20 μέτρα ψηλό, σπανίως έως και 27 μέτρα ψηλό, με ένα στενό κωνικό στέμμα. Ο φλοιός στα νεαρά δέντρα είναι ομαλός, γκρι, με φουσκάλες ρητίνης, (οι οποίες τείνουν να ψεκάζουν το περιεχόμενό τους όταν διαρραγούν) και γίνεται τραχύς, με σχισμές ή φολιδωτές στα παλαιά δέντρα. Τα φύλλα είναι επίπεδα βελονοειδή, μήκους από 15 έως 30 χιλιοστά, σκούρα πράσινα και συχνά με ένα μικρό κομμάτι από στόματα κοντά στην άκρη και δύο λευκές ζώνες στομάτων κάτω και μια ελαφρώς οδοντωτή άκρη. Διατάσσονται σπειροειδώς στο βλαστό. Οι κώνοι των σπόρων είναι όρθιοι, μήκους 40 έως 80 χιλιοστά, σκούροι μοβ, ωριμάζουν σε καφέ και αποσυντίθενται το Σεπτέμβριο, για να απελευθερώσουν τους φτερωτούς τους σπόρους.
Ποικιλίες
Υπάρχουν δύο ποικιλίες:
- Η Abies balsamea ποικ. balsamea (βάλσαμο ελάτης) – βράκτια (bracts)[Σημ. 1] κείμενα υποκάτω κοντών κλιμάκων σπόρων, μη είναι ορατούς στους κλειστούς κώνους. Τα περισσότερα από τα είδη ποικίλουν.
- Η Abies balsamea ποικ. phanerolepis (βράκτειο ελατοβάλσαμο ή έλατο Χαναάν) – βράκτια κείμενα υποκάτω μακρυτέρων κλιμάκων σπόρων, ορατών στον κλειστό κώνο. Τα νοτιοανατολικά του εύρους του είδους, από το νοτιότερο Κεμπέκ προς τη Δυτική Βιρτζίνια. Η ονομασία «Έλατο Χαναάν» προέρχεται από μια από τις ιθαγενείς περιοχές, τη κοιλάδα Χαναάν στη Δυτική Βιρτζίνια. Ορισμένοι βοτανολόγοι θεωρούν αυτή την ποικιλία ως ένα φυσικό υβρίδιο μεταξύ του ελατοβάλσαμου και της ελάτης Fraser (Abies fraseri), η οποία εμφανίζεται νοτιότερα στα Απαλάχια Όρη.
Συνώνυμα
-
Pinus balsamea L.
-
Abies balsamifera Michx.
-
Peuce balsamea (L.) Rich.
-
Abies hudsonia Bosc πρώην Jacques
-
Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon
-
Abies minor Duhamel πρώην Gordon[2]
Οικολογία
Στις κορυφές των βουνών, συστάδες με έλατα βαλσάμης αναπτύσσουν περιστασιακά ελατοκύματα. Συχνά βρίσκονται σε συνδυασμό με το Μαύρο Έλατο, το Λευκό Έλατο και την τρεμώδη λεύκα (είδος άγριας λεύκης).
Αυτό το δέντρο παρέχει τροφή στις άλκες, στους Αμερικανικούς κόκκινους σκίουρους (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), στους λοξίες (Loxia spp.) και στις αμερικανικές παπαδίτσες (Poecile spp.), καθώς και καταφύγιο για τα ουαπίτι (Cervus canadensis), τους αμερικανικούς λαγούς (Lepus americanus), τα ελάφια της Βιρτζίνια (Odocoileus virginianus), τις αμερικανικές αγριόκοτες (Bonasa umbellus) και άλλα μικρά θηλαστικά και ωδικά πτηνά. Οι βελόνες, καταναλώνονται από κάποιες λεπιδόπτερες κάμπιες, όπως για παράδειγμα το σκώρο Ιώ (Automeris io).
Χρήσεις
![src=]()
Αιθέριο έλαιο ελάτης βαλσάμης
(Abies balsamea) σε διαφανές γυάλινο φιαλίδιο.
Και οι δύο ποικιλίες του είδους είναι πολύ δημοφιλείς ως Χριστουγεννιάτικα δέντρα, κυρίως στις βορειοανατολικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Η ρητίνη χρησιμοποιείται για την παραγωγή του Καναδικού βάλσαμου και χρησιμοποιείται παραδοσιακά ως μια θεραπεία για το κοινό κρυολόγημα και ως κόλλα για γυαλιά, εξαρτήματα οπτικών οργάνων καθώς και για την παρασκευή μόνιμων αναρτήσεων δειγμάτων μικροσκοπίου. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τη χρήση του ως παραδοσιακού γιατρικού και της σχετικά υψηλής περιεκτικότητας των βελονών του σε ασκορβικό οξύ, ο ιστορικός Jacques Mathieu υποστήριξε ότι το βάλσαμο έλατο ήταν το «aneda» το οποίο θεράπευσε τον Jacques Cartier από το σκορβούτο, κατά τη δεύτερη εξερευνητική του αποστολή στον Καναδά.[4] Το ξύλο αλέθεται για την κατασκευή ξυλείας καλουπώματος (μέρος της ξυλείας SPF [Spruce-pine-fir έλατο-πεύκο-ελάτου]), για ξυλεία τοιχοποιίας και πολτοποίηση της κατασκευής χάρτου. Το αιθέριο έλαιο του ελατοβάλσαμου είναι ένα μη τοξικό απωθητικό τρωκτικών, εγκεκριμένο από την Υπηρεσία Προστασίας Περιβάλλοντος (Environmental Protection Agency - [EPA]). Το ελατοβάλσαμο χρησιμοποιείται επίσης ως αποσμητικό χώρου και ως θυμίαμα.[5]
Πριν από την διαθεσιμότητα του ελαστικού αφρού και των αεροστρωμάτων οι κλώνοι του ελατοβάλσαμου ήταν ένα προτιμώμενο στρώμα, στα μέρη όπου τα δέντρα ξεπερνούσαν κατά πολύ τους κατασκηνωτές. Πολλοί κλάδοι ελάτων φτιάχνονται από συνδυασμό κλαδιών που είναι λυγισμένα προς τα κάτω λόγω του βάρους του χιονιού και άλλα, φρέσκα κλαδιά που είναι λυγισμένα προς τα πάνω στην προσπάθειά τους να βρουν περισσότερο ηλιακό φως. Στρώσεις των ανεστραμμένων φρεσκοκομμένων άκρων από τα μικρά δέντρα δημιουργούσαν ένα ευχάριστο αρωματικό στρώμα, ανασηκώνοντας την κλινοστρωμνή από το βρεγμένο έδαφος· και τα λυγισμένα πράσινα άκρα ήσαν ελατήρια κάτω από τις μαλακές βελόνες. Οι ανώτερες στρώσεις άκρων, τοποθετούνταν με τις κομμένες τους άκρες να ακουμπούν στην γη, για την αποφυγή δυσάρεστων αιχμηρών σημείων και των χυμών (sap).[6][Σημ. 3]
Η ποικιλία Α. balsamia «ομάδα Hudsonia» (έλατο Hudson), έχει κερδίσει από τη Βασιλική Εταιρεία Οπωροκηπευτικών βραβείο της αξίας Κηπευτικών (Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit).[7]
Οι ιθαγενείς Αμερικανοί το χρησιμοποιούσαν για διάφορους ιατρικούς σκοπούς.[8]
Δέντρο έμβλημα
Το ελατοβάλσαμο είναι το δέντρο έμβλημα της επαρχίας Νιου Μπράνσγουικ στον Καναδά.
Εικόνες
Σε πρώτο πλάνο δέντρο Abies balsamea, ακολουθούμενο από νεαρά δέντρα.
Φύλλα (βελόνες) σε συμμετρικούς κλαδίσκους.
Κοντινή λήψη των πυκνόφυλλων κλαδίσκων.
Κώνοι σπόρων όπου στάζουν ρητίνη, στο Αρχιπέλαγος Mingan, Κεμπέκ.
Δείτε επίσης
Σημειώσεις
-
↑ Στη βοτανική, βράκειο (ή βράκτιο) (bract), είναι ένα φύλλο στο μίσχο του άνθους δηλαδή ένα τροποποιημένο ή εξειδικευμένο φύλλο, ειδικά ένα που σχετίζεται με την αναπαραγωγική δομή, όπως ένα λουλούδι, ταξιανθία άξονας ή κλίμακα κώνου.
-
↑ Το krummholz ή krumholtz (Γερμανικά: krumm, «στριφτό, λυγισμένο, στριμμένο» και Holz, «ξύλο») — που ονομάζεται επίσης knieholz («γόνατο-ξυλεία»), — είναι ένα είδος καχεκτικής, παραμορφωμένης βλάστησης η οποία συναντάται στα υποαρκτικά και υποαλπικά τοπία της δεντρογραμμής και που διαμορφώνεται από τη συνεχή έκθεση στους έντονους, παγωμένους ανέμους.
-
↑ Ο χυμός (βοτανική) (Αγγλικά: sap), είναι αυστηρός όρος της επιστήμης της Γενικής Βοτανικής, που χρησιμοποιείται αποκλειστικά στην φυσιολογία φυτών και όχι οπουδήποτε. Συγκεκριμένα, είναι ΜΟΝΟΝ το πρωταρχικό υδατικό διάλυμα που κινείται στα αγγεία του φυτού με πολύπλοκες φυσικοχημικές διεργασίες (ώσμωση, τριχοειδικά φαινόμενα κ.ά.) και χρησιμεύει στην θρέψη του. Οποιοδήποτε υγρό παράγει το φυτό ΜΕΤΑΓΕΝΕΣΤΕΡΑ και σε οποιοδήποτε σημείο του (βλαστό, φύλλα, άνθη, κ.ο.κ), ακόμη και αν προέρχεται από αυτό το διάλυμα, δεν είναι χυμός (βοτανική), με την ΑΥΣΤΗΡΗ βοτανική έννοια (sensu stricto). Επίσης, ο χυμός (βοτανική), δεν πρέπει να συγχέεται με το λατέξ, τη ρητίνη ή το κενοτόπιο (vacuole). [Παρ. Σημ. 1]
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Ελάτη η βαλσαμική: Brief Summary
(
اليونانية الحديثة (1453-)
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Η Ελάτη η βαλσαμική (Abies balsamea) ή άλλως ελατοβάλσαμο είναι ένα βορειοαμερικανικό έλατο, ιθαγενές στο μεγαλύτερο τμήμα του ανατολικού και του κεντρικού Καναδά (Νέα Γη), τη δυτική προς κεντρική Βρετανική Κολομβία και τις βορειοανατολικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες (Μινεσότα ανατολικά προς το Μέιν και νότια στα Απαλάχια Όρη έως τη Δυτική Βιρτζίνια).
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Abies balsamea
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Abies balsamea or balsam fir is a North American fir, native to most of eastern and central Canada (Newfoundland west to central Alberta) and the northeastern United States (Minnesota east to Maine, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia).[3]
Description
Balsam fir is a small to medium-size evergreen tree typically 14–20 metres (46–66 ft) tall, occasionally reaching a height of 27 metres (89 ft). The narrow conic crown consists of dense, dark-green leaves. The bark on young trees is smooth, grey, and with resin blisters (which tend to spray when ruptured), becoming rough and fissured or scaly on old trees. The leaves are flat and needle-like, 15 to 30 mm (5⁄8 to 1+1⁄8 in) long, dark green above often with a small patch of stomata near the tip, and two white stomatal bands below, and a slightly notched tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but with the leaf bases twisted so that the leaves appear to be in two more-or-less horizontal rows on either side of the shoot. The needles become shorter and thicker the higher they are on the tree. The seed cones are erect, 40 to 80 mm (1+1⁄2 to 3+1⁄4 in) long, dark purple, ripening brown and disintegrating to release the winged seeds in September.
Medicinal
For thousands of years Native Americans used Balsam fir for medicinal and therapeutic purposes. The needles are digested directly off the tree by many animals and humans. Higher content dosage is ingested in tea. Balsam Fir contains vitamin C, which has been studied for its effects on bacterial and viral infections.[4]
Reproduction
The male reproductive organs generally develop more rapidly and appear sooner than the female organs. The male organs contain microsporangia which divide to form sporogenous tissue, composed of cells which become archesporial cells. These develop into microspores, or pollen-mother cells, once they are rounded and filled with starch grains. When the microspores undergo meiosis in the spring, four haploid microspores are produced which eventually become pollen grains. Once the male strobilus has matured the microsporangia are exposed at which point the pollen is released.
The female megasporangiate is larger than the male. It contains bracts and megasporophylls, each of which contains two ovules, arranged in a spiral. These then develop a nucellus in which a mother cell is formed. Meiosis occurs and a megaspore is produced as the first cell of the megagametophyte. As cell division takes place the nucleus of the megaspore thickens, and cell differentiation occurs to produce prothallial tissue containing an ovum. The remaining undifferentiated cells then form the endosperm.
When the male structure releases its pollen grains, some fall onto the female strobilus and reach the ovule. At this point the pollen tube begins to generate, and eventually the sperm and egg meet at which point fertilization occurs.[5]
Varieties
There are two varieties:
-
Abies balsamea var. balsamea (balsam fir) – bracts subtending seed scales short, not visible on the closed cones. Most of the species' range.
-
Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis (bracted balsam fir or Canaan fir) – bracts subtending seed scales longer, visible on the closed cone. The southeast of the species' range, from southernmost Quebec to West Virginia. The name Canaan fir derives from one of its native localities, the Canaan Valley in West Virginia. Some botanists regard this variety as a natural hybrid between balsam fir and Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), which occurs further south in the Appalachian mountains.
Ecology
Balsam firs are very shade tolerant, and tend to grow in cool climates, ideally with a mean annual temperature of 40 °F (4 °C), with consistent moisture at their roots.[6] They typically grow in the following four forest types:
-
Swamp – swamp forest types never completely dry out, so balsam firs have constant access to water. The ground is covered in sphagnum and other mosses. In swamps, balsam firs grow densely and slowly, and are slender.
- Flat – sometimes referred to as "dry swamps," these areas are better drained than swamps but still retain moisture well. Fern moss covers the ground and there is a possibility of ground rot. In flat areas balsam fir grows fast, tall, and large, mixed with red spruce.
- Hardwood slope – ground rot is common in this well-drained area, and leaf litter covers the forest floor. Balsam firs grow fast, tall, and large along with big hardwood trees such as yellow birch, sugar maple and beech.
- Mountain top – On mountain tops, stands of balsam fir occasionally develop fir waves. They often grow at an elevation of 760 to 1,520 m (2,500 to 5,000 ft) in pure strands, or in association with black spruce, white spruce, and trembling aspen. The development is similar to that in swamps with slow growth resulting in slender, short trees. Some of the low branches touch the ground, and may grow roots to produce an independent tree.[7]
The foliage is browsed by moose and deer.[8] The seeds are eaten by American red squirrels, grouse, and pine mice;[9] the tree also provides food for crossbills and chickadees, as well as shelter for moose, snowshoe hares, white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse, and other small mammals and songbirds. The needles are eaten by some lepidopteran caterpillars, for example the Io moth (Automeris io).
Abies balsamea is one of the most cold-hardy trees known, surviving at temperatures as low as −45 °C (−49 °F) (USDA Hardiness Zone 2). Specimens even showed no ill effects when immersed in liquid nitrogen at −196 °C (−320.8 °F).[10]
Conservation Status
It is listed as endangered in Connecticut. This status applies to native populations only.[11]
Pests
The balsam fir is the preferred main host of the eastern spruce budworm, which is a major destructive pest throughout the eastern United States and Canada.[12] During cyclical population outbreaks, major defoliation of the balsam fir can occur, which may significantly reduce radial growth.[13] This can kill the tree. An outbreak in Quebec in 1957 killed over 75% of balsam fir in some stands.[14]
The needles of balsam fir can be infected by the fungus Delphinella balsameae.[15]
Cultivation
Christmas trees
Both varieties of the species are very popular as Christmas trees, particularly in the northeastern United States. Balsam firs cut for Christmas are not taken from the forest, but are grown on large plantations. The balsam fir is one of the greatest exports of Quebec and New England. It is celebrated for its rich green needles, natural conical shape, and needle retention after being cut, and it is notably the most fragrant of all Christmas tree varieties.[16]
Many of these plantations are family farms handed down from generation to generation. The techniques of shearing, growing, and other cultivation secretly passed down from grandparents to grandchildren. Families like the Rousseau's of Quebec, Rose of New Brunswick, and Kessler's (North Pole Xmas Trees) of New Hampshire have kept family traditions for almost a century.
The balsam fir was used six times for the US Capitol Christmas Tree between 1964 and 2019.[10]
In northern areas of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin balsam fir branches (boughs) are used to make Christmas wreaths.
Horticulture
Abies balsamea is also grown as an ornamental tree for parks and gardens. Very hardy down to −20 °C (−4 °F) or below, it requires a sheltered spot in full sun. The dwarf cultivar A. balsamea 'Hudson’ (Hudson fir), grows to only 1 m (3.3 ft) tall by 1.5 m (4.9 ft) broad, and has distinctive blue-green foliage with pale undersides. It does not bear cones. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[17][18]
Other cultivars include:-
- ‘Angustata’
- 'Argentea'
- 'Brachylepis'
- 'Coerulea'
- 'Columnaris'
- 'Glauca'
- 'Globosa'
- 'Longifolia'
- 'Lutescens'
- 'Macrocarpa'
- 'Marginata'
- 'Nana'
- 'Nudicaulis'
- 'Paucifolia'
- 'Prostrata'
- 'Pyramidalis'
- 'Variegata'
- 'Versicolor' [19]
Other uses
Balsam fir essential oil in clear glass vial
The resin is used to produce Canada balsam, and was traditionally used as a cold remedy and as a glue for glasses, optical instrument components, and for preparing permanent mounts of microscope specimens. Given its use as a traditional remedy and the relatively high ascorbic acid content of its needles, historian Jacques Mathieu has argued that the balsam fir was the "aneda" that cured scurvy during the second expedition into Canada of Jacques Cartier.[20] The wood is milled for framing lumber (part of SPF lumber), siding and pulped for paper manufacture. Balsam fir oil is an EPA approved nontoxic rodent repellent. The balsam fir is also used as an air freshener and as incense.[21]
Prior to the availability of foam rubber and air mattresses, balsam fir boughs were a preferred mattress in places where trees greatly outnumbered campers. Many fir limbs are vertically bowed from alternating periods of downward deformation from snow loading and new growth reaching upward for sunlight. Layers of inverted freshly cut limbs from small trees created a pleasantly fragrant mattress lifting bedding off the wet ground; and the bowed green limbs were springs beneath the soft needles. Upper layers of limbs were placed with the cut ends of the limbs touching the earth to avoid uncomfortably sharp spots and sap.[22]
Native American ethnobotany
The Native Americans use it for a variety of medicinal purposes.[23]
The Abenaki use the gum for slight itches and as an antiseptic ointment.[24] They stuff the leaves,[25] needles and wood into pillows as a panacea.[26]
The Algonquin people of Quebec apply a poultice of the gum to open sores, insect bites, boils and infections, use the needles as a sudatory for women after childbirth and for other purposes, use the roots for heart disease, use the needles to make a laxative tea, and use the needles for making poultices.[27]
The Atikamekw chew the sap as a cold remedy, and use the boughs as mats for the tent floor.[28]
The Cree use the pitch for menstrual irregularity, and take an infusion of the bark and sometimes the wood for coughs. They use the pitch and grease used as an ointment for scabies and boils. They apply a poultice of pitch applied to cuts. They also use a decoction of pitch and sturgeon oil used for tuberculosis, and take an infusion of bark for tuberculosis. They also use the boughs to make brush shelters and use the wood to make paddles.[29]
The Innu people grate the inner bark and eat it to benefit their diet.[30]
The Iroquois use a steam from a decoction of branches as a bath for rheumatism and parturition, and ingest a decoction of the plant for rheumatism. They take a compound decoction for colds and coughs, sometimes mixing it with alcohol. They apply a compound decoction of the plant for cuts, sprains, bruises and sores.[31] They apply a poultice of the gum and dried beaver kidneys for cancer.[32] They also take a compound decoction in the early stages of tuberculosis, and they use the plant for bedwetting and gonorrhea.[33]
The Maliseet use the juice of the plant as a laxative,[34] use the pitch in medicines,[35] and use an infusion of the bark, sometimes mixed with spruce and tamarack bark, for gonorrhea.[36] They use the needles and branches as pillows and bedding, the roots as thread, and use the pitch to waterproof seams in canoes.[35]
The Menominee use the inner bark as a seasoner for medicines, take an infusion of the inner bark for chest pain, and use the liquid balsam pressed from the trunk for colds and pulmonary troubles. They also use the inner bark as a poultice for unspecified illnesses.[37] They also apply gum from plant blisters to sores.[38]
The Miꞌkmaq use a poultice of inner bark for an unspecified purpose,[37] use the buds, cones and inner bark for diarrhea, use the gum for burns, colds, fractures, sores and wounds, use the cones for colic, and use the buds as a laxative. They also use the bark used for gonorrhea and buds used as a laxative.[39] They use the boughs to make beds, use the bark to make a beverage, and use the wood for kindling and fuel.[40]
The Ojibwe melt the gum on warm stones and inhale the fumes for headache.[41] They also use a decoction of the root as an herbal steam for rheumatic joints.[41] They also combine the gum with bear's grease and use it as an ointment for hair.[42] They use the needle-like leaves in as part of ceremony involving the sweat bath, and use the gum for colds and inhale the leaf smoke for colds.[43] They use the plant as a cough medicine.[44] The gum is used for sores and a compound containing leaves is used as wash. The liquid balsam from bark blisters is used for sore eyes.[43] They boil the resin twice and add it to suet or fat to make a canoe pitch.[45] The bark gum is taken for chest soreness from colds, applied to cuts and sores, and decoction of the bark is used to induce sweating. The bark gum is also taken for gonorrhea.[46]
The Penobscot smear the sap over sores, burns, and cuts.[47]
The Potawatomi use the needles to make pillows, believing that the aroma prevented one from getting a cold.[48] They also use the balsam gum as a salve for sores, and take an infusion of the bark for tuberculosis and other internal afflictions.[48]
Tree emblem
Balsam fir is the provincial tree of New Brunswick.
See also
Gallery
Leaves (needles) on symmetrical branchlets
Closeup of thickly leaved branchlets
References
-
^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies balsamea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42272A2968717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42272A2968717.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ a b "Abies balsamea". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 Oct 2016 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Abies balsamea (balsam fir)". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
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^ Hemilä, Harri (December 2003). "Vitamin C and SARS coronavirus". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 52 (6): 1049–1050. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh002. PMC 7110025. PMID 14613951.
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^ Bakuzis, E.V.; Hansen, Henry L.; Kaufert, Frank H. (January 1965). Balsam Fir: A Monographic Review. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 2, 8–14. ISBN 9780816661282.
-
^ Walters, Michael B.; Reich, Peter B. (July 2000). "Seed Size, Nitrogen Supply, and Growth Rate Affect Tree Seedling Survival in Deep Shade". Ecology. 81 (7): 1887–1901. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1887:SSNSAG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0012-9658.
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^ Zon, Raphael (March 25, 1914). "Balsam Fir". Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 55: 2–7.
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^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 278. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
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^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 188.
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^ a b "Abies balsamea". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
-
^ "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 17 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.)
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^ Out Of Print : Biosystematic Studies of Conifer-Feeding Choristoneura (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in the Western United States : Edited by Jerry A. Powell - University of California Press. www.ucpress.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-23.
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^ Blais, J. R. (1958). "The Vulnerability of Balsam Fir to Spruce Budworm Attack in Northwestern Ontario, with Special Reference to the Physiological Age of the Tree". The Forestry Chronicle. 34 (4): 405–422. doi:10.5558/tfc34405-4.
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^ Blais, J. R.; Martineau, R. (1960). "A Recent Spruce Budworm Outbreak in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe Peninsula with Reference to Aerial Spraying Operations". The Forestry Chronicle. 36 (3): 209–224. doi:10.5558/tfc36209-3.
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^ Guertin, Julien F.; Zitouni, Mina; Tanguay, Philippe; Hogue, Richard; Beaulieu, Carole (2018). "Detection of Delphinella shoot blight in plantations of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) Christmas trees in Quebec, Canada". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 41 (1): 87–97. doi:10.1080/07060661.2018.1547791. S2CID 92569747.
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^ Flynn, James H.; Holder, Charles D., eds. (2001). A Guide to Useful Woods of the World (2nd ed.). Madison, WI: Forest Products Society. pp. 2–3. ISBN 1-892529-15-7.
-
^ "RHS Plant Selector Abies balsamea Hudsonia Group 'Hudson' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
-
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
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^ http://site.ebrary.com/lib/umich/reader.action?docID=10231274}
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^ Mathieu, Jacques. L'Annedda: L'arbre de vie (Quebec: Septentrion, 2009).
-
^ "Balsam fir oil (129035) Fact Sheet". 2015-08-20. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
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^ Thoreau, Henry David The Maine Woods Apollo edition (1966) Thomas Y. Crowell Company
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^ "Abies balsamea". Retrieved August 21, 2016.
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^ Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164
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^ Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155
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^ Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 163-164
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^ Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 124
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^ Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118
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^ Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21
-
^ Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313
-
^ Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 269
-
^ Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 37
-
^ Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 270
-
^ Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 244
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^ a b Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6
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^ Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 257
-
^ a b Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45
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^ Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132
-
^ Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53
-
^ Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258
-
^ a b Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 338
-
^ Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 350
-
^ a b Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378
-
^ Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244
-
^ Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420
-
^ Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198
-
^ Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309
-
^ a b Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 121
Abies balsamea: Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Abies balsamea or balsam fir is a North American fir, native to most of eastern and central Canada (Newfoundland west to central Alberta) and the northeastern United States (Minnesota east to Maine, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia).
Balzama abio
(
إسبرانتو
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EO
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Balzama abio: Brief Summary
(
إسبرانتو
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EO
![src=]()
Foliaro
Balzama abio (science: Abies balsamea) estas specio de abio el Kanado kaj Usono, kun ruĝaj rezinkovritaj burĝonoj kaj pingloj similaj al tiu de blanka abio, sed karakterize aromaj kaj oblikve suprendirektitaj.
De tiu nearktisa specio estas du varioj:
Abies balsamea var. balsamea. Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis
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Abies balsamea
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
Abies balsamea, abeto balsámico o abeto de Navidad es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de las pináceas, originaria de Estados Unidos y la mayor parte de las regiones del este y centro de Canadá.
Características
Es una conífera de tamaño entre pequeño y mediano (normalmente 14-20 m, raramente 27 m), de copa columnar cónica muy estilizada y con el ápice puntiagudo. La corteza en los árboles jóvenes es lisa, de color gris y con abultadas ampollas resinosas, volviéndose rugosa y agrietada o escamosa en los ejemplares viejos. Las hojas son aciculares algo hendidas en las punta, de entre 1,5 a 3 cm, de color verde oscuro brillante por el haz y con dos bandas longitudinales de color plateado por el envés. Brotan en espiral apretadamente, con la base de las hojas retorcida y dispuestas para formar dos hileras más o menos horizontales. Los conos son erectos, de 4-8 cm de largos, púrpura oscuros de jóvenes y marrones al madurar en septiembre, cuando se deshacen para liberar las semillas aladas.
Ecología
En cerros y laderas expuestas de la montaña, los ejemplares de abeto balsámico desarrollan de vez en cuando ondas del abeto.
Usos
La resina se utiliza para producir el "Bálsamo de Canadá" o aguarrás, (en biología se usa para conservar muestras microscópicas) y en silvicultura para la fabricación de papel. Este elemento era también el elemento que servía para pegar lentes usadas en los instrumentos ópticos después de ser sometido a una evaporación de los aceites que contiene; su índice de refracción aproximado a 3/2 y su alta transparencia lo hacía ideal para corregir las aberraciones cromáticas. Este proceso conlleva ciertos problemas de conservación de la unión de lentes, ya que este elemento orgánico es corrompido por las bacterias a lo largo de los años, provocando el deterioro de las imágenes. Ha sido sustituido, fundamentalmente, por polímeros basado en pegamentos epoxis siendo la luz azul el activador del proceso de polimerización.
Taxonomía
Abies balsamea fue descrita por (L. Mill. y publicado en The Gardeners Dictionary: . . . eighth edition no. 3. 1768.[2]
- Etimología
Abies: nombre genérico que viene del nombre latino de Abies alba.[3]
balsamea: epíteto latino que significa "como bálsamo".[4]
- Variedades
Existen dos variedades:
-
Abies balsamea var. balsamea - brácteas escamosas cortas, invisibles en los conos cerrados. La mayoría de las especies.
-
Abies balmasea var. phanerolepis - brácteas escamosa más largas, visibles en los conos cerrados. Las especies del sudeste, desde el sur de Quebec a Virginia occidental. Algunos botánicos consideran esta variedad como un híbrido natural entre Abies balsamea y Abies fraseri cuyo hábitat se encuentra más al sur, en los Apalaches.
- Sinonimia
-
Abies balsamea var. brachylepis Willk.
-
Abies balsamea f. hudsonia (Bosc ex Jacques) Fernald & Weath.
-
Abies balsamea var. longifolia Loudon
-
Abies balsamifera Michx.
-
Abies fraseri var. hudsonia (Bosc ex Jacques) Carrière
-
Abies hudsonia Bosc ex Jacques
-
Abies minor Duhamel ex Gordon
-
Peuce balsamea (L.) Rich.
-
Picea aromatica Carrière
-
Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon
-
Picea fraseri var. hudsonia (Bosc ex Jacques) Knight & Perry
-
Pinus abies var. balsamea (L.) Münchh.
-
Pinus balsamea L.basónimo
-
Pinus balsamea var. longifolia (Loudon) Endl.
-
Pinus taxifolia Salisb.[5]
Véase también
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Bailey, L. H. & E. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Moss, E. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
- Porsild, A. E. & W. Cody. 1980. Vasc. Pl. Continental Northw. Terr. Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978 [1979]. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. 2: 93–545. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Voss, E. G. 1972. Gymnosperms and Monocots. i–xv, 1–488. In Míchigan Fl.. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Míchigan.
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Abies balsamea: Brief Summary
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
![src=]()
Conos y hojas
![src=]()
Vista del árbol
Abies balsamea, abeto balsámico o abeto de Navidad es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de las pináceas, originaria de Estados Unidos y la mayor parte de las regiones del este y centro de Canadá.
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Palsamnulg
(
الإستونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ET
Palsamnulg (Abies balsamea) on männiliste sugukonda nulu perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.
Teisendid ja nende levila
Palsamnulg kasvab võrdlemisi suurel maa-alal Põhja-Ameerikas Newfoundlandi saarest idas Kesk-Albertani läänes ja Virginiani lõunas.[3]
Palsamnulul (Abies balsamea) eristatakse kaht teisendit:
-
Abies balsamea var. balsamea – palsamnulg ehk põhiteisend – kasvab Kanadas Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Québeci, Prints Edwardi saare, New Brunswicki, Nova Scotia ja Newfoundlandi provintsis ning USA-s Minnesota, Michigani, Wisconsini, Iowa, Lääne-Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Yorgi, Connecticuti, Massachusettsi, Vermonti, New Hampshire'i ja Maine'i osariigis.[1]
-
Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis – värdnulg – kasvab USA-s Virginias ja Lääne-Virginias.[4]
Kirjeldus
Palsamnulu eluiga küündib soodsates oludes 150–200 aastani, kuid ebasoodsates tingimustes hukkub ta sageli juba 70–80 aasta vanuselt.[5]
Puu kasvab kuni 20, soodsates oludes ka kuni 26 m kõrguseks. Võra on korrapärane, tihe, alt märksa laiem kui siberi nulul, oksad on praktiliselt horisontaalsed, ainult veidi allapoole suunduvad. Tüve läbimõõt on kuni 45 (75) cm. Tüve koor on kahvatuhall, sile, suurte vaigumahutitega, vanemas eas tekib nõrgalt rõmeline korp.[5] Kui puu vaigumahutid purustada, siis kipub vaik pritsima.
Juurestik on üldjuhul maapinna lähedane, paksemates mullahorisontides võib ulatuda 60 kuni 75 cm sügavusele. Liivmuldades kasvavad ka sügavamale, registreeritud on 137 cm sügavusele jõudnud juurestik.[3]
Okkad on 1,3–3 cm pikkused, pealt läikivad, tumerohelised, allküljel kaks hallikasvalget õhulõheriba, haprad, painutamisel murduvad. Pungad on pruunid kuni punakaspurpurjad, ümarad kuni koonilised, 9–11 mm läbimõõduga, vaigused. Võrsed on hallikaspruunid, karvased.[5]
Okkad on tipust kerge sälguga. Nad paiknevad võrsel spiraalselt, kuid pöörduvad alusel, nii et nad moodustavad kaks enam-vähem samas tasapinnas rida.[6]
Isasõisikud on lillakad ja neid on rohkesti. Käbid on 5–10 cm pikkused ja läbimõõduga 2–3 cm, vaigused, noorelt rohekasvioletsed, hiljem violetjad, valminult tumehallid-pruunikad. Seemnesoomused on kumeratipulised, kattesoomused ei ulatu välja või on tipp väljaulatuv. Seemned on 3–6 mm pikkused, kolmnurkse kujuga, tiivakesega, mis on seemnest ligi kaks korda pikem. 1000 seemne mass on keskmiselt 6–8, maksimaalne 15 g.[5]
Kasvukohad ja -tingimused
Suurel territooriumil levinud palsamnulg kasvab kõrgendikel, tasandikel, madalikel, rabades ja soodes. Teda leidub merepinna kõrgusel Atlandi ookeani rannikul kuni 1890 m kõrguseni Valgetes mägedes New Hampshire'is.[7]
Kliima
Levila kliimale on iseloomulik jahe parasvöötme kliima. Aasta keskmine temperatuur on vahemikus –4...+7 °C. Keskmine sademete hulk aastas varieerub suures ulatuses, olles Kanada keskosas 390 mm ja Atlandi ookeani rannikupiirkonnas 1400 mm.[3]
Kasvupinnas
Kasvupinnase koostis sõltub piirkonna geoloogilisest aluspõhjast, millest on esindatud gneiss, kiltkivi, anortosiit, diabaas, kilt, liivakivi ja lubjakivi. Muldadest on kõige levinum paksu huumusekihiga happeline leetmuld. Palsamnulg kasvab väga erineva tekstuuriga pinnasel, raskest savist kuni kivise pinnaseni. Kõige paremini kasvab ta värskel viljakal saviliivmullal, samuti kergemal liivsavimullal[5]. Erinevate aluspõhjade keemilise koostise tõttu talub palsamnulg nii happelist kui aluselist kasvupinnast[7]. Optimaalne pH jääb vahemikku 6,5–7,0[3].
Kaasliigid
Palsamnulg moodustab küll puhaspuistuid, kuid sagedamini esineb ta segametsades. Kõrgendikel kasvab palsaminulg koos järgmiste puuliikidega: kanada kuusk (Picea glauca), punane kuusk (Picea rubens), paberikask (Betula papyrifera), ameerika haab (Populus tremuloides), ameerika saar (Fraxinus americana), kollane kask (Betula alleghaniensis), ameerika pöök (Fagus grandifolia), punane vaher (Acer ruburum), suhkruvaher (Acer saccharum), kanada tsuuga (Tsuga canadensis) ja valge mänd (Pinus strobus). Madalikel kasvab ta koos järgmiste puuliikidega: must kuusk (Picea mariana), kanada kuusk, ameerika lehis (Larix laricina), punane vaher, must saar (Fraxinus nigra) ja harilik elupuu (Thuja occidentalis).[7]
Paljunemine
Palsamnulg on ühekojaline okaspuu ning paljuneb peamiselt seemnete abil. Valgusküllases kasvukohas võib käbikandvus alata juba 15-aastastel puudel. Enamasti saavad palsaminulud viljakandvaks 20–30 aasta vanuselt. Tolmlemine toimub aprilli lõpust kuni juuni alguseni, aga see sõltub kasvukohast ja ilmast. Seemned valmivad augusti lõpust kuni oktoobrini, millele järgneb nende varisemine koos katte- ja seemnesoomustega. Varisemine võib kesta kuni järgmise aasta varakevadeni. Käbist järele jäänud roots võib jääda puule mõneks aastaks. Seemnete põhiliseks levitajaks on tuul, mis võib nad kanda kuni 160 m kaugusele, enamus seemneist maandub siiski 25–60 m kaugusel. Vähesel määral levitavad seemneid ka närilised. Head seemneaastad korduvad 2–4 aasta järel.[3]
Mõningal määral esineb alumiste okste juurdumist ehk vegetatiivset paljunemist levila põhjapiirkonnas, mägistes piirkondades nagu Isle Royale saar ja Valged mäed, avatud soodes, kiirekasvuliste sammaldega metsades ja kanada kuuse varjus kasvades.[3]
Kasutamine
![src=]()
Ameerika punaorav toitub palsamnulu pungadest ja seemnetest
Palsamnulu puit on kreemikaskollane kuni helepruun, kerge, küllaltki pehme, väikese survetugevusega ja üsna hea tõmbetugevusega. Peamiselt kasutatakse tema puitu tselluloosi tootmiseks ja saematerjalina. Veel leiab ta kasutust kergkonstruktsioonides ja väikemajade ehitusmaterjalina. Välistingimustesse palsaminulu puit ei sobi, kuna seal laguneb ta kiiresti.[7]
Palsamnulg on väga populaarne jõulupuu, selleks otstarbeks on rajatud spetsiaalsed istandikud. Dekoratiivse välimuse tõttu kasutatakse puud ka parkide haljastamiseks.[7]
Tüve koore all olevatest vaigumahutitest kogutakse vaiku, millest valmistatakse kanada palsamit. Seda kasutatakse optikatööstuses optiliste detailide liimimisel ja mikroskoopiliste püsipreparaatide valmistamiseks.[5] Kanada palsam sobib ka näriliste tõrjeks, kuigi ta ei ole mürgine.[8]
Laialt levinud palsaminulgu kasutavad linnud ja loomad toiduallikana. Tähtsaks toiduvaruks talvel on ta põdrale, kes eelistab palsamnulu võrseid lehtpuude omadele, kuna viimased kaaluvad 8–13 korda vähem. Kraepüü (Bonasa umbellus) ja kuusepüü (Falcipennis canadensis) toituvad okastest ja pungadest, mis moodustavad nende sügis-talvisest toidulauast 10–15%. Ameerika punaorav (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) toitub palsamnulu pungadest ja seemnetest.[7]
Palsamnulu seemneid söövad käbilinnud (Loxia) ja tihased Baeolophus. Palsamnulg pakub varju ameerika jänestele (Lepus americanus), valgesaba-pampahirvedele (Odocoileus virginianus) ning väikestele imetajatele ja laululindudele.[7] Okkaid söövad mõned liblikad, näiteks Automeris io.
Palsamnulg on New Brunswicki provintsi puu.
Kasvatamine Eestis
Euroopasse toodi palsamnulg 1697. aastal, Eestisse 19. sajandi esimesel poolel[5]. Meie vanades parkides on palsamnulg siberi nulu järel teine levinuim nululiik, kasvades kohati kõrgemaks kui oma kodumaal. Suuri puid kasvab paljudes parkides, näiteks Lasinurme park Lääne-Virumaal, Järvseljal, Taageperas ja Kuremaal, kus puude kõrgus ulatub 28 meetrini ja võra laius 4–6 m[9]. Palsamnulg on meil täiesti külmakindel, kuna talub külmatemperatuure –40...–46 °C[10].
Noorena (kuni 20 aastat) on ta väga dekoratiivne, kuid vanemas eas sageli kiratsev, okkad muutuvad kollakaks ja pruunilaiguliseks. Meil kasvavaid palsamnulgusid kahjustavad sageli must pahktäi (Aphrastasia pectinatae) ja juurepess (Heterobasidion annosum). Samuti on palsamnulg väga tundlik heitgaaside ja tahma suhtes, mistõttu linnade ja tööstuspiirkondade haljastuses ei ole teda otstarbekas kasutada.[11]
Viited
-
↑ 1,0 1,1 "Conifer database: Abies balsamea var. balsamea.". Catalogue of Life: 2009 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 31.03.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ "Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Abies balsamea.". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. .. Vaadatud 31.03.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 "Balsam Fir". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 31.03.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ "Conifer database: Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis.". Catalogue of Life: 2009 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 31.03.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 Endel Laas. "Dendroloogia", Tallinn: Valgus, 1987
-
↑ "Balsam Fir". zipcodezoo.com. Vaadatud 16.07.2011. Inglise.
-
↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 "Abies balsamea". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 31.03.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ "Balsam fir oil (129035.) Fact Sheet". www.epa.gov. Vaadatud 16.07.2011. Inglise.
-
↑ Endel Laas, "Okaspuud". Tartu: Atlex 2004
-
↑ Francine Bigras ja Stephen Colombo. "Conifer Cold Hardiness", Holland: Kluwer Academic Pulishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-6636-0.
-
↑ "Dendroloogilised uurimused Eestis IV", Tartu: Vali Press OÜ, 2008.
Välislingid
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Palsamnulg: Brief Summary
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Baltsamo-izei
(
الباسكية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EU
Baltsamo-izeia (Abies balsamea) Pinaceae familiaren espezie baten izen arrunta da.[1]
Izei honek bi aldaera ditu:
-
Abies balsamea var. balsamea
-
Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis
Erreferentziak
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Baltsamo-izei: Brief Summary
(
الباسكية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EU
Baltsamo-izeia (Abies balsamea) Pinaceae familiaren espezie baten izen arrunta da.
Izei honek bi aldaera ditu:
Abies balsamea var. balsamea Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis
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Palsamipihta
(
الفنلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FI
Palsamipihta (Abies balsamea) on mäntykasvien (Pinaceae) heimoon ja pihtojen sukuun kuuluva havupuu.
Ulkonäkö ja koko
Palsamipihta kasvaa yleensä 8–20 metriä korkeaksi. Harvahaarainen latvus on leveähkö ja kartiomainen, harvempi kuin siperianpihdalla. Runko on väriltään harmaa ja sen kuoressa on pihkarakkuloita. Rungon kuori on nuorena sileä, vanhempana karhea. Kuluvan kesän kasvainranka on lyhyt- ja tummakarvainen, talvisilmut ovat pihkaisia, muodoltaan munanmuotoisia tai pallomaisia ja väriltään oranssivihreitä ja punalaikkuisia. Neulaset eli lehdet ovat pituudeltaan 15–25 mm ja leveydeltään 2 mm. Muodoltaan ne ovat tasasoukkia, siirottavat kampamaisesti sivuille ja paljastavat haararangan. Lehtien yläpinnalla on usein ilmarakoja ja alapinnalla on kaksi kapeaa hopeanvalkoista, tavallisesti kuusijonoista ilmarakojuovaa. Pihkatiehyet ovat syvällä lehtien sisällä. Lehdet katkeavat helposti taivutettaessa.[2][3]
Palsamipihdan kukinto on käpy. Hedekukat ovat riippuvia kun taas emikukat ovat pystyjä. Kukat ovat yksineuvoisia, kehättömiä ja pieniä. Suomessa palsamipihta kukkii toukokuussa. Pysty, pitkänomainen käpy on perätön ja tylppäkärkinen, eivätkä sen peitinsuomut ole näkyvissä. Kooltaan käpy on 5–8 x 2–4 cm. Kävyt kypsyvät kukintavuoden syksyllä, jolloin käpysuomut irtoavat mutta pysty käpyranka jää kiinni haaraan. Siemen on ohutkuorinen ja siivekäs.[2][3]
Palsamipihta risteytyy helposti siperianpihdan (A. sibirica) kanssa kantalajien kasvaessa lähekkäin. Laji risteytyy myös virginianpihdan (A. fraseri) kanssa. Näiden risteymää kutsutaan vermontinpihdaksi (A. balsamea x fraseri).[4]
Levinneisyys
Palsamipihta on pohjoisamerikkalaisista pihdoista laajimmalle levinnyt.[5] Levinneisyysalue ulottuu Keski- ja Itä-Kanadasta Yhdysvaltojen koillisosiin ja etelään Appalakkien vuoristoon.[6] Suomessa palsamipihta on harvinainen viljelykarkulainen, jota voi tavata villiintyneenä muutamin paikoin Etelä- ja Itä-Suomesta.[7]
Elinympäristö
Palsamipihta kasvaa tuoreissa, keski- ja runsasravinteisissa metsissä sekä rehevissä, ohutturpeisissa korvissa.[6]
Käyttö
Palsamipihtaa käytetään koriste- ja joskus myös viljelymetsäpuuna.[3] Pietari Kalm toi ensimmäiset palsamipihdat Suomeen Amerikasta vuonna 1751.
Laji kuuluu Suomessa kestävimpiin pihtalajeihin siperianpihdan ohella ja se menestyy vyöhykkeillä I–VI (VIII). Palsamipihdasta on jalostettuja lajikkeita, kuten alle puolimetriä korkea kääpiöpalsamipihta 'Nana'.[6]
Palsamipihtaa viljellään yleisesti muun muassa Pohjois-Amerikassa joulukuusipuuna.[8]
Kanadalainen kirjailija Ernest Thompson Seton sanoo kirjassaan Kaksi partiopoikaa että palsamipihta on sopivin puu tuliporan tekoon eli silloin kun halutaan sytyttää tuli kahta puuta hankaamalla.
Hänen mukaansa nimenomaan chippewa-intiaanit käyttävät juuri palsamipihtaa tähän.
Lähteet
- Kiuru, Heikki 2007: Pihta on koristanut pihoja jo satoja vuosia. - Metsätalous 1/2007, s. 36–37.
-
Retkeilykasvio. Toim. Hämet-Ahti, Leena & Suominen, Juha & Ulvinen, Tauno & Uotila, Pertti. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki 1998.
- L. Hämet-Ahti, A. Palmén, P. Alanko, P. M. A. Tigerstedt, M. Koistinen: Suomen puu- ja pensaskasvio. Helsinki: Dendrologian Seura, 1992. ISBN 951-96557-0-0.
- The Gymnosperm Database: Abies balsamea conifers.org. Viitattu 9.9.2009. (englanniksi)
Viitteet
-
↑ Farjon, A.: Abies balsamea IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 7.11.2016. (englanniksi)
-
↑ a b Suomen puu- ja pensaskasvio 1992, s. 57, 62.
-
↑ a b c Retkeilykasvio 1998, s. 58–59.
-
↑ Suomen puu- ja pensaskasvio 1992, s. 63.
-
↑ Metla: Palsamipihta (Abies balsamea) Viitattu 14.2.2012.
-
↑ a b c Suomen puu- ja pensaskasvio 1992, s. 62.
-
↑ Lampinen, R. & Lahti, T. 2011: Kasviatlas 2010: Palsamipihdan levinneisyys Suomessa. Helsingin Yliopisto, Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki. Viitattu 14.2.2012.
-
↑ The Gymnosperm Database: Abies balsamea Viitattu 14.2.2012. (englanniksi)
Aiheesta muualla
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Palsamipihta: Brief Summary
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الفنلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FI
Palsamipihta (Abies balsamea) on mäntykasvien (Pinaceae) heimoon ja pihtojen sukuun kuuluva havupuu.
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Sapin baumier
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Abies balsamea
Le sapin baumier (Abies balsamea) est une espèce de sapins de la famille des Pinaceae, originaire d'Amérique du Nord. Il atteint 15 à 20 mètres de hauteur et le tronc plus de 60 centimètres de diamètre.
Description morphologique
Cet arbre de forme globalement pyramidale peut atteindre une vingtaine de mètres de hauteur et a une durée de vie de 70 à 150 ans[1].
Les cônes de 5 à 10 centimètres se dressent verticalement sur les rameaux. Ils mûrissent en automne et perdent leurs écailles, seul le rachis persiste jusqu'à l'été suivant.
Les aiguilles sont plates,
odorantes, avec deux raies blanches en dessous. Les rameaux à l'ombre portent leur aiguilles sur deux rangées horizontales alors que ceux exposés au soleil en ont sur tout le tour de la tige.
L'écorce des jeunes sujets est lisse, d'une couleur tirant sur le gris et elle porte des vésicules contenant de la résine, dont on tire la gomme de sapin ou baume du Canada.
Répartition et habitat
![src=]()
Aire de répartition du sapin baumier à l'état spontané
Cette espèce est originaire d’Amérique du Nord (nord-est des États-Unis, centre et est du Canada) mais a été introduite sur d’autres continents.
Ce conifère a besoin d'un bon ensoleillement pour prospérer ; on le trouve donc plutôt en bordure de forêt, dans les trouées ou en seconde pousse, après les bouleaux et trembles dans les zones forestières incendiées, détruites et les champs abandonnés…Il tolère l'ombre légère et peut rester longtemps en sous-étage pour pousser rapidement suite à une ouverture du couvert forestier. Il envahit souvent les érablières abandonnées qui étaient maintenues artificiellement par la coupe des autres essences forestières, ainsi que les forêts dégradées. Il pousse, dans ses régions d’origine, entre le niveau de la mer et une altitude de 1700 m[2].
C'est dans la province canadienne du Québec que le sapin baumier atteint sa latitude la plus septentrionale, atteignant dans l'Ungava la latitude N. 58°. Il s'accommode de presque tous les habitats, mais il préfère un climat froid et un sol constamment humide.
Rôle écologique
![src=]()
Une branche de sapin baumier.
Par son rôle de brise-vent, cet arbre permet l'existence de microclimats qui favorisent l'implantation de la faune[1].
Les graines sont un aliment utile en hiver pour la gélinotte huppée ainsi que pour d'autres oiseaux et petits mammifères. L'élan trouve lui aussi en hiver une source de nourriture dans son feuillage[1].
C'est de plus l'essence préférée d'un ravageur, la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette (Choristoneura fumiferana)[1], et l'hôte habituel du champignon Melampsorella caryophyllacearum, qui cause la maladie du balai de sorcière.
Usages par l'humain
La gomme de ce sapin est une oléorésine utilisée en optique et en pharmacie sous le nom de « baume du Canada[3],[4],[5],[6]. » On l'a parfois pris pour l'annedda, parce qu'on parle à son sujet de « thé de sapin » ; mais l'« arbre de vie » qui sauva l'équipage de Jacques Cartier d'une épidémie de scorbut est, selon Rollet[7], la Pruche du Canada.
Les aiguilles sont parfois infusées pour en faire une tisane.
Le bois est utilisé pour la fabrication de papier et de bois de charpente. Les sapins baumiers servent aussi d'arbres de Noël parce qu'une fois l'arbre coupé, les aiguilles tiennent mieux que celles des épicéas.
Les sapins baumiers sont peu employés en aménagement paysager. L'arbre est peu résistant aux conditions urbaine, est sensible à divers maladies et insectes, devient souvent creux à l'âge adulte et casse donc facilement. Les épinettes sont plus résistantes et vieillissent mieux. Il existe de beaux cultivars nains et pleureurs de sapins baumiers chez les pépiniéristes
Le sapin baumier est l'emblème du Nouveau-Brunswick[1].
Ethnobotanique amérindienne
Les Amérindiens l'utilisent à des fins médicinales diverses[8].
Les Abénakis utilisent la gomme pour les démangeaisons légères et comme onguent antiseptique[9]. Ils fourrent les feuilles[9], les aiguilles et le bois dans des oreillers comme panacée.
Les Algonquins du Québec appliquent un cataplasme de gomme sur les plaies ouvertes, les piqûres d'insectes, les furoncles et les infections, utilisent les aiguilles comme sudatoire pour les femmes après l'accouchement et à d'autres fins, utilisent les racines pour les maladies cardiaques, utilisent les aiguilles pour faire un thé laxatif, et utilisent les aiguilles pour faire des cataplasmes[10].
Les Atikamekw mâchent la sève comme remède contre le rhume et utilisent les rameaux comme tapis pour le sol des tentes[11].
Les Cris utilisent la poix pour les irrégularités menstruelles, et prennent une infusion de l'écorce et parfois du bois pour la toux. Ils utilisent la poix et la graisse comme onguent pour la gale et les furoncles. Ils appliquent un cataplasme de poix sur les coupures. Ils utilisent également une décoction de poix et d'huile d'esturgeon utilisée pour la tuberculose, et prennent une infusion d'écorce pour la tuberculose.[12] Ils utilisent également les rameaux pour fabriquer des abris en broussailles et se servent du bois pour fabriquer des pagaies.[13]
Les Innus râpent l'écorce intérieure et la consomment pour améliorer leur régime alimentaire[14].
Les Iroquois utilisent la vapeur d'une décoction de branches comme bain pour les rhumatismes et la parturition, et ingèrent une décoction de la plante pour les rhumatismes. Ils prennent une décoction composée pour les rhumes et la toux, la mélangeant parfois avec de l'alcool[15]. Ils appliquent une décoction composée de la plante pour les coupures, les entorses, les contusions et les plaies. Ils appliquent un cataplasme de gomme et de rognons de castor séchés pour le cancer[16]. Ils prennent également une décoction composée dans les premiers stades de la tuberculose, et ils utilisent la plante pour l'énurésie et la gonorrhée[17].
Les Malécites utilisent le jus de la plante comme laxatif[18], utilisent la poix[19] dans des médicaments et utilisent une infusion de l'écorce, parfois mélangée à de l'écorce d'épinette et de mélèze, pour soigner la gonorrhée.[17] Ils utilisent les aiguilles et les branches comme oreillers et literie, les racines comme fil, et utilisent la poix pour imperméabiliser les coutures des canoës.[20]
Les Menominee utilisent l'écorce intérieure comme assaisonnement pour les médicaments, prennent une infusion de l'écorce intérieure pour les douleurs de poitrine et utilisent le baume liquide pressé du tronc pour les rhumes et les troubles pulmonaires. Ils utilisent également l'écorce interne en cataplasme pour des maladies non spécifiées[21]. Ils appliquent également la gomme des ampoules de la plante sur les plaies.[22]
Les Miꞌkmaq utilisent un cataplasme d'écorce interne pour un usage non spécifié[21], utilisent les bourgeons, les cônes et l'écorce interne pour la diarrhée, utilisent la gomme pour les brûlures, les rhumes, les fractures, les plaies et les blessures, utilisent les cônes pour les coliques et utilisent les bourgeons comme laxatif. Ils utilisent également l'écorce pour la gonorrhée et les bourgeons comme laxatif.[23] Ils utilisent les rameaux pour faire des lits, utilisent l'écorce pour faire une boisson et utilisent le bois comme bois d'allumage et combustible.
Les Ojibwés font fondre la gomme sur des pierres chaudes et en inhalent les émanations pour soigner les maux de tête.[24] Ils utilisent également une décoction de la racine comme vapeur à base de plantes pour les articulations rhumatismales[25]. Ils combinent également la gomme avec de la graisse d'ours et l'utilisent comme onguent pour les cheveux.[26] Ils utilisent les feuilles en forme d'aiguille dans le cadre d'une cérémonie impliquant un bain de sueur, et utilisent la gomme pour les rhumes et inhalent la fumée des feuilles pour les rhumes[27]. Ils utilisent la plante comme remède contre la toux[28]. La gomme est utilisée pour les plaies et un composé contenant des feuilles est utilisé comme lavage. Le baume liquide provenant des cloques d'écorce est utilisé pour les yeux douloureux[27]. Ils font bouillir la résine deux fois et l'ajoutent au suif ou à la graisse pour faire une poix de canoë[27].
La gomme d'écorce est prise pour les douleurs thoraciques dues aux rhumes, appliquée sur les coupures et les plaies, et la décoction de l'écorce est utilisée pour provoquer la transpiration. La gomme d'écorce est également utilisée pour soigner la gonorrhée[29].
Les Penobscot enduisent de sève les plaies, les brûlures et les coupures.[30]
Les Potawatomi utilisent les aiguilles pour fabriquer des oreillers, croyant que l'arôme empêche d'attraper un rhume[31]. Ils utilisent également la gomme balsamique comme pommade pour les plaies et prennent une infusion de l'écorce pour soigner la tuberculose[32] et d'autres affections internes[31].
Liste des variétés
Selon Catalogue of Life (18 juin 2013)[33] et World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) (18 juin 2013)[34] :
- variété Abies balsamea var. balsamea (L.) Mill. (1768)
- variété Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis Fernald (1909)
Notes et références
-
↑ a b c d et e « Conifères - Sapin baumier », sur Ressources naturelles Canada, scf.rncan.gc.ca, Gouvernement du Canada, juillet 2007 (consulté le 17 juillet 2009)
-
↑ EFloras, consulté le 18 juin 2013
-
↑ Cf. Pauline Gravel, « Grandeur et misères du roi des forêts », Le Devoir, 19 décembre 2015 (lire en ligne)
-
↑ Cf. H. Tollard et J.-Séb. de Fontenelle, Manuel de l'Herboriste de l'épicier-droguiste et du grainier pépiniériste et horticulteur, vol. 2, Paris, Roret, 1828, « Résines fluides », p. 157.
-
↑ Cf. P. H. Nysten et Capuron, Dictionnaire de médecine, de chirurgie de pharmacie, des sciences accessoires et de l'art vétérinaire, Montpellier, Brosson & Chaudé, 1806 (réimpr. 4e, 1824), « Thérébenthines », p. 736.
-
↑ Cf. Louis-Jacques Bégin, Boisseau, Jourdan, Montgarny et Richard, Dictionnaire des termes de médecine, chirurgie, art vétérinaire, pharmacie etc., Paris, Baillère, 1823, « Thérébenthine du Canada », p. 558.
-
↑ Rollet Bernard et Marie-Rose Simoni-Aurembou (dir.), La langue française : vecteur d’échanges culturels. Actes du 133e Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques (Québec 2008) : « Migrations, transferts et échanges de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique », Paris, Éditions du CTHS, 2012 (www.persee.fr/doc/acths_1764-7355_2012_act_133_5_2158), « Comment les Français ont nommé les plantes du Québec. », p. 163-176
-
↑ Native American Ethnobotany, « Abies balsamea »
-
↑ a et b Rousseau, Jacques, 1947,, « Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155 »
-
↑ Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, « Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 124 »
-
↑ Raymond, Marcel., 1945, « Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118 »
-
↑ Leighton, Anna L., 1985, « Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21 »
-
↑ Leighton, Anna L., 1985, « Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21 »
-
↑ Speck, Frank G., 1917, « Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313 »
-
↑ Herrick, James William, 1977, « Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 269 »
-
↑ Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, « Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 37 »
-
↑ a et b Herrick, James William, 1977, « Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 270 »
-
↑ Mechling, W.H., 1959, « The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 244 »
-
↑ Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, « Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 »
-
↑ Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, « Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 »
-
↑ a et b (en) Huron H. Smith, « Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians », Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, no 4, 1923, p.45 (lire en ligne).
-
↑ Densmore, Francis, 1932, « Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132 »
-
↑ Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, « Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53 »
-
↑ Densmore, Frances, 1928, « Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 338 »
-
↑ Densmore, Frances, 1928, « Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362 »
-
↑ Densmore, Frances, 1928, « Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 350 »
-
↑ a b et c (en) Huron H. Smith, « Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians », Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, no 4, 1932, p.378 (lire en ligne).
-
↑ Reagan, Albert B., 1928, « Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244 »
-
↑ Hoffman, W.J., 1891, « The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198 »
-
↑ Speck, Frank G., 1917, « Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309 »
-
↑ a et b Huron H. Smith, « Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians », Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, 1933, p.121 (lire en ligne).
-
↑ Smith 1933, p. 68-69.
-
↑ Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 18 juin 2013
-
↑ WCSP. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet ; http://wcsp.science.kew.org/, consulté le 18 juin 2013
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Sapin baumier: Brief Summary
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Abies balsamea
Le sapin baumier (Abies balsamea) est une espèce de sapins de la famille des Pinaceae, originaire d'Amérique du Nord. Il atteint 15 à 20 mètres de hauteur et le tronc plus de 60 centimètres de diamètre.
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Balsamþinur
(
الآيسلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IS
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Balsamþinur: Brief Summary
(
الآيسلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IS
Balsamþinur (Abies balsamea) er norður-amerísk þintegund sem er með útbreiðslu frá Bresku Kólumbíu til Nýfundnalands í Kanada og frá Minnesota til Maine í Bandaríkjunum. Einnig er útbreiðsla í Appalasíufjöllum. Tréð er vinsælt sem jólatré í austurhluta álfunnar.
Balsamþinur verður 14 til 20 metra hátt tré og er með mjóa krónu. Það er fylkistré Nýju-Brúnsvíkur í Kanada.
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Abies balsamea
(
الإيطالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IT
L'abete balsamico (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., 1768) è una specie di abete nordamericana, nativa soprattutto del Canada centrale e orientale (dall'isola di Terranova occidentale alla parte centrale dell'Alberta) e del nord-est degli Stati Uniti (dal Minnesota orientale al Maine, e a sud dai Monti Appalachi alla Virginia Occidentale).[1][2]
Etimologia
Il nome generico Abies, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare dalla parola greca ἄβιος = longevo.[3] Il nome specifico balsamea deriva dal greco βάλσαμον = balsamo e fa riferimento alle sostanze resinose di questa specie, utilizzate per la produzione del balsamo del Canada.[4]
Descrizione
Portamento
L'Abete balsamico è una piccola conifera sempreverde di medie dimensioni; in genere raggiunge 14-20 metri (46-66 ft) di altezza, raramente arriva a 27 metri (89 piedi), con una stretta corona conica.[5]
Foglie
Le foglie sono aghiformi piatte, di 15-30 mm (½ -1) di lunghezza, con colore verde scuro sulla parte superiore, spesso con una piccola macchia di stomi vicino alla punta, e due bande stomatiche bianche sulla parte inferiore, con una punta leggermente dentellata. Esse sono disposte a spirale sulle riprese, ma con le basi intrecciate quasi a formare due file orizzontali.[5]
Fiori
Gli Strobili maschili emettono polline rosso, arancione, porpora e bluastro-verdastro, a seconda.[5]
Frutti
I coni femminili sono eretti, da 40 a 80 millimetri (1 ½ -3 a lungo), di colore viola scuro, marrone a maturazione e si schiudono nel mese di settembre per liberare i semi alati. I semi, di color marrone chiaro, misurano 6 mm in lunghezza e 3 mm in diametro. I cotiledoni, a germinazione, sono 4.[5]
Corteccia
La corteccia su alberi giovani è liscia, grigia, e con vesciche di resina (che tende a fuoriuscire quando queste vengono rotte), tendente a diventare ruvida e screpolata o squamosa sui vecchi alberi.[5]
Fustaia invernale di Abies balsamea
Fustaia estiva di Abies balsamea
Distribuzione e habitat
La specie è presente in Canada (Alberta, Labrador, Manitoba, Nuovo Brunswick, Nuova Scozia, Ontario, Isola del Principe Edoardo, Québec, Saskatchewan) e Stati Uniti d'America (Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, Virginia Occidentale, Wisconsin).[1]
Il suo habitat di riferimento è quello a clima boreale delle foreste con estati miti e inverni lunghi con temperature molto fredde (resiste fino a -40°), con limite altitudinale che varia dal livello del mare a nord, ai 1.700 m di altitudine a sud e con precipitazioni annue variabili dai 250 ai 1250 mm.[6][1]
Si trova spesso in associazione con Pinus strobus, Tsuga canadensis, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides, Fagus grandifolia e Betula alleghaniensis. Nel sottobosco, a livello arbustivo, tipica è la presenza di Taxus canadensis.[7]
Tassonomia
Sinonimi
Sono stati riportati i seguenti sinonimi:[2]
-
Peuce balsamea (L.) Rich.
-
Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon
-
Pinus balsamea L.
-
Pinus taxifolia Salisb.
Varietà
È riconosciuta una varietà:[2]
-
Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis (Abete balsamico bratteato o Abete di Canaan) - provvisti di brattee che sottendono semi di taglia maggiore, visibile sul cono chiuso. Questa varietà è endemica di ristrette aree montane della Virginia Occidentale. Il nome comune 'Abete di Canaan' deriva per l'appunto da una delle sue località native, la Valle di Canaan a nord-est di Elkins (Virginia Occidentale). Alcuni botanici in passato hanno considerato questa varietà come un ibrido naturale tra l'abete balsamico e l'abete di Fraser (Abies fraseri), ma attualmente questa interpretazione è non accettata in tassonomia.[8]
Usi
L'abete balsamico è molto popolare come albero di Natale, soprattutto nel nord-est degli Stati Uniti. La resina è utilizzata per produrre il balsamo del Canada, ed è stata tradizionalmente usata come rimedio freddo e come colla per occhiali , componenti per strumenti ottici, e per preparare supporti permanenti dei campioni per microscopio. Il legno, seppur di modeste dimensioni, è lavorato per essere utilizzato in edilizia, e la cellulosa per la fabbricazione della carta. L'olio dell'abete balsamico è un repellente per i roditori, non tossico, approvato dall'EPA; viene anche usato come deodorante e come incenso. Come pianta ornamentale non è molto considerato, a causa della sua scarsa longevità negli impianti in parchi e giardini urbani, anche se esistono alcune cultivar. Per secoli è stato utilizzato nella medicina tradizionale dei nativi americani, come antisettico; attualmente il suo uso nella moderna fitoterapia è decaduto.[7]
Conservazione
Specie che, tra quelle nordamericane del genere Abies, possiede l'areale più vasto; non si segnalano minacce specifiche e pertanto è classificata come specie non in pericolo di estinzione nella Lista rossa IUCN.[1]
Note
-
^ a b c d e (EN) Farjon, A., 2013, Abies balsamea, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
-
^ a b c Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., in Plants of the World online. URL consultato il 26 aprile 2020.
-
^ Pier Luigi Nimis, Nevio Agostini, Marco Verdecchia e Elias Ceccarelli, Guida agli alberi del Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi (PDF), su Dryades project Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Trieste, Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi. URL consultato il 21 marzo 2019.
-
^ Etimologia dei nomi botanici e micologici, su Actaplantarum. URL consultato il 12 aprile 2019.
-
^ a b c d e (EN) Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller, su Flora of North America. URL consultato il 12 aprile 2019.
-
^ (EN) Abies balsamea, su The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 24 novembre 2016.
-
^ a b (EN) Aljos Farjon, A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 vols.), Brill, 2010, pp. 62-63. URL consultato il 12 aprile 2019.
-
^ Ricky Bates, Species: Canaan Fir - Abies balsamea var phanerolepis, su PennState College of Agricultural Sciences. URL consultato il 24 novembre 2016 (archiviato dall'url originale il 24 novembre 2016).
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Abies balsamea: Brief Summary
(
الإيطالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IT
L'abete balsamico (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., 1768) è una specie di abete nordamericana, nativa soprattutto del Canada centrale e orientale (dall'isola di Terranova occidentale alla parte centrale dell'Alberta) e del nord-est degli Stati Uniti (dal Minnesota orientale al Maine, e a sud dai Monti Appalachi alla Virginia Occidentale).
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Balzaminis kėnis
(
اللتوانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia LT
Balzaminis kėnis (Abies balsamea) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos spygliuočių medžių rūšis. Paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikoje – didžiojoje rytų ir centrinės Kanados dalyje ir JAV šiaurės rytuose.[1]
Užauga iki 14-20, rečiau iki 27 m aukščio. Laja siaura, kūgiška. Jaunų medžių žievė glotni, pilka, su sakų pūslėmis. Medžiui senstant, žievė tampa šiurkšti ir suplyšinėjusi. Spygliai plokšti, vidutiniškai 1,5-3 cm ilgio, tamsiai žali, su šiek tiek smailėjančiomis viršūnėlėmis. Kankorėžiai statmeni, 4-8 cm ilgio. Subręsta rugsėjo mėnesį, o jų spalva pasikeičia nuo tamsiai violetinės iki rudos. Sparnuotos sėklos išbyra subrendus ir subyrėjus kankorėžiui.
Varietetas:
-
Abies balsamea var. balsamea (balzaminis kėnis) – vidiniai – sėkliniai žvyneliai trumpi, jų nesimato po uždarais išoriniais – dengiamaisiais žvyneliais. Auga visame rūšies areale.
-
Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis (Kanano kėnis) – vidiniai – sėkliniai žvyneliai ilgesni, jie kyšo iš po uždarų išorinių – dengiamųjų žvynelių. Paplitę rūšies arealo petryčiuose – nuo pietų Kvebeko Kanadoje iki Vakarų Virdžinijos JAV. Pavadinimas „Kanano kėnis“ kilęs nuo Kanano slėnio Vakarų Virdžinijoje. Kai kurie botanikai laiko šį varietetą natūraliu balzaminio kėnio ir dervingojo (frazerio) kėnio (Abies fraseri) hibridu.
Tai maisto žaliava briedžiams, Amerikos raudonosioms voverėms, kryžiasnapiams ir zylėms. Spyglius ėda kai kurių drugių vikšrai.
Balzaminis kėnis yra populiariu Kalėdų medžiu, ypatingai JAV šiaurės rytuose. Sakai naudojami Kanadietiškam balzamui (terpentino rūšis) gaminti ir tradiciškai naudojami kaip priemonė nuo peršalimo, klijai stiklui ir optinių instrumentų komponentams. Mediena naudojama popieriaus gamybai. Balzaminio kėnio aliejus yra JAV Aplinkos apsaugos agentūros (EPA) patvirtinta natūrali priemonė apsaugai nuo graužikų.[2]
Balzaminis kėnis yra Naujojo Brunsviko provincijos Kanadoje emblema.
Šaltiniai
-
↑ „PLANTS Profile for Abies balsamea (balsam fir)“. Nuoroda tikrinta 2009-12-28.
-
↑ „Balsam fir oil (129035) Fact Sheet EPA“. Nuoroda tikrinta 2009-12-28.
Nuorodos
Vikiteka
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Balzaminis kėnis: Brief Summary
(
اللتوانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia LT
![src=]()
Lapija
Balzaminis kėnis (Abies balsamea) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos spygliuočių medžių rūšis. Paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikoje – didžiojoje rytų ir centrinės Kanados dalyje ir JAV šiaurės rytuose.
Užauga iki 14-20, rečiau iki 27 m aukščio. Laja siaura, kūgiška. Jaunų medžių žievė glotni, pilka, su sakų pūslėmis. Medžiui senstant, žievė tampa šiurkšti ir suplyšinėjusi. Spygliai plokšti, vidutiniškai 1,5-3 cm ilgio, tamsiai žali, su šiek tiek smailėjančiomis viršūnėlėmis. Kankorėžiai statmeni, 4-8 cm ilgio. Subręsta rugsėjo mėnesį, o jų spalva pasikeičia nuo tamsiai violetinės iki rudos. Sparnuotos sėklos išbyra subrendus ir subyrėjus kankorėžiui.
Varietetas:
Abies balsamea var. balsamea (balzaminis kėnis) – vidiniai – sėkliniai žvyneliai trumpi, jų nesimato po uždarais išoriniais – dengiamaisiais žvyneliais. Auga visame rūšies
areale. Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis (Kanano kėnis) – vidiniai – sėkliniai žvyneliai ilgesni, jie kyšo iš po uždarų išorinių – dengiamųjų žvynelių. Paplitę
rūšies arealo petryčiuose – nuo pietų
Kvebeko Kanadoje iki
Vakarų Virdžinijos JAV. Pavadinimas „Kanano kėnis“ kilęs nuo Kanano
slėnio Vakarų Virdžinijoje. Kai kurie botanikai laiko šį
varietetą natūraliu balzaminio kėnio ir dervingojo (frazerio)
kėnio (Abies fraseri) hibridu.
Tai maisto žaliava briedžiams, Amerikos raudonosioms voverėms, kryžiasnapiams ir zylėms. Spyglius ėda kai kurių drugių vikšrai.
Balzaminis kėnis yra populiariu Kalėdų medžiu, ypatingai JAV šiaurės rytuose. Sakai naudojami Kanadietiškam balzamui (terpentino rūšis) gaminti ir tradiciškai naudojami kaip priemonė nuo peršalimo, klijai stiklui ir optinių instrumentų komponentams. Mediena naudojama popieriaus gamybai. Balzaminio kėnio aliejus yra JAV Aplinkos apsaugos agentūros (EPA) patvirtinta natūrali priemonė apsaugai nuo graužikų.
Balzaminis kėnis yra Naujojo Brunsviko provincijos Kanadoje emblema.
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Balsemzilverspar
(
البلجيكية الهولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NL
De balsemzilverspar (Abies balsamea) is een boom uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae) en het geslacht zilverspar (Abies).
De boom kenmerkt zich door een smalle stam met een gepunte kegelvormige kroon. Hij wordt 15 à 25 meter hoog. De schors van deze zilverspar is heldergrijs en vertoont harsblazen. De jonge bomen hebben een gladde schors, bij oudere bomen is deze echter gegroefd. De takken zijn askleurig en donzig. De naalden zijn 15 tot 25mm lang en donkergroen. Ze bovenste naalden staan loodrecht ingeplant, de onderste borstelvormig gerond. De knoppen zijn roodachtig en erg kleverig door de hars en de mannelijke katjes zijn geel of rood. De kegels zijn 4 tot 7 cm lang en hebben een purperpaars tot groenpaarse kleur, later worden ze bruin. De zaden ten slotte hebben een lange vleugel met een fijne structuur.
Voorkomen
Hij komt voor in het grootste deel van het oosten en midden van Canada en het noordoosten van de Verenigde Staten. Hiermee heeft hij een van de uitgebreidste verspreidingsgebieden van alle zilversparren. De boom komt gemengd voor met onder andere de dennensoorten Witte (Picea glauca) en Zwarte spar (picea mariana), de westerse levensboom (thuja occidentalis), de suikeresdoorn (Acer saccharum) en de papierberk (Betula papyrifera).
De balsemzilverspar groeit op vochtige, meestal veenachtige, arme bodems zonder stilstaand water en komt voor tot op een hoogte van 1500 meter hoogte. Omwille van de vochtige omgeving (wat het verrottingsproces bevordert) worden de bomen uit deze soort zelden ouder dan 150 jaar. Omstreeks 1697 werd de soort voor de eerste maal geïmporteerd in Europa en meer bepaald in Groot-Brittannië.
Toepassingen
-
Canadabalsem, bestaande uit 70% hars en 25% vluchtige olie. De balsem wordt verkregen door de harskanalen aan te prikken met een hol buisje waardoor de vloeistof in een hengselpot druipt.
Balsemzilverspar: Brief Summary
(
البلجيكية الهولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NL
De balsemzilverspar (Abies balsamea) is een boom uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae) en het geslacht zilverspar (Abies).
De boom kenmerkt zich door een smalle stam met een gepunte kegelvormige kroon. Hij wordt 15 à 25 meter hoog. De schors van deze zilverspar is heldergrijs en vertoont harsblazen. De jonge bomen hebben een gladde schors, bij oudere bomen is deze echter gegroefd. De takken zijn askleurig en donzig. De naalden zijn 15 tot 25mm lang en donkergroen. Ze bovenste naalden staan loodrecht ingeplant, de onderste borstelvormig gerond. De knoppen zijn roodachtig en erg kleverig door de hars en de mannelijke katjes zijn geel of rood. De kegels zijn 4 tot 7 cm lang en hebben een purperpaars tot groenpaarse kleur, later worden ze bruin. De zaden ten slotte hebben een lange vleugel met een fijne structuur.
Balsamgran
(
النرويجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NO
Balsamgran (Abies balsamea) er en art av bartrær i edelgranslekten innenfor furufamilien.[1] Den tilhører undergruppen Balsamgraner.
Varianten Canaangran (Abies balsamea var. hanerolepis) vokser i den sørvestre delen av artens utbredelsesområde, oppkalt etter voksestedet Canaan Valley i Vest-Virginia. Varianten vokser nordover Appalachene til Quebec. Den er biologisk sett også ganske nærstående Frasergran (Abies fraseri).
Balsamgran blir 5-35 meter høyt, kronen er konisk. Årsskuddene samme året er ofte bråbrune eller brågule, med hårdekke som kan være brunt. Oppå bladene er det ikke hårdekke. Det er kvae på årsknoppene. barken på unge individer er grå og myk, og kan ha kvae rennende. På eldre trær er barken hardere og mer skjellaktig.
Nålene er inntil 3 cm lange, og 2 mm brede. De er blanke, mørkt grønne, og har et lyst bånd på undersiden med butt spiss slik så mange edelgraner har. Konglene blir inntil 8 x 3 cm. Nålene kan lukte litt av appelsin.
Arten balsamedelgran forviller seg fra planting og hager og parker. Opprinnelig vokser den i det østlige Nord-Amerika. Den kan finnes spredt i Norden som forvillet art.
Referanser
-
^ Lennart Stenberg (red), Steinar Moen (norsk red), Gyldendals Store Nordiske Flora, 2003, (2007), side 61.
Litteratur
![src=]()
Nærbilde av skudd hos balsamedelgran
Eksterne lenker
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Balsamgran: Brief Summary
(
النرويجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NO
Balsamgran (Abies balsamea) er en art av bartrær i edelgranslekten innenfor furufamilien. Den tilhører undergruppen Balsamgraner.
Varianten Canaangran (Abies balsamea var. hanerolepis) vokser i den sørvestre delen av artens utbredelsesområde, oppkalt etter voksestedet Canaan Valley i Vest-Virginia. Varianten vokser nordover Appalachene til Quebec. Den er biologisk sett også ganske nærstående Frasergran (Abies fraseri).
Balsamgran blir 5-35 meter høyt, kronen er konisk. Årsskuddene samme året er ofte bråbrune eller brågule, med hårdekke som kan være brunt. Oppå bladene er det ikke hårdekke. Det er kvae på årsknoppene. barken på unge individer er grå og myk, og kan ha kvae rennende. På eldre trær er barken hardere og mer skjellaktig.
Nålene er inntil 3 cm lange, og 2 mm brede. De er blanke, mørkt grønne, og har et lyst bånd på undersiden med butt spiss slik så mange edelgraner har. Konglene blir inntil 8 x 3 cm. Nålene kan lukte litt av appelsin.
Arten balsamedelgran forviller seg fra planting og hager og parker. Opprinnelig vokser den i det østlige Nord-Amerika. Den kan finnes spredt i Norden som forvillet art.
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Jodła balsamiczna
(
البولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia POL
Jodła balsamiczna (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Nazwa gatunkowa pochodzi od jasnej, delikatnej żywicy wytwarzanej przez pień. W Ameryce Północnej jest najbardziej rozpowszechnionym gatunkiem jodły[3].
Rodzimy obszar występowania to Ameryka Północna: wschodnia część Kanady (Nowa Fundlandia na zachód do prowincji Alberta), jak również wschodnia część Stanów Zjednoczonych (Wisconsin na wschód do Maine, w kierunku południowym Appalachy do Wirginii Zachodniej)[4]. W uprawie gatunek ten został rozprzestrzeniony w Europie, na Filipinach oraz w Australii[5].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Średniego rozmiaru zimozielone drzewo, o wąskiej stożkowej koronie. Pień osiąga do 20 m wysokości[6].
- Liście
- Wyrastają w dwóch nierównomiernych szeregach i są nieco zagięte. Potarte wydają balsamiczny zapach[6]. Mają długość 1,5-3 cm, są ciemno-zielone, często pokryte porami tuż przy wierzchołku i dwoma białymi paskami porowymi poniżej.
- Kora
- Kora młodych drzew w kolorze szarym, gładka, pokryta wyciekami żywicznymi, z wiekiem szorstka, popękana lub chropowata.
- Szyszki
- Wydłużone, 4-8 cm długości, ciemno purpurowe, dojrzewając wpadają w brązowawy kolor, zarazem rozsiewając nasiona we wrześniu.
Zastosowanie
- Z żywicy wytwarza się balsam kanadyjski używany do konserwowania preparatów mikroskopowych oraz w optyce do sklejania soczewek[6].
- W wielu krajach jodła ta jest uprawiana jako roślina ozdobna. Jej walorami ozdobnymi są niebieskozielone, pachnące igły i pokrój choinki bożonarodzeniowej. Strefy mrozoodporności 3-8. Niektóre kultywary:[3].
- 'Hudsonia' – karłowaty, gęsty krzew osiągający wysokość do 60 cm
- 'Nana' – kulisty krzew o wysokości do 60 cm'
Przypisy
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Jodła balsamiczna: Brief Summary
(
البولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia POL
![src=]()
Gałązka z igłami
Jodła balsamiczna (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Nazwa gatunkowa pochodzi od jasnej, delikatnej żywicy wytwarzanej przez pień. W Ameryce Północnej jest najbardziej rozpowszechnionym gatunkiem jodły.
Rodzimy obszar występowania to Ameryka Północna: wschodnia część Kanady (Nowa Fundlandia na zachód do prowincji Alberta), jak również wschodnia część Stanów Zjednoczonych (Wisconsin na wschód do Maine, w kierunku południowym Appalachy do Wirginii Zachodniej). W uprawie gatunek ten został rozprzestrzeniony w Europie, na Filipinach oraz w Australii.
![src=]()
Pień
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Abies balsamea
(
الرومانية، المولدوفية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia RO
Abies balsamea: Brief Summary
(
الرومانية، المولدوفية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia RO
Abies balsamea este o specie nord-americană de brad, nativă Canadei Centrale și de Est și nord-estului Statelor Unite ale Americii.
Balzamovec
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia SL
Balzamovec (znanstveno ime Abies balsamea) je iglasto drevo iz družine borovk, ki je samoniklo v Severni Ameriki.
Balzamovec je drevo s stožčasto krošnjo, ki zraste do 25 metrov visoko. Ime je dobilo po smoli, ki jo imenujejo kanadski balzam in ima odlične optične lastnosti, zaradi česar jo veliko uporabljajo v mikroskopiji. Drevo izloča smolo v velikih mehurjih. Kot vse jelke ima balzamovec storže, ki jim luske odpadejo, ko dozorijo. Skorja drevesa je siva in pri mladih primerkih gladka, kasneje pa razpoka. Iglice so dolge od 2 do 3 cm, široke pa do 2 mm. Po zgornji strani so temno sivkasto zelene, po spodnji pa svetlejše sive. Na vejah so nameščene spiralno, ko pa odpadejo, za njimi ostane na vejo okrogla vdolbina. Moški cvetovi so zelenkasto rumene barve z rožnatim nadihom, ženski pa so svetlo zeleni. Iz njih se razvijejo pokončni storži, ki so sprva sivo zeleni, kasneje modrikasti do olivno zeleni, na koncu pa postanejo temno vijolični. Visoki so od 4 do 10 cm. Dozorijo septembra in takrat izpustijo krilata semena
Obstajata dve podvrsti tega drevesa:
-
Abies balsamea var. balsamea , ki predstavlja večino populacije.
-
Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis, ki ima daljše luske na storžih. Razširjena na jugozahodnem delu rastišča, od juga Quebeca do Zahodne Virginije. Angleško ime 'Canaanska jelka' je ta podvrsta dobila po dolini Canaan Valley v Zahodni Virginiji, kjer je dokaj velika populacija te jelke. Nekateri botaniki so mnenja, da je ta podvrsta naravni hibrid med balzamovcem in frazerjevo jelko (Abies fraseri), ki raste južneje, v Apalačih.
Balzamovec je emblem kanadske province New Brunswick.
Razširjenost in uporabnost
Balzamovec je razširjen od vzhodne do centralne Kanada (od Nove Fundlandije do osrednje Alberte Alberta) ter po severovzhodu ZDA (od Minnesote do Maine, na jugu sega do Apalačev in Zahodne Virginije)[1]
Smola, imenovana kanadski balzam se je v tradicionalni medicini uporabljala kot zdravilo proti prehladu, zaradi svojih odličnih optičnih lastnosti pa tudi kot lepilo za leče in ostale optične komponente. Les se uporablja v papirni industriji, mladi balzamovci pa so tudi priljubljena božična drevesa. Olje, pridobljeno iz tega drevesa je tudi naravni odganjalec glodavcev[1]
V naravi se z balzamovčevim semenom prehranjujejo losi, ameriške rdeče veverice, krivokljuni, sinice, pa tudi gosenice metulja Automeris io.
Reference in viri
-
↑ "PLANTS Profile for Abies balsamea (balsam fir)". USDA PLANTS. Pridobljeno dne 17. julija 2007.
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Balzamovec: Brief Summary
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia SL
Balzamovec (znanstveno ime Abies balsamea) je iglasto drevo iz družine borovk, ki je samoniklo v Severni Ameriki.
![src=]()
Veje
Balzamovec je drevo s stožčasto krošnjo, ki zraste do 25 metrov visoko. Ime je dobilo po smoli, ki jo imenujejo kanadski balzam in ima odlične optične lastnosti, zaradi česar jo veliko uporabljajo v mikroskopiji. Drevo izloča smolo v velikih mehurjih. Kot vse jelke ima balzamovec storže, ki jim luske odpadejo, ko dozorijo. Skorja drevesa je siva in pri mladih primerkih gladka, kasneje pa razpoka. Iglice so dolge od 2 do 3 cm, široke pa do 2 mm. Po zgornji strani so temno sivkasto zelene, po spodnji pa svetlejše sive. Na vejah so nameščene spiralno, ko pa odpadejo, za njimi ostane na vejo okrogla vdolbina. Moški cvetovi so zelenkasto rumene barve z rožnatim nadihom, ženski pa so svetlo zeleni. Iz njih se razvijejo pokončni storži, ki so sprva sivo zeleni, kasneje modrikasti do olivno zeleni, na koncu pa postanejo temno vijolični. Visoki so od 4 do 10 cm. Dozorijo septembra in takrat izpustijo krilata semena
Obstajata dve podvrsti tega drevesa:
Abies balsamea var. balsamea , ki predstavlja večino populacije. Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis, ki ima daljše luske na storžih. Razširjena na jugozahodnem delu rastišča, od juga
Quebeca do
Zahodne Virginije. Angleško ime 'Canaanska jelka' je ta podvrsta dobila po dolini
Canaan Valley v Zahodni Virginiji, kjer je dokaj velika populacija te jelke. Nekateri
botaniki so mnenja, da je ta podvrsta naravni
hibrid med balzamovcem in
frazerjevo jelko (Abies fraseri), ki raste južneje, v
Apalačih.
Balzamovec je emblem kanadske province New Brunswick.
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Balsamgran
(
السويدية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia SV
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Balsamgran: Brief Summary
(
السويدية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia SV
Balsamgran (Abies balsamea) är en odlad prydnadsgran inom ädelgranssläktet (Abies) i familjen tallväxter. Beteckningen "balsam" kommer av att det bildas blåsor på stammen innehållande välluktande kåda. Att dra barren genom knuten hand lämnar samma angenäma doft. Dess barr är 1–2,5 cm långa och växer inte runt grenen utan står parställda åt sidan. Barren är mjukare än på den vanliga granen. Kottarna blir 5–7 cm långa. Trädets topp blir spetsig och smal i fullvuxet tillstånd. Arten härstammar från nordöstra Nordamerika. I Sverige är balsamgranen härdig till Ångermanland.[källa behövs] Den förekommer förvildad i Sverige, dock sällsynt.
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Ялиця бальзамічна
(
الأوكرانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia UK
Abies balsamea
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Abies balsamea là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (L.) Mill. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1768.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Abies balsamea: Brief Summary
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Abies balsamea là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (L.) Mill. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1768.
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Пихта бальзамическая
(
الروسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Пихта бальзамическая
Международное научное название
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (1768)
Синонимы Дочерние таксоны
Ареал 
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 18032NCBI 90345EOL 1061732GRIN t:635IPNI 1084057-2TPL kew-2609719 Пихта бальзамическая[1] (лат. Abies balsamea) — вид рода Пихта семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae), вечнозелёное хвойное дерево.
Распространение
Занимает огромные площади в Северной Америке, её ареал доходит на востоке до берегов Атлантического океана и на западе соприкасается с Тихим океаном. Выведено много декоративных форм. Имеет важное лесопромышленное значение в Канаде и США.
Биологическое описание
Дерево высотой 15—25 метров с правильной конусовидной кроной, опущенной до самой земли.
Кора серо-коричневая, гладкая.
Хвоя длиной 1,5—2,5 см, тупая или слегка выемчатая на конце, сверху тёмно-зелёная, блестящая, снизу с беловатыми полосками. На ветвях расположена гребенчато.
Шишки овально-цилиндрические, длиной 5—10 см, диаметром 2—2,5 см, в начале развития тёмно-фиолетовые.
Корневая система поверхностная.
Продолжительность жизни 150—200 лет[2].
Использование
В Канаде пихта бальзамическая используется как источник канадского бальзама.
В культуре
Относительно морозостойка и теневынослива, достаточно газоустойчива. Хорошо растёт на влажных аллювиальных и суглинистых почвах, плохо на подзолистых и песчаных.
Молодые растения растут медленно, взрослые быстрее.
Относительно хорошо растёт в лесной зоне России (на север до широты Санкт-Петербурга включительно, на восток до Екатеринбурга), в лесостепной и степной плохо. В садах и парках Украины имеются деревья высотой до 15 метров.
Рекомендуется для посадок солитёрами и небольшими группами[2].
Сорта
- 'Argentea'. Хвоя на концах белая[2].
- 'Columnaris'. Крона колонновидная.
- 'Glauca' Beissn.. Форма роста, как у номинальной формы. Верхняя часть хвои голубоватая[2].
- 'Nana'. Плотная, почти шаровидная форма крона. Хвоя короткая, тёмно-зелёная[2]
-
'Piccolo' Edwin Carstens Nursery, 1987, Германия. Высота около 40 см. Ветви короткие, плотно расположенные. Иглы тёмно-зелёные, почки красновато-коричневые. Красивый контраст между старыми и новыми иглами[3][4]. Зоны морозостойкости: 3a—8b.
- 'Little Jamie'. Карликовый сорт. Крона шаровидная.
- 'Prostrata'. Карликовый сорт. Ветви распростёртые над землёй[2].
- 'Variegata'. Хвоя жёлто-пёстрая[2].
Примечания
-
↑ Крылов Г. В., Марадудин И. И., Михеев Н. И., Козакова Н. Ф. Пихта. — Агропромиздат. — М., 1986. — 239 с.
-
↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Колесников А.И. Декоративная дендрология. — 2-е, исправ. и доп.. — М.: Лесная промышленность, 1974. — 704 с.
-
↑ Abies balsamea 'Piccolo' на сайте Библиотека хвойных растений
-
↑ Laurence Hatch. Cultivars of Woody Plants. — TCR Press, 2007. — Т. 1. — С. 1031. — ISBN 0971446504.
Пихта бальзамическая: Brief Summary
(
الروسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Пихта бальзамическая (лат. Abies balsamea) — вид рода Пихта семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae), вечнозелёное хвойное дерево.
膠冷杉
(
الصينية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
本条目需要擴充。（2014年6月15日）
请協助改善这篇條目，更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。
本条目需要补充更多来源。（2014年6月15日）
请协助添加多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而移除。 二名法 Abies balsamea(L.) Mill. 
分佈
膠冷杉（學名：Abies balsamea）分佈在北美及極圈附近，生長於寒冷潮濕的山區，大約高25公尺。深綠光澤、長約25公分的針葉背面有兩條銀色條紋，和其紫色毬果都具有香味。針葉壓碎會產生香脂味，樹皮覆蓋貴重的樹脂泡沫。
用途
樹皮切口採集的液態樹脂稱為麥加香脂、加拿大松油等，現稱加拿大香油，它曾被加到安息香酊中，是治療喉嚨最好的漱口水。樹脂可治療黏膜炎，也可做成敷劑治療關節炎、切傷和瘀傷。還可用於裱貼切片標本以產生緻密的漆塗層。[2]
文獻
规范控制 
膠冷杉: Brief Summary
(
الصينية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
膠冷杉（學名：Abies balsamea）分佈在北美及極圈附近，生長於寒冷潮濕的山區，大約高25公尺。深綠光澤、長約25公分的針葉背面有兩條銀色條紋，和其紫色毬果都具有香味。針葉壓碎會產生香脂味，樹皮覆蓋貴重的樹脂泡沫。
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu jedle balzámová ve Wikimedia Commons
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Stare de conservare
Modifică date / text 
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
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