PAUICET PE SD ATE EE AN POMS 2 Audio CDs includedENGLISH PAULETTE DALE + LILLIAN POMSEnglish Pronunciation Made Simple Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc ‘All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Noiba in a retrieval system, or transmitted {in any form of by any means, electronic, ‘mechanical, photocopying, recording, OF ‘otherwise, pethout the prior permission of the publisher. Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Editorial director: Sherry Preiss “Acquisitions editor: Laura LeDréan Development editor: John Barnes Senior production editor: Kathleen Silloway ‘Art director: Tracey Cataldo Pituher education marketing manager: Toe Chapple Senior manufacturing buyer: Nancy Flaggman Cover and text design: Tracey Cataldo ‘Tent composition: Laserwords Pvt. Ld. ‘Text fonts: New Aster 40/13, Myriad 10/1L ‘ext art: Tracey Cataldo Reviewers Fevih Cocker, English and French Language Center Canada Coole Franklin, University of Houston, TX Roberta Hodges, Sonoma State University, C® Roban Mansuroglu, ZONI Language Center, N} Baker cyolds, University of Wisconsin—Eau Cini, wi ‘Alison Robertson, Cypress College, CA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dale, Pavlete. “Sncish peonunciction made simple / Paulette Wenless Palsy Lillian Poms, pcm. a oof: Baplish promunciation fr international stents. ©1998 ISBN 0-13-111596-0 1. English language-Promunciation by foreign speakers-Problems,exeriss, te, I. Poms Lilian Dale, reat Both pronunciation fr internaiona students, TH. THe PEIIS7.D355 2004 428.3" —de2? 2o0so4si9e Printed in the United States of Amene® 123456789 10-BAH-09 08 07 06 05 04 b tContents About the Authors vi Preface vii To the Student ix Lesson 1 Pronouncing the Vowels of American English 3 Lesson 2 {i] as in me, tea, and bee and [1] as in it and pin 7 Lesson 3 {etl as in ate, game, and they 15 Lesson 4 {e] as in egg, pet, and head 19 Lesson 5 {eel as in at, fat, and happy 23 Lesson 6 {a] as in arm, hot, and father a Lesson 7 Contrast and Review of [et], [e], le], and [al 32 Lesson 8 {ul as in you, too, and rule and [u] as in cook and put 34 Lesson 9 {alas in up, but,and come 44 Lesson 10 [ov] as in oh, no, and boat 48 Lesson 11 fo] asin all, caught, and boss 52 Lesson 12 Contrast and Review of (al, [ov], [0], and [al 56 Lesson 13 [2] asin a, upon,and soda 58 Lesson 14 [s+] asin turn, first,and serve and [21] as in father and actor 62 Lesson15 [au] as in out, house, and cow 69 Lesson 16 [at] asin/, my,and pie 73 Lesson 17 for] as in oil, noise, and boy 7 iiiLesson 18 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, Prd celcebtca Introducing Stress, Rhythm, and intonation Lesson 19 _ Stress Within the Word Lesson 20 Lesson 21 Lesson 22 eer ued Lesson 23 Lesson 24 Lesson 25 Lesson 26 Lesson 27 Lesson 28 Lesson 29 Lesson 30 Lesson 31 Lesson 32 Lesson 33 Lesson 34 Lesson 35 Lesson 36 Lesson 37 Lesson 38 Lesson 39 Lesson 40 Lesson 41 Lesson 42 iv Contents Stress Within the Sentence Rhythm Intonation pronouncing the Consonants of American English {st as in sit,basket and kiss and {2} as in 200, busy and buzz {t] as in top, return, and cat [das in day, ladder, and bed {01 asin think, bathtub, and mouth [Olas in the, father, and smooth contrast and Review of i} (2) (t} {dl (61, and (01 {fas in shoe, nation, and wish and {tf as in chair, teacher, and witch Contrast and Review of [s] {fl {thand [tf] {g]asin measure, vision, and rouge {ds} as in jam, magic, and age and {j] 2s in you and yes Contrast and Review of [t{1, [dg], and Ui] {plas in pay, apple, and stop {bl as in boy, rabbit, and tub {fas in fun, office, and if [vJasin very, over, and save [hl asin hat and behind [w] as in we and away {Has in lamp, yellow, and poo! 83 84 a 105 5 18 128 132 136 139 143 144 155 156 160 170 71 173 176 180 183 187 191 195Lesson 43 [rt] asin red, marry, and far 200 Lesson44 Contrast and Review of [I] and [r] 205 Lesson 45 [k] as in cake, car, and book 210 Lesson 46 [g] as in go, begin, and egg 214 Lesson47 [mJ as in me and swim 218 Lesson 48 {n] as in no and run 221 Lesson 49 [yj] asin sing 224 Lesson 50. Contrast and Review of [ml [nl, and (p] 227 Lesson 51 Pronouncing Final Consonant Sounds 231 Lesson 52 Pronouncing Consonant Clusters 236 Lesson53 ——_Pronouncing Past Tense Verbs | 242 Lesson 54 ——Pronouncing Plurals, Third-Person Verbs, Possessives, and Contractions . 248 Appendix! To the Teacher 256 Breaking the Ice 256 Hearing the Sounds 257 Accent Analysis 257 Accent Analysis Sentences: Vowels 258 Accent Analysis Sentences: Consonants 261 Using the Manual for Classroom Instruction 266 Additional Communicative Practice Activities 267 Additional Auditory Discrimination Practice Activities 269 Appendix il Check Yourself Answer Key 271 Contents Vvi Paulette Dale, Ph.D. Dr; Paulette Dale is a full professor of Speech Communication/Linguistics at Rriamni:-Dace College and an adjunct professor in the graduate program in Linguistics at Florida International University. ae Dale isan internationally known author and consultant in the area of English Pronunciation and Speech Communication. Het published works nelade numerous articles, a pronunciation program written for Berlitz Tuternational, and five successful texts published by Peasso% Education (English Pronunciation for International Students, English Pronunciation for Spanish Speakers, English Pronunciation for Japanese ‘Speakers, Speech communication for International Students, and Speech ‘Communication Made Simple: A Multicultural Perspective). see pale’: pronunciation programs have been featured in newspAPere and on radio and TV talk shows. She has conducted workshops in techniques of teaching English pronunciation for professionals and teachers worldwide and has made presentations at a variety of U.S. and international ‘TESOL conferences Lillian Poms, M.Ed. Lillian Poms is the Executive Director of the Hearing and Speech Center of Florida, which serves the speech-, language-, and hearing-impaired. She is algo an adjunct professor in the Communication Arts Department at Miami- Dade College, where she has taught accent reduction, voice and diction, and public speaking. Mg. Poms has co-authored English Pronunciation for International students, English Pronunciation for Spanish Speakers, English Pronunciation for Japanese Speakers, and a pronounciation Droge for Berlitz Tnternational. She is past president of the Miami Association of Coaumunieation Specialists, from which she received honors in 1986, In S002, she was awarded the Clinical Carcer Award from the Florida -eenniation of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists ote. Pome pioneered the accent-reduction program at the Hearing and Speech Center of Florida and has provided accent-reduction training for many performers. One of her more famous students is Julio Iglesias, who wmoeived diction and pronunciation coaching from her.Preface English Pronunciation Made Simple is designed to help students develop pronunciation skills and overcome pronunciation problems when speaking English. We understand how frustrating it is to have someone say, “I can’t understand you because of your accent.” We know that students of English as a second language may be afraid to use certain words because they are difficult to pronounce. Many students avoid words like rice and berry, for instance, English Pronunciation Made Simple gives students the fundamental understanding of pronunciation—and the confidence they need—so they no longer have to avoid certain words and phrases. Most important, students don't have to be misunderstood by other people. English Pronunciation Made Simple can be used either as a classroom textbook or as a comprehensive program for self-study. It is organized so that any academic schedule can bé accommodated, making it ideal for use as a course textbook. However, English Pronunciation Made Simple may also be used independently, by students who want to be better understood in English. Presented in clear, easy-to-understand terms, the material in this book is accompanied by an audio program that enables students to maximize their learning outside of the classroom. English Pronunciation Made Simple is divided into three parts—Part 1: Vowels, Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation, and Part 3: Consonants. Each Part contains a series of brief lessons, and each lesson presents one or two specific pronunciation points. Vowel Lessons and Consonant Lessons The vowel and consonant lessons (Parts 1 and 3) follow a consistent format and are designed to provide both clear, accessible presentations of Pronunciation points and ample practice. Each lesson includes: * Pronouncing the Sound A simple explanation of how to pronounce the sound, with mouth drawings that show how to use the articulators (lips, tongue, etc.) for each sound. * Possible Pronunciation Problems An explanation of how and why the sound may create problems for students. * Hints Rules to help students remember when to produce the target sound, which emphasize the recognition of English spelling patterns as a guide to pronunciation. (NOTE: Not every lesson includes a hint.) * Exercises A comprehensive wealth of productive practice opportunities using the sound as it occurs in words, common phrases, and sentences. vii——————————————————— © More Practice A variety of listening, reading, and communicative conversational activities that reflect how the sound is heard and used in daily life. At least one activity in this section is productive. = Check Yourself Additional activities designed to help students recognize cnt evaluate their progress. Answers to all Check Yourself exercises are provided in Appendix 11. Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation Lessons ‘The lessons in Part 2 expose students to the stress, rhythm, and intonation of American English and focus on helping students hear and produce natural- sounding language beyond the word evel. Students work on common phrases, sentences, and pieces of more extended discourse. -the audio CDs that are packaged with this book contain the Check Yourself listenings. In addition, a classroom audio progam available on both creed cassettes includes the listenings for these sestions 88 ‘well as for the Sxercices for each lesson. This classroom audio program also provides models eersreet pronunciation for each sound presented. 1 viii PrefaceTo the Student Welcome to English Pronunciation Made Simple! Before we begin, let's look at the term “foreign accent” in general. The Longman Dictionary of American English defines accent as “a way of speaking that someone has because of where s/he was born or lives.” So the truth is, we all have accents! In fact, you should be proud that you speak English with an accent. A “foreign” accent tells people that you speak at least two languages. And the world would be very dull if we all sounded the same. Unfortunately, the disadvantage to having a “foreign” accent is that it may hinder effective communication in your nonnative language and cause you to be misunderstood. Our main goal is to help you improve your pronunciation of North American English. This will enable you to communicate clearly what you want to say. Frequent practice and review is important. We suggest practice sessions at least three or four times a week, even if you can only manage 20 or 30 minutes each session. We know this is hard work. Take breaks when you get tired. Improvement takes time, but little by little, you will succeed, Ifyou live or work among English speakers, you will quickly find ways to apply what you lear in English Pronunciation Made Simple to situations outside of class. But even if you live in a non-English-speaking environment, you should try to get as much practice as possible in applying the material in the book. Here are some things you can do to reinforce what you are learning. * Watch English language news on TV as often as you can. Pay careful attention to the newscaster’s pronunciation. Notice especially words and phrases that are repeated every time you watch. Practice saying them. ‘Write them down. Compare your pronunciation with the newscaster’s. * Listen to radio news stations for 5 to 10 minutes at a time. Repeat common words and phrases after the announcer. * When one of your favorite English language TV shows is on, try to understand the dialogue without watching. Or try this with commercials: See if you can tell what is being advertised without looking. * Whenever you have the opportunity to converse with a North American English speaker, use it! Try to include common expressions presented in this book, such as “See you this evening” or “Pleased to meet you.” * Ask your listener if your pronunciation of a specific word is correct. Most listeners will be glad to help.ei————————————————————————— [Although English Pronunciation Made Simple emphasizes pronunciation, it can also help you increase your vocabulary, When you don’t understand a word or idiom, look it up in your dictionary. (We recommend the Longman Dictionary of American English.) Write the definition down so you won't forget it. Using English Pronunciation Made Simple on Your Own X To the Student Ifyou are using these materials for self-study, you will probably want to own the entire set of classroom CDs or cassettes, s0 you can Bet the most from the comprehensive program. To get the greatest benefit, follow these simple suggestions: ® Exercises Go to the appropriate exercise in the audio prograns Read the directions. Listen. Repeat words or phrases ‘during the pauses. Stop and go back whenever you like. If you have difficulty at any time, stop and reread the directions for pronouncing the sound, Look in a mirror as you fay the sound to be sure that your articulators (longue, lips, and so on) ae in the correct position, Use the drawing in the book to check this. Repeat the exercise until you can say the sounds, ‘words, phrases, or semences easily, When you are able to repeat the material without looking at the book, you are ready to move on. «More Practice When you are satisfied with your pronunciation of the target sound in the exercises, you are ready to apply what you have jearned to content and situations similar to those you might encounter in real life.” More Practice provides contr ‘olled practice with this. Be aware of situations in your daily life that provide parallel practice. Have fun recognizing and producing the sound in other poems, readings, and Conversations, and try to find other ways to incorporate what you have Teamed in your daily encounters with English. « Check Yourself Do not be discouraged if you make some mistakes in this ceeton. The purpose of the Check Yourself section is to help you merch sour progress and to identify areas chat still need ‘work. The instructions for ech Check Yourself exercise are different. Read all directions carefully before beginning, When you finish a test, check your answers i Appendix I. Hf you have difficulty with an exercise, return to the ‘beginning of the lesson and repeat the activities in More Practice. The dialogues and paragraphs are re ment difficult activities in each lesson. Review them offen as You progress through the book. ‘You may wonder how long it will take before you see improvement. We believe that improvement depends on practice—and English Pronunciation fe Simple provides all the tools you need to practice often. We hope you find it makes a difference in a matter ‘of weeks!Ee Although English Pronunciation Made Simple emphasizes pronunciation, it can also help you increase your vocabulary. When you don't understand a sword or idiom, look it up in your dictionary. (We recommend the Longman Dictionary of American English.) Write the definition down so Yo wont italia forget it. Using English Pronunciation Made Simple on Your Own TF you are using these materials for self-study, you will probably want to own whe ontire set of classroom CDs or cassettes, so you can Bet the most from the comprehensive program. To get the greatest benefit, follow these simple suggestions: e eyercises Go to the appropriate exercise in the audio progres Read the nections. Listen. Repeat words or phrases during the pauses: Stop and to back whenever you like. If you have difficulty a sty time, stop and 2 cod the directions for pronouncing the sound, Look i @ mirror as you tay the sound to be sure that your articulators (ongue! lips, and so on) say ihe correct position. Use the drawing in the book to check this. Repeat the exercise until you can say the sounds, ‘words, phrases, or sentences easily. When you are able to repeat the material without looking fat the book, you are ready to move on. More Practice When you are satisfied with your pronunciatio® of the target sound in the exercises, you are ready to apply what you have Jearned to content and situations similar to those you ‘might encounter in veaitie” More Practice provides controlled practice with this. Be aware of vFeuations in your daily ife that provide parallel practice, Have fun fecognizing and producing the sound in other poems, readings, and see meersations, and try to find other ways to incorporate what You have learned in your daily encounters with English. aa ISAS at ee «Check Yourself Do not be discouraged if you malse some mistakes in this aeeson. The purpose of the Check Yourself section is to help you men your progress and to identify areas that stl need work. The instructions for yeah Check Yourself exercise are different. Read all directions carefully Gefore beginning. When you finish a test, check your answers Appendix I. Tryou have difficulty with an exercise, retum to the beginning of the lesson and repeat the activities in More Practice. The dialogues and paragraphs are ne most difficult activities in each lesson. Review them offen 25 You progress through the book. You may wonder how long it will take before you see improvement. We believe that improvement depends on. practice—and English Pronunciation Reads Simple provides all the tools you need to practice often. We hope you find it makes a difference in a matter of weeks! ce X To the StudentaEto} | Pronouncing the Vowels of American English © ‘You have probably discovered that there is a big difference between the way words are spelled in English and the way they are pronounced. English spelling Patterns are inconsistent and are not always a reliable guide to pronunciation. For example, in the following words, the letter « is used to represent five different sounds, hate father have any saw Pretty confusing, right? That's why we need a set of symbols in which each sound is represented by a different symbol. In this book, you will see symbols used. These are the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is used all over the ‘world. Tt consists of a set of symbols in which one symbol represents one sound. DON'T PANIC! It is not necessary to learn all the symbols at once, Each sound will be introduced and explained one at a time. You will learn the symbols easily 8s you progress through the book. A pronunciation key to the different vowels and diphthongs of American English with their IPA symbols is presented below. Refer to it as needed. ‘7 help you understand the exact pronunciation of the phonetic symbols and Key words, the Key to Pronouncing the Vowels of American English is included in the audio program. You will hear each phonetic symbol introduced and Pronounced once. Each English key word will be said once, Key to Pronouncing the Vowels of East asiate a) ___INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET SYMBOL. ENGLISH KEY WORDS SECTION 1 fa me, tea, bee ia it, pin lel ate, game, they lel egg, head, pet (el at, fat, happy lal hot, father ane hot father SECTION 2 fu} you, too, rule tu) put, cook f fa) ‘up, but, come [ov] boat, no, oh bo) all, boss, caught SECTION fo] soda, upon Is] urn, first, serve fol father, after [av] out, cow, house [al my, pie, I for) oil, boy, noiseDefinitions 4 Part 1: Vowels [As you progress through English Pronunciation Made Simple, you will frequently see the terms articulator, vowels, and diphthongs. We will now define these terms for you. Articulators: The articulators are the different parts of the mouth area that we use when speaking, such as the lips, tongue, teeth, and jaw. ‘Vowel: A vowel is a speech sound produced with vibrating vocal cords and a continuous unrestricted flow of air coming from the mouth. The most well-known vowels in English are: A E£ IT 0 U ‘The various vowel sounds are affected by the changing shape and position of your articulators. The different vowels are created by: 1. The position of your tongue in the mouth. For example, the tongue is high in the mouth for the vowel {i] as in “see,” but is low the mouth for the vowel [a] as in “hot.” 2. The shape of your lips. For example, the lips are very rounded for the vowel [u] as in “new,” but are spread for [i] as in “see.” 3. The size of your jaw opening. For example, the jaw is open much wider for [al as in “hot” than it is for the diphthong [er] as in “pay.” Diphthong: A diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds. It begins as one vowel and ends as another. During the production of a diphthong, your articulators glide from the position of the first vowel to the position of the second. For example, when pronouncing (er] as in “vein,” your articulators glide from the vyowel [e] to the vowel [1]. In English, the most common diphthongs are [av], [er], [a1], [or], and fou}. | |PRONOUNCING FRONT VOWELS You can see in the pictures how the jaw moves from a closed position to an open one during pronunciation of the vowel sequence [i], [1], [et], [el, fel, fal. Becoming familiar with this progression and understanding the relationship of one vowel to another will help you with your pronunciation of the vowels. * The phonetic symbol [1] represents a sound between [i] and [et]. It is pronounced with the jaw and tongue raised more than for [er], but not as much as for [i]. * The symbol (ze] represents a sound between (e] and [a]. [2] is pronounced with the jaw open more than for {e] but not as much as for [a]. Refer to these pictures whenever you have difficulty pronouncing any of the vowels, Repeat the sequence (iJ. [1], fet], {e], [ze], [a] several times. Notice the progressive dropping of your tongue and jaw as you pronounce each sound. Lesson 1 5how the jaw moves from a closed position to an open one vita wowel sequence. Practice pronouncing the series Pond under your chin and feel your jaw drop with the ‘Once again you can see during the pronunciation several times. Place your pronunciation ‘of each vowel, Refer to these pictures whenever you are confused about the pronunciation of any of the vowels. Repeat the sequence (ul, [v], {a}, foul. (9), fal several times. You'll be able to see and feel your jaw lower as you pronounce the vowels in the series, TRY IT NOW! IT REALLY WORKS! 6 Part 1: Vowels | 4 | | i | i | | 2 | =[i] as in me, tea, and bee and [I] as in it and pin Lips: Tense and in a “smile” position Jaw: Almost completely raised Tongue: High, near the roof of the mouth y-~ Possible Pronunciation Problems _. Pronunciation problems occur because of confusing English spelling patterns and the similarity of [i] and [1] (the sound to be described next), EXAMPLES If you say [1] instead of [i]: sheep will sound like ship. eat will sound like it. Remember to feel tension in your lips, tongue, and jaw. [i] is a long sound; be sure to prolong it, { i i j i Smile when you say [i]; we guarantee it's easy to say [i]! EXERCISEA Listen and repeat. [i] At the Beginning of Words [i] In the Middle of Words [i] At the End of Words eat each eager mean seal please he fee she eel even either need leave police be tree agree east equal keep reach key knee easy eagle deep scene tea free {i Spelled e ee ea ie or ie he see east niece we feel Jean brief me deed ~— team _ piece scene heel cheap belief these need peach eitherLess frequent spelling patterns for [i] consist of the letters / and eo. police people eoeE Ly [@ Listen and repeat. The vowel [i] is prolonged before consonants. (Consonants arealll the sounds that are not vowels.) The dots are there to remind you to lengthen ‘the [i]. fee fee...d see see... d pea s bee s tea m EXERCISE C isten and repeat. The boldfaced words in the following sentences all include the vowel [i]. See you at three. See what I mean? See you next week. See you this evening. Pleased to meet you. Steve eats cream cheese. Lee has a reason for leaving. . She received her teaching degree. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 10. They reached a peace agreement. PEI Aa wN = CHECKYOURSELF (8) Listen and repeat. Circle the word in each group that does NoT contain the vowel [i]. (For answers, see Appendix II, page 271.) i Nina @ EXAMPLE keep lean piece 1. bead great leave tea 2. eight piece believe niece 3. scene wornen_these even 4. need been sleep thirteen 5. police thief machine vision 6. pretty wheat sweet cream 7. people bread deal east 8. tin teen steam receive 9. leave live leaf lease 10, steep _—Steve easy still 8 Part 1: Vowelsaaa More Practice EXERCISE A. (1) read aloud the Paragraph about the Beatles. All the boldfaced words should be a Pronounced with the vowel [i]. The Beatles What is a Beatle? Maybe you think of a real creature who creeps and leaps about, But most people recall four English teens called the Beatles, who appeared as a rock group in the nineteen sixties. Leaving bebop behind, the Beatles created a unique beat that appealed to everyone, Seen on American TV, they were greeted by screams and | cheers. “Please Please Me” and “She Loves You” were among their many pieces. They even received an award from the queen of England, The team broke up as they reached their peak, but each member continued his own career. The world grieved the loss of their leader, John Lennon, who died in December 1980. Although only briefly on the scene, the Beatles created meaningful music that will be here for an eternity, EXERCISE B EE think of five things you need to do. Be sure your response contains many [i] words. When you complete your responses, choose any classmate and ask the question,“What do you really need?” EXAMPLES I really need to feed my parakeet. Ireally need a new key. PRONOUNCING [1] Lips: Relaxed and slightly parted Jaw: Slightly lower than for {i] Tongue: High, but lower than for [il Possible Pronunci: tion Problems The vowel [1] may be difficult for you to recognize and say. Some learners substitute the more familiar [i] sound. This can result in miscommunication. EXAMPLES If you say (i instead of {1]: hit will sound like heat. itch will sound like each. As you practice the exercises, remember not to “smile” and tense your lips as you would for [i]. U] és a short, quick sound; your lips should barely move as you say it! Lesson2 9EXERCISE A @ tisten and repeat. [v] At the Beginning of Words _[1] In the Middle of Words is if it pin lift give ill itch into miss simple winter ink inch issue listen timid minute instant litle ‘The vowel [1] does not occur at the end of words in English. {1] Spelled ” ui i gym build sin syrup quick_—_ilips symbol quilt, with system guilty gift rhythm guitar — differ “The most common spelling pattern for [iis the letter / followed by a final consonant. win this hit tip begin. Less frequent spelling patterns for [1] consist of the letters o,¢,u, and ee. women pretty busy _-been EXERCISE B (@ tisten and repeat. The boldfaced words in the following sentences all contain the vowel [1]. ‘This is it. . What is this? This is my sister. . This is Miss Smith. This is big business. T will sit in a minute. . Give the list to Lynn. . My little sister is timid. . Is the building finished? Did you give him his gift? ween arena s 10 Part 1: Vowels: ont—— CHECKYOURSELF [Listen to the words. Circle the number of the word with the'vowel [1]. (For answers, see Appendix ll, page 271.) EXAMPLE You hear mitt. + meat meat You circle @ 2 3 Li2 3 21002 3 B12 3 41 2 3 5.1 2 3 61 2 3 710 2 3 B12 3 1 2 3 10.1 2 3 EXERCISE A read atoud the Paragraph about the Olympics. All the boldfaced words contain the vowel [1], The Winter Olympics Since 1924, the Winter Olympics have been an international event. Now these activities are seen by millions on television. Men and women from distant cities and countries participate in this competition. They all wish to be winners. They ski downhill amidst pretty scenery, Figure skaters spin to victory. Skill will make the difference. Some will finish "with a silver medal, some with a gold. But all will win our hearts and infinite respect. EXERCISE B_ [Zl work with a partner. Complete each of the following sentences with a phrase or word that rhymes with the boldfaced [i] words. Think of as many responses as you can for each rhyme. Read the sentences aloud. EXAMPLE My sister Jill ; (ran up a hill/took a pill/felt very ill/has a cat named Bill/fell off the windowsill) ‘My friend Tim . eS He will sit . eee The boy liked to grin cee Whatdoyouthink PO RYNe Lesson2 11LESSON REVIEW: [i] AND [1] ESSE EXERCISE Remember to “smile” and feel the tension in your lips when you repeat the words with [i] and to RELAX your muscles as you pronounce the words containing [1]. i @ histen and repeat. weenanveene wi least seat . heat feet leave . Heat it now. . Change the wheel. . Did you feel it? The meal was big. |). He will leave. tol fi i list sit hit fit live Hit it now. Change the will. Did you fill it? The mill was big. He will live. 11, Please sit in the seat th ao . He did a good deed. oI 0 . Phil doesn’t feel well. bl fal fal Lynn ate lean meat. io) a . Potato chips are cheap. CHECK YOURSELF 1 Listen. Circle the word that you hear, (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, pages 271-272.) EXAMPLE meat — mit?) 1. field filled 2, bean bin 3. meat — knit 4, deal dill 5, beat dit 12. Part 1: Vowels6. team Tim x sleep slip & green — grin 9% heel hill 10. week wick CHECK YOURSELF 2. [@8 Listen. circle the word that is used to complete each sentence. EXAMPLE You need a new (Wheel) will). . They cleaned the (ship/sheep). . Will he (leave/live)? The boy was (beaten/bitten). His clothes are (neat/knit), . She has plump (cheeks/chicks).. . Like low (heels hills). . The children will (sleep/slip). Theard every (beat/bit). . They stored the (beans/bins). |. Everyone talks about the (heat/hit). Seen annewne 1 CL atter checking your answers, read each of the Sentences aloud twice. Use the first word the first time you read and the second word the second time. CHECK YOURSELE 3. {M8 Listen and circle all the words pronounced with [i]-Underfine all the words with [1] Gina) Do you have a minute? ‘Tina: Yes, Jim. What is it? Jim: My sister is in the city on business. We will eat dinner out tonight. Can you recommend a place to eat? Tina: There is a fine seafood place on Fifth Street, The fish is fresh, and the shrimp is great, But it isn’t cheap! Jim: That's OK. It will be “feast today, famine tomorrow’! I'l just have to eat beans the rest of the week! [El now practice reading the dialogue aloud with a partner. Remember to “smile” and ‘tense your lips for [i] and to relax them when pronouncing the [1] words. Lesson2 13EXERCISE A [) the words in the following box occur in the poem’"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.” Read the words aloud. {i fi his sit me field live rivers be yield with — sing we. meat will silver see eat hills dishes feed each EXERCISE. (0) read the poem aloud. Be sure to pronounce all the boldfaced [i] and [1] words from the box correctly. ‘The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Christopher Marlowe Come live with me and be my love, And we will all the pleasures prove ‘That hills and valleys, dale and field, ‘And all the craggy mountains yield. ‘There will we sit upon the rocks And see the shepherds feed their flocks, By shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals. Thy silver dishes for thy meat As precious as the gods do eat, Shall on an ivory table be Prepared each day for you and me. EXERCISE C [3] these phrases are often used in introductions. Read them, paying attention to the [iJ and [i] words. Then work with two other students. Practice using the phrases to introduce each other. —____— this is ______. (Name) "ox (Name) Cam easy Millie you to meet rice to met you. Remember to keep practicing! We guarantee it's easy to say [1] and [il! 14 Part 1; Vowels | | | | |Lips: Spread and unrounded po Possible Pronunciation Problems .-c.c0-e.. EXAMPLES, Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes slightly ‘Tongue: Glides from midlevel to near the roof of the mouth fer] is a diphthong. A diphthong is a compound vowel sound made by blending two vowels together very quickly. [er] begins with [e] and ends with [1 patterns and the similarity of [et] and {e] (the sound to be described in the next lesson). Ifyou say [e] instead of [er]: late will sound like let. Pronunciation problems occur because of confusing English spelling ~] | } paper will sound like pepper. | With practice, you'll say [er] the right way EXERCISE Listen and repeat. [et] At the Beginning of Words lex] In the Middle of Words [er] At the End of Words ate aim ache same Take place way lay obey ape ale eight rain date break say May — away age able April came table paint day they stay apron paper weigh [et] Spelled a ay eigh late day eight sane bay weigh safe hay sleigh hate ray freight lady play ‘neighbor 15 eesFEES oss frequent speting patterns fr er consist ofthe letters ea, ey, and ei j break great they. grey. vein Ge un. aisina sylable ending in silent e, the letter as pronounced feil (the same as the name of the alphabet letter al). same name case lane bake ‘The letters ay, ai, and ey are usually pronounced fet]. play away bait aim they ‘The letters ei followed by g or n are usually pronounced (etl. i weigh neighbor reign vein : EXERCISE 8 Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words i should all be pronounced with the diphthong [ei]. : 1, Wake up! 5 2. gain weight i 3, What's your name? a 4, late date 5, Take it away! 6. Make haste, not waste! i 7, April showers bring May flowers. t 8. They played a great game. a 9, The plane from Spain came late. ; : Ss ). They made a mistake in today’s paper. CHECK YOURSELF 1 (T read the following shopping list. You are going to buy the items with the lel sound. circle only the items containing the vowel [ei]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix ll, pages 272-273.) 1.Gteak) lettuce Gaty cereal 2. bread raisins melon bananas 3. cake tomatoes bacon _baking soda 4, potatoes crackers peas ice cream 5, grapes celery gravy carrots 6, toothpaste peas squash —_ paper plates. 16 Part 1: Vowels snus- CHECKYOURSELF2 [@) Listen, ircle the one word in each group that is pronounced with the diphthong [er]. EXAMPLE You hear hat hot hate You circle 1 2 ® Pe Nae EL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RENN NNHNKKN 10. CHECK YOURSELF 3 [1] Read aloud the following newspaper advertisement. Circle all words pronounced with [er]. Gutestowd GAIL wear Ames Ladies Store (located at 18th Street at the corner of Main and Blake) Monday, May 8th—Mark that date! Take home famous name brands, your favorite labels! Available for ladies of all ages. Why pay more? Take a train, take the subway, take a plone but don’t we SINCE 1888 NO EXCHANGES OR RETURNS Lesson 3 17eRe EXERCISE A. read aloud the following paragraph about Babe Ruth. Remember that all the boldfaced words should be pronounced with the diphthong [es]. Babe Ruth Babe Ruth was a famous baseball player. He was born in Baltimore and raised there as an orphan. He first played for the Boston Red Sox but was later traded to the New York Yankees. He hit 714 home runs and became a baseball legend. He was named to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The last team he played for was the Boston Braves. He died in 1948, ‘Many say he was the greatest player of his day. EXERCISE B_ TD choose an article from the sports section of a newspaper. Circle the words in the article that contain the vowel [et]. Practice reading the article aloud. Bring it to class and read it to your classmates. Say [et] the right way! Practice makes perfect! 18 Part 1: Vowels : 1[e] as in egg, pet, and head PRONOUNCING [e] 7 Lips: Slightly spread and unrounded Jaw: Open wider than for fer} ‘Tongue: High, near the roof of the mouth Possible Pronunciation Problems Pronunciation problems occur because of confusing English spelling patterns and the similarity between [e] and other sounds. EXAMPLES If you say [er] instead of [e]: pen will sound like pain, If you say [ze] instead of [e]: met will sound like mat. When pronouncing [e], open your mouth wider than for [er] but not as wide as for [22] (the sound to be discussed in the next lesson). Practice and reduce your errors on [e]! EXERCISEA @ Listen and repeat. | [e] At the Beginning of Words [e] In the Middle of Words | any edge effort bed rest bread i end else error next bent —_—_ fence | egg every — elephant west many _ present The vowel [e] does not occur at the end of words in English, {e] Spelled e ea yes head red ead sell dead seven meant never measure i | i ‘ oeEd... frequent spelling patterns for fe] consist of the letters a, qi, le, ue, and eo. any again friend guest_ leopard “The most common spelling pattern for fe] is the letter ¢ before a consonant in a stressed syllable. let amendment attended _ plenty ci ... letter e before / is usually pronounced fe]. EXERCISE B EXERCISE C 20 Parti: well telephone felt seldom ‘The letters ea before d are usually pronounced fel. thread ahead ready dead @ isten and repeat the following pairs of words. When pronouncing the words with {e],be sure to lower your jaw a bit more than for [e:]- tf] fel met mate bet bait fed fade less lace pen __pain/pane Tet late wet wait/weight get gate/gait red raid wed wade Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words should all be pronounced with the vowel [cl]. You said it! . head of lettuce best friend . healthy and wealthy . bent fender never better Breakfast is ready at ten. Fred left a message. ‘Let me get some rest! . Don't forget to send the letter. auewneer Seen Vowels‘CHECK YOURSELF 1 isten and repeat each word. Then circle the word in each group that 7 is Not pronounced with [e]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendixtt, pages 273-274.) EXAMPLE Mexico America Egypt Texas 1. any crazy anywhere many 2. paper letter send pencil 3. seven eleven eight twenty 4, health wreath breath wealth 5. reading ready already head 6. present precious _ previous, president 7. November February September April 8. guess guest cruel question 9. thread threat fresh theater 10. mean meant mental met CHECK YOURSELF 2 Listen to the sentences. Some words that should be pronounced with fe] will be said incorrectly. Circle C for correct or for incorrect. EXAMPLES You hear — Who fed the fish? Youcircle © I You hear 1 got wait in the rain, You circle c ® Lc i 26 1 3.€ I 4.¢ 1 5 Cc or 6 C I 7c 1 & Cc 1 9C 1 10. rT Lesson 4 21EXERCISE A (U) read aloud the paragraph about Peter Pan. Pay attention to the [c] sound in the boldfaced words. Peter Pan Do you remember the play Peter Pan? Who can forget the boy who never ever wanted to grow up! When Wendy and her brothers met Peter Pan and the fairy Tinker Bell, they flew to Never-Never Land. They had many adventures with Peter's friends and enemies, but the play had a | happy ending. Sir James Barrie, the author, presented this play in 1911. | ‘This sentimental treasure was his best work and made him very j wealthy. It was an even better success on Broadway. It was set to music | and had special effects. It is often said that no one can be young forever. But with the legend of Peter Pan we get to pretend again and again. | EXERCISE B IE practice the vowel {c] as you give a partner weather information. 1, Look at these example sentences: Its twenty-two degrees and very windy. ‘The temperature on Wednesday will be in the upper seventies. ‘The weather for the weekend is expected to be wet and cloudy. 2, Read a weather report in the newspaper, watch a weather report on TV, or listen to a weather report on the radio. Use the information about weather in your area to make new sentences, based on the examples in item 1 above. 3. Tell a partner your weather report. Practice your [e] again and again, and reduce your errors when you say [e]! 22 part 1: Vowels | MMM CAAA AAS EATS ani EORTCr Possible Pronunciation Problems oven | | Lips: Spread Jaw: Open wider than for [e] Tongue: Low, near the floor of the mouth The vowel [2] might not exist in your language and may be difficult for you to “| hear and produce. Also, irregular English spelling patterns are likely to cause confusion. EXAMPLES If you say [a] instead of [2]: hat will sound like hot. If you say [e] instead of [@]: bad will sound like bed. When producing the vowel [ze], remember to spread your lips and open your mouth, But don't open it too wide, or you will find yourself substituting [a] (the sound to be discussed in the next lesson) instead! Practice, practice, practice, and you'll have [x] down pat! Rls DERCSEA Listen and repeat. [a] At the Beginning of Words {z] In the Middle of Words am apple angry catback black and after absent map happy last ask actor animal have rapid classroom ‘The vowel [2] does not occur at the end of words in English. Ales frequent spelling pattern for [ae] consists of the letters au. laugh laughter 23EXERCISE B EXERCISE C CHECK YOURSELF 1 (@@) Listen and circle the number of the word with the [2] sound. Only one word in each se 1-3, see Appendix Il, page 274.) 24 Part 1: Vowels Listen and repeat. When saying [<1], remember to open your mouth more than for [e]. Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words all include the vowel [z]. q EXAMPLE {e] el had head mat met pat pet land lend past/passed pest tan ten sad said and end bad bed add/ad Ed 10. . last chance . Is that a fact? Beene wreye een ara Tl be back. at a glance wrap it up Hand me a pack of matches. . [have to catch a taxicab. . Ralph can’t stand carrots. . Alisa happily married man. . He who laughs last, laughs best! will be pronounced with the [=] vowel. (For answers to Check Yourself Youhear add Ed odd Youcircle G@) 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 203 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 203 1 2 3 i 1 203EXAMPLE 10. yen avr en F2 (@@) Listen and repeat. circle the one letter a that is pronounced [cin each word. ban@na animal Africa California fascinate Alaska attack Saturday Canada Dallas package CHECKYOURSELE3 [1] Read the story of the Titanic. Circle all words that are pronounced with the vowel [z]. The number in parentheses represents the total number of [ze] words in each sentence. EXAMPLE One of the great Gagediedin the(asi)century was the sinking of the “Ren @) . The Titanic was traveling to New York across the Atlantic in 1912. (3) . This grand and elaborate ship had over 2,200 passengers. (4) . It crashed into an iceberg and sank in about two and a half hours. (3) . Telegraph warnings reached the Titanic too late. (2) . After the crash, upper and lower class passengers ran about in a panic. (6) . Women and children had a chance to cram into small boats at the last minute. (5) . The captain and other passengers could not abandon the ship. (3) . Actors and actresses reenacted the accident in an Academy Award movie. (5) . The story of the Titanic remains a sad and tragic chapter in our past. (5) Lesson5 25 | |EXERCISE A EXERCISE B 26 Part 1: Vowels (1) read the following letter aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced [z] words. Dear Dad, At last Carol and | are in San Francisco. (t's an absolutely fabulous city! ‘As we stand at the top of Telegraph Hill, we can see Alcatraz. We plan to catch a cable car and vieit Grant Avenue in Chinatown. After that, we'll grab a taxicab to the Japanese Gardens, Yesterday, we traveled to Napa Valley. We also passed through the National Fark. After San Diego, our last stop lo Disneyland in Los Angeles. California ie a fantastic state. We have lots of photographs and packages for the family. Well be back Saturday afternoon, January 15t. Love, Gladys PS. We need cash. Please send money as fast as you can! [EEE [EE Find a set of directions for something (for example, using an appliance, assembling an item). ‘le all words pronounced with [x]. Read the directions aloud to a partner. Ask your partner to repeat the directions back to you. Practice the words your listener has difficulty understanding. Practice, practice, practice, and you'll have [2] down pat![a] as in arm, hot, and Sather eerste) é) Lael cae] Lips: Completely apart in a “yawning” position Jaw: Lower than for any other vowel ‘Tongue: Flat, on the floor of the mouth Possible Pronunciation Problems Irregular English spelling patterns are the main reason you may have Pronunciation problems with the vowel [a]. The letter o in English is frequently pronounced [a], like the a in father. EXAMPLES If you say [ou] instead of [a]: not will sound like note: If you say [a] instead of [a]: not will sound like nut, If you say [9] instead of [a]: cot will sound like caught. Remember to open your mouth wider than for any other vowel when you pronounce [a]. ‘We're positive you'll soon be on top of [a]! EXERCISE A. Listen and repeat. [a] At the Beginning of Words _[al] In the Middle of Words on are honest top shop block odd = arch option cot wasp March arm oxen _—_ artist. lock watch rocket The vowel [a] does not occur at the end of words in English. [a] Spelled a ° want fox wallet hot dark spot father opera pardon follow“The letter o followed by b,d,9,p,t,0r ckis usually pronounced [al- robin rod log stop lot pocket The letter a followed by ris usually pronounced [a]. fam alam cart.—sStart_— are EXERCISE B Listen and repeat the following pairs of words. Be sure to open your mouth wider when producing the words with the [a] vowel. fal te] cop cap hot hat pot pat odd add mop map top tap log lag lock Jack cot cat solid salad EXERCISE C Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words all include the vowel [a]. 1, alarm clock stock market not far apart top to bottom cops and robbers Did Father park the car? Tt was hard to start the ear. ‘The doctor wants to operate. Honest politicians solve problems. My watch stopped at five o'clock. ween Sewn 28 Part 1: Vowels‘CHECK YOURSELF 1 CHECK YOURSELF 2 ‘CHECK YOURSELF 3 Listen and circle the one word in each group of three that is pronounced with [a]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, pages 274-275.) EXAMPLE Youhear not note nut Youcircle @) 2 3 hoa 2 3 24 2 3 34 2 3 4.1 2 3 Sn 2 3 6 1 2 3 71 2 3 & 1 2 3 9.01 2 3 10. 1 2 3 Imagine you are a photographer for a well-known magazine. Your assignment is to photograph animals whose names contain the vowel [a]. Listen and repeat. Circle the animal names that include the vowel [a]. ' leopard 2. cat crocodile elephant sea otter 3. fox tiger hippopotamus dolphin 4. iguana kangaroo lobster octopus 5. parrot rhinoceros ‘opossum lion (1) (E) nead the dialogue. Then work with a partner. Circle the words that contain the vowel [a]. Donna: T@and to talk to you Bob: Are you all right, Donna? Donna: Don't be alarmed. I saw Dr. Johnson at the hospital. You're going to be a father! Our new baby will be born in October. Bob: I'm in shock. How do you feel? Donna: I'm feeling on top of the world. I've got a list of names for the baby. Bob: If it’s a girl, let's call her Donna after her mom. Donna: Donna is fine for a middle name. How about Connie or Barbara for her first name? Bob: Fine, If it’s a boy, we'll name him Don, Lesson 6 29Donna: Better yet, if it's a boy, let's call him Bob after his father. If it’s a girl, we'll call her Barbara. Bob: Donna, maybe you want to name her Rhonda after your father’s sister. Then, if it's a boy, we can name him Ron. Donna: We don't want to forget your mother Carla. So, let’s call him Carl if its a boy. Bob: __[ think we ought to stop. This could go on and on. Donna: I's not really a problem. Now we have names for our first four darling babies. Bob: Donna, you've gone too far. One at a time is enough for this mom and pop. Donna or Don is a good start for now! [¥) Now practice reading the dialogue with a partner. Open your mouth wide when pronouncing [a] words. ade fois EXERCISE A (1) read aloud the paragraph about the Constitution. Pay attention to the [a] sound in the boldfaced words. cc | | i The Constitution The U.S. Constitution is the basis of our democracy. Much compromise was necessary before the Constitution was adopted. Some modifications to the Constitution caused problems that were resolved by forming two houses in Congress. The Supreme Court has final authority to explain the Constitution. It can void laws that conflict with any part of the Constitution. The U.S. Constitution has been constant but responsive to change. We thank our founding fathers, including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, for this remarkable document. —— EXERCISE [Dread the limerick aloud. Pay attention to the [a] sound in the boldfaced words. 30. Part 1: Vowels | A Farmer Named Bob Tom's father was a farmer named Bob, Who got very confused on the job, Among his misdeeds, Was mixing some seeds— His squash looked like corn on the cob!EXERCISE C Zristen toa segment of your favorite radio or TV news program. Listen specifically for words pronounced with [a]. List as many as you can. Write a short summary of the segment, including as many of the words on your list as possible. Bring your summary to class, and read it to a partner. Complete all the activities and you'll be on target with [al! Lesson6 31Retro] wv PRONOUNC! Contrast and Review of [et], [€], [ez], and [a] rch mMismeon. Nea al JAW LOWERS (MOUTH OPENS) English key words; ate game they fe] + [i] _.) GES =ler]l Eee English key words: egg pet head le] Pee ee English key words: at fat happy [el ay crocus e > foriaye 3 @ ee | ‘ English key words: arm hot father [al ree eee ieee Pier oy te (See eee es ee 32Listen and repeat, Feel your mouth open wider as you progress through the pronunciation of [er], [¢], [], and [a]. le le] fel {al Laid Ed add odd 2. rake wreck rack rock 3. paid ped pad pod 4. Nate net gnat not 5. pained penned panned pond 6. Thad a rake, Thada wreck. Thad a rack. Thad a rock. 7. Can you tape it? Can you tap it? Can you top it? 8, Do you know Jane? Do you know Jan? Do you know John? 9. The paste is gone. The pest is gone. The past is gone. 10, He took the bait. He took the bet. He took the bat. fet) [a] {al 11. I hate wearing a hat when it's hot. fe] fe] fal 12. The house at the lake lacks a lock. fal [el [ed] 13. Ron ran in the rain. @) fe] [e] 14, It’s odd that Ed can't add, (e} fed) fel 15. Dan, the Great Dane, sleeps in the den. | | Lesson? 33uw Possible Pronunciation Problems 0 semmenmennmnnns 1 t | i | | i } i Ro} 8 PRONOUNCING [ul] EXAMPLES [u] as in you, too, and rule and [U] as in cook and put Lips: Tense and in a “whistling” position Jaw: Almost completely raised ‘Tongue: High, near the roof of the mouth Pronunciation problems occur because of confusing English spelling patterns and the similarity of [u] and [v] (the sound to be discussed next). When you substitute [v] for [u]: pool becomes pull. suit becomes soot. Your lips should be tense and in a “whistling” position when you say [u]. [u] is a long sound; be sure to prolong it. You can do it! If you remember to protrude your lips when producing [ul], you'll never confuse “pull” with “pool”! te EXERCISE A 34 Listen and repeat. {ul In the Middle of Words food suit group pool truth ruler room goose__ school [u] At the End of Words do shoe threw new flew _ through you chew canoe The vowel [u] does not occur at the beginning of words in English: Exception: “ooze.”{u] Spelled 4a 00 ° ew ue rule cool ~— do. new due rude fool to drew blue June too who stew — clue tune noon =~ tombs knew _— glued. tuna. stool lose. = news__— avenue EE. frequent spelling pattems for [ul consist of the letters ui, ou, 0¢, eu, and ough. fruit group shoe ~—fieutenant through Et... letters 00 followed by /, m, or n are usually pronounced [ul. school boom moon When the letter u follows t, d.n,or s, some Americans pronounce it jul. “Tuesday duty. new suit BE nen speaking Enolish, Intemational students frequently forget to prolong the (ul vowel before EXERCISE B EXERCISE C ‘consonants. (Consonants are all the sounds that are not vowels.) Listen and repeat. The [u] vowel is prolonged before consonants. The dots in the following exercise are there to remind you to lengthen the [u}. new new... s (news) due due... s (dues) sue sue... d (sued) who who . .. m (whom) glue glue... d (glued) @ Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words all contain the vowel [u]. What's new? . Who is it? . How are you? }. loose tooth in the mood School will soon be through. You must chew your food. He proved he knew the truth. The group flew to New York in June. 10. Who ruined my new blue shoes? ye Nansen e Lessons 35CHECK YOURSELF Listen. Circle the number of the word with the vowel [ul. (For answers, see Appendix tl, page 275.) ExampLe Youhear © comb —cool_— call You circle 1 ® 3 La 2 3 241 2 3 31 2 3 a1 2 3 S12 3 61 2 3 71 2 3 81 2 3 a4 2 3 10. 1 2 3 EXERCISE A (CO) read aloud the paragraph about New Orleans. Pay attention to the {u] sound in the boldfaced words. New Orleans One of the most beautiful cities in the United States is New Orleans. This city on the bayou is full of unique sights and sounds. New Orleans offers good food and music. Famous chefs create soups and stews influenced by the Creole and Cajun communities. Jazz and the blues started in New Orleans with musicians like Loufs Armstrong. Tourists come to Mardi Gras dressed in costumes to look at the truly super homes on St. Charles Avenue. Whether you take a cruise down the Mississippi or choose fine dining spots, you should visit New Orleans in the future. EXERCISE B_ [El what are you in the mood to use? List the names of five things that contain the vowel [u]. Then work with a partner. Ask ‘each other, “What are you in the mood to use?” Respond with the things on your list. EXAMPLE A: What are you in the mood to use? B: I'm in the mood to use my new shoes. 36 Part 1: VowelsPRONOUNCING [vu] Lips: Relaxed and slightly parted Jaw: Slightly lower than for [u] Tongue: High, but lower than for [u] Remember NOT to protrude your lips and tense them as you would for fu]. {u] is a short, quick sound; your lips should barely move while saying it. Practice [vu] as you should, and you'll be understood! EXERCISE A Listen and repeat. Remember to relax your lips and jaw as you produce [u]. {u] In the Middle of Words cook shook foot full push brook book could hood good put sugar stood wood = woman look took cushion The vowel [vu] occurs only in the middle of words in English. {u] Spelled “ 00 ou pull wool could put wood would push book should bullet good pudding — cookie A less frequent spelling pattern for [ul is the letter 0. wolf woman Lesson8 37‘The letters 00 followed by d or k are usually pronounced [u}. hood geod wood book - look. cook ‘The letter u followed by sh is usually pronounced {ul bush push cushion EXERCISE B Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the [vu] sound in the boldfaced words. Look out! ‘Take a good look. . I's good-looking. He couldn't come. Should we go? Who took my book? Put the wood away. . He took a look at the crook. ). The woman stood on one foot. Could you eat ten sugar cookies? Svewrnauaena 1 CHECK YOURSELF | Listen carefully to the following sentences. Some words that should be pronounced with {v] will be said incorrectly, Circle Cif the pronunciation of the words in the sentence is correct. Circle / if the pronunciation of the words in the sentence is incorrect. (For answers, see Appendix Il, page 275.) ExamPLes Youhear _I was fool after eating. Youcircle C @ You hear The cushion is soft. You circle © 1 eer oaonnnn a0 oO Seen nus 38 Part 1: VowelsUe Mea Cola Ce EXERCISE A EXERCISE B (1) read aloud the paragraph about Little Red Riding Hood. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the vowel [v]. Remember to relax your lips as you say [vu]. Little Red Riding Hood One of our favorite childhood books is Little Red Riding Hood. Little Red Riding Hood walked through the woods to bring a basket of cooked. goods and sugar cookies to her grandmother. Meanwhile, a wolf came from behind the bushes into Grandmother's house. He put the poor woman in the closet. He put her clothes on, hoping Red Riding Hood would think he was Grandma. When Red Riding Hood stood at the door, she looked at the wolf. (Now, we all know that the wolf couldn’t “pull the wool over Red Riding Hood’s eyes.” Who wouldn’t recognize a wolf in a woman's clothing?) A hunter was walking through the woods, and he heard Red Riding Hood's screams. He shot a bullet and killed the wolf. Moral of the story: A wolf by any other name or clothing is still a wolf! SSeenneeset EE read the following sentences aloud. Fill in the blank with a phrase or word that is pronounced with [vl. Think of as many responses as you can for each blank. Share your sentences with a partner. EXAMPLE He is a good __cook T took a look at I wish I could The woman put ‘She should The butcher couldn't yoke Ne LESSON REVIEW: [ul AND [u] EXERCISE Listen and repeat, Remember to feel tension and protrude your lips when you repeat words that include the vowel [u] and to relax your muscies when you pronounce words that include the vowel {vl. tu wl 1. fool full 2. suit soot 3. Luke look 4. pool pull Lesson8. 3915. fu) stewed . [hate the black suit. She went to Luke. . [have no pool. . He's not a fool! . The beef stewed for an hour. fv] stood Ihate the black soot. She went to look. Thave no pull, He's not full! The beef stood for an hour, te] ful tw) fu] . Take a good look at Luke. {v] fu), Pull him from the pool. e) fu) . He has soot on his suit. fu) lv} . The fool was full of fun. (el tu) She stood and stewed about the problem. CHECKYOURSELF1 [T] pead the sentences aloud. Write the phonetic symbol [u] or [vl above each boldfaced word, (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, page 276.) 40 Part 1: Vowels EXAMPLE we # > ba = © {1 . There should be a C1 C] 0) . Students should read good fv] (uj Pull the raft from the pool. f] C] Too many cooks spoil the soup! {1 (] full moon. ion 0) 0] . Mr. Brooks is good looking. {) C] C] . June is a good month to move. Ci t] tl The butcher cooked a goose. f] C] 0] The news bulletin was misunderstood. C1] 0] Ci f) Did you choose a pair of new shoes? C1 ] tooth pulled. C} books. C1 [ C) Lucy had a loose . The a is fat of had balloons.CHECK YOURSELF 2 (i Listen and circle the number of the word that is different. EXAMPLE You hear fool fool full You circle 1 2 @ 11 203 21 2 3 Bi 02 3 41020 3 51 2 3 61 2 3 2102 3 &1 2 3 9102 3 11 2 3 CHECKYOURSELF3 [T) pead the paragraph about Houdini. Then read the paragraph again. Circle the words pronounced with [u] and underline the words pronounced with [vu]. Houdini HarryGfoudin)was a magician known f§roughoaDworld. He could remove himself from chains and ropes and could walk through walls! Houdini was born in Budapest, Hungary. He moved to New York when he was twelve and soon took up magic. Rumors spread that Houdini had supernatural powers. However, he was truthful and stated that his tricks could be understood by all humans! Houdini is an idol for all would-be magicians. (after checking your answers, practice reading the paragraph aloud again. Remember—your lips must be in a tense “whistling” position for [u] and in a relaxed n when pronouncing [vl]. Lessons 41MaRS eLS EXERCISE A EXERCISE B. 42 Part 1: Vowels TU) read two headline news stories from the front page of a newspaper. Circle all [u} and [u] words. Read aloud the sentences containing the circled words. Carefully pronounce the [u] and {v] vowel sounds. [EE] nead the dialogue aloud with a partner. Pay careful attention to the [u] and fu] words in boldfaced type. to bw) [o) fu) Lou: Good afternoon. Brooks Travel Group. Lou speaking. tl fu) fu) ful ww) Lucy: Hi, Lou. This is Lucy Fuller. I'm due for a trip and would like a io) i) w) few days away from my two children and my husband Drew! tw) (u] fu} I'd like to book a a for June. fl Lou: You shoud ty the newest ship, the “Stiper Crulser.” It sails down {0} 1) the Blue Paste 1 fly to the ship from New York on Tuesday, (o} (ul (te June Is 1 just took a ettulse on it, t00. It was truly super! fu) {tu {ulfu) Lucy: Is it true the rooms on cruises are usually small and soomy? Lou: No. The cabins are roomy and full of light. They all have beautiful a) views. tw) Lucy: aa rn food? ful tl Lou: The evoks prepare unique menus. There’s so much to choose from. fie) tv tu) That's why I usually lose a few pounds before the cruise. fu) fa) fl ts] Lucy: Besides eating, what do you do on a cruise? fu) fo) fa) fu) [e) [u) Lou: You will a full routine. There is a huge pool, and the crew fu) fu) fe}, will take good care of you You could relax on deck with a cool ful tu) drink, read a good book, watch a movie, or even take a snooze.fu) fu Lucy: I don’t want to be rude, but how much is the cruise? {o) {ul} {uJ (tu) {fu} Lou: Here's the good news. For June, the fares are reduced. Two can ta) cruise for the price of one. fa} tol ft) ty Lucy: Are you pulling my leg? This is too good to be true. Well, I'm tu to) [vl ow) Ww no fool. Who says a woman should leave her good-looking ol] wt ta] husband alone? Put us down for two. Drew and I will cruise the ful fl ful fw) beautiful Blue Danube in June! Practice [u] and [v] as you should and you will be understood! Lessons 43~. Possible Pronunciation Problems .. EXAMPLES ; Lips: Relaxed and slightly parted Jaw: Relaxed and slightly lowered ‘Tongue: Relaxed and midlevel in the mouth The vowel [a] may not exist in your language and may be difficult for you to hear and pronounce. It is easy to become confused by irregular English spelling patterns and to substitute sounds that are more familiar to you. If you say [a] instead of [a]: _ color will sound like collar. If you say [ov] instead of [a]: come will sound like comb. If you say [9] instead of [a]: done will sound like dawn. Remember, [4] is a short, quick sound. You shouldn't feel any tension, and your lips should barely move during its production. Just relax as you say [4] and you won't run into trouble! EXERCISE A 44 [a] At the Beginning of Words [A] In the Middle of Words en and repeat. us ugly onion hug much rough up other under won = must — month of uncle upper nut come —_ trouble coven does The vowel [a] does not occur at the end of words in English. [a] Spelled 7 u ° but love cut done sun some lucky mother funny MondayEa .. frequent spelling patterns for [a] consist of the letters ou, 00, 0€, and a. cy i EXERCISE B cousin trouble flood does was what a vowel that occurs only in stressed syllables of words. tt does not occur in unstressed syllables. Therefore, the following words are Pronounced with the unstressed vowel [a] (to be discussed in Lesson 13) rather than with [a]. a upon the soda alone alike suppose © campus Listen and repeat. The boldfaced words in the following phrases and sentences should all be pronounced with the vowel [4]. . Come in. . What does it mean? . bubble gum . once a month . Once is enough. cover up My uncle is my mother’s brother. . My cousin is my uncle’s son. . The gloves are such an ugly color. ). Come and have some fun in the sun. Seen ourwune 1 CHECK YOURSELF! [@ Listen. circle the word that you hear. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, pages 276-277.) EXAMPLES — [a] lal Guck) lock hut \ 1. cut cot 2. stuck stock 3. come calm 4. wonder wander 5. color collar 6. nut not 7. bum bomb 8. pup pop Lesson9 459. fund 10. shut fond shot (0 check your answers. Then read each pair of words aloud, Remember, when you pronounce the words with [4], your lips should be completely relaxed and should barely move. CHECKYOURSELF 2 {@} Listen.circle the one word in each group that is not pronounced with [}. EXAMPLE 1 Rene Sp wen aw once lovely funny something wonder ugly open trouble come locker once color cups dozen collar peanut muddy modem bunny stood. stuff stump stuck lucky brother just lock Monday month Tuesday Sunday comb coming cutting country cover over oven other rust must rot nothing CHECKYOURSELF 3 [@@) [| Listen to the dialogue. Then work with a partner. Circle the words pronounced with the vowel [4]. Practice reading the dialogue together. 46 Part 1: Vowels Gus: Justine: Gus: Justine: Gus: Justine: Gus: Justine: Gus: Justine: Very worried. I just had a Tun of tough luck. Why, what’s up? My bus got stuck in the mud, and I lost some money. I should carry something for luck! Yes. Here's some other advice. Never walk under ladders. And run from black cats. They're nothing but trouble! Oh, Gus. You must be a nut! Do you really believe such mumbo jumbo? Don't make fun, Justine. Customs come from many countries. You must know some others! Well, the number 13 is unlucky, And a blister on the tongue means someone is lying! Right! But you can have good luck, too. Discover a fourleaf clover or find bubbles in your coffee cup and you'll get a sum of money. OK, Gus. Maybe I'll have some luck this month. Knock on wood!More Practice EXERCISE A EXERCISE 8 TU read the recipe aloud. Remember that all the boldfaced words should be pronounced with [4]. Recipe for Fudge Brownies Everyone loves mother’s fudge brownies. Just follow these easy-to-understand instructions, and the brownies will come out wonderfully! ‘You'll need: One cup flour One cup sugar ‘Two country fresh eggs One-half cup butter One cup nuts Half-dozen tablespoons cocoa One package chocolate fudge frosting mix One package tiny marshmallows Melt butter over low heat in double-boiler, uncovered. Beat eggs and sugar until color is clear; add butter and cocoa. Stir in flour just until smooth. Mix in nuts. Pour into ungreased. eight-inch-square pan. Turn oven up to three hundred degrees and bake one-half hour or until done. Cover with marshmaliows. Leave in oven until marshmallows are runny. Once it is cool to the touch, top with fudge icing. Gut up into squares. Yum-yum! ) Read the limerick aloud to a partner. Be sure to. pronounce the boldfaced words with [4] correctly. [ A Man from Kentucky | Aman from Kentucky named Bud, | Had a lucky young racehorse named Jud, | "When he bet on his horse, Bud won money, of course, But one day Jud got stuck in the mud! | i | Now work together to write a limerick with words that include the vowel [a]. Just relax as you say [1], and you won't run into trouble with [s]. And may good luck be yours! Lesson9 47een sci [OU] as in oh, no, and boat PRONOUNCING [ou] Lips: Tense and very rounded Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes slightly ‘Tongue: Glides from midlevel to near the roof of the mouth [ov] is a diphthong. A diphthong is a compound vowel sound made by blending two vowels together very quickly. The diphthong [ou] begins with [0] and ends with [v} Possible Pronunciation Problems... [ Once again, your pronunciation problems with this sound occur because of confusing English spelling patterns and similarities with other vowel sounds. EXAMPLES If you say [a] instead of [ov}: coat will sound like cut. | If you say [9] instead of [ov]: bold will sound like bald. | If you say [a] instead of [ou]: note will sound like not. | When producing the diphthong [ov], round your lips into the shape of the letter 0. [ov] is a long sound; be sure to prolong it. Listen and practice and know your [ov] will be OK! EXERCISE A (@ isten and repeat. [ov] At the Beginning of Words [ou] In the Middle of Words [ov] At the End of Words oat odor oval boat roam spoke go sew snow own only open both Joan soul no ago hello oak over ocean coast known — don't so show though old nose toe[ou] Spelled ° oa ow oe ou no soap know toe ~— dough rope goat owe hoe though vote loan grow —goes_— shoulder home foam throw fold load bow! When 0 is in a syllable ending in silent ¢, the letter 9 is pronounced [ou] (the same as the name of the alphabet letter 0). phone note home rope The letters oa are usually pronounced [ov]. coal boat roasting toaster _ The letter o follovied by Ids usually Gidanece foul e “cold: ‘old soldier “told \ _ When speaking English, many international students frequently forget © Briong the -diphthong | [ov] before consonants. EXERCISE B @ Listen and repeat, Remember that the diphthong [ou] is a prolonged sound. The dots in the following exercise are there to remind you to lengthen it. toe toe... s (toes) sew sew... s (sews) grow grow... .§ (grows) know know ...n (known) blow, blow... n (blown) EXERCISE C Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the [ou] sound in the boldfaced words, . Leave me alone! . I suppose so. . only joking |. Hold the phone. . open and close . at a moment's notice . Tony Jones broke his toe. . Don’t go down the old road. . Repeat the [ov] words slowly over and over! 10. No one knows how old Flo is. CEN AVeone Lesson 10 49CHECK YOURSELF 1 CHECK YOURSELF 2 CHECK YOURSELF 3 50 Part 1: Vowels Listen and circle the word that you hear. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, pages 277-278.) foul fs] EXAMPLES come tet 1. phone fun 2. bone bun 3. roam/Rome rum 4. boast bust/bused 5, tone ton 6. coat cut 7. wrote rut 8. hole/whole hull 9. rogue rug 10. most must/mussed (1) check your answers. Then read each pair of words aloud. Be sure to prolong the diphthong fou}. [1 read the names of the following household items. Circle the items pronounced with the diphthong [ou]. 1 frying pan bookcase freezer 2. clock telephone faucet radio 3. stove sofa Jawn mower table 4, doorknob window television coatrack 5, can opener mixing bowl clothes dryer iron EE check your answers. Then imagine that the items with names containi 9 the [ou] sound are broken. Work with a partner. Tell each other,“The is broken.” Be sure to prolong the sound of [ov]. example “The toaster is broken.” ns & Read the dialogue. Then work with a partner. Circle all the words containing the diphthong [ou]. joe: (Rose) lets Goon a trip. We need to be Glons) Rose: OK, Joe. Where should we go? Joe: 1 know! We'll go to Ohio. Rose: Great! We'll visit my Uncle Roland.Joe: No, it’s too cold in Ohio. We'll go to Arizona. Rose: Fine, We'll stay with your Aunt Mona! Joe: No, it’s too hot in Arizona. Let's go to Rome. Rose: Oh, good! You'll meet my Cousin Tony. Joe: No, no, no!! We won't go to Rome, Let's go to Nome, Alaska. We don’t know anyone there!! Rose: You won't believe it, but I have an old friend .. . Joe: Hold it, Rose, we won't go anywhere! I suppose we'll just stay home. Check your answers to make sure you circled all the words containing the hthong [ou]. Practice reading the dialogue aloud with your partner. EXERCISE A di EE] what dont you know? List five things. Be sure your responses each contain words with the diphthong [ov]. Then work with a partner. Ask each other “What don’t you know?” Answer with the things on your list. EXAMPLE A: What don't you know? B: I don't know (if Joe will go alone/how I'll get home/when Tony wrote the note . . .) EXERCISE B TH read the timericks aloud. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the boldfaced words with the [ou] sound. A Young Lady Named Joan Moe loved a young lady named Joan. But she spent all her time on the phone. | Though Moe did propose, It was voicemail Joan chose. So they each lived their lives out, alone. A Fellow Named Joe There once was a fellow named Joe. Who wore yellow wherever he'd go. His clothes were so bright You'd know him on sight. He glowed from his head to his toe. | i | ea Practice [ov] over and over and your [ov] will be OK! Lesson 10 51Lips: In a tense oval shape and slightly protruded Jaw: Open more than for [ou] ‘Tongue: Low, near the floor of the mouth .«» Possible Pronunciation Problems r ~] i The vowel [o] is another troublemaker: Confusing English spelling patterns can cause you to substitute more familiar vowels. | examptes If you say [a] instead of [2]: caller will sound like collar. | Ifyou say [ov] instead of [2]: bought will sound like boat. if you say [a] instead of fo]: bought will sound like but. Listen carefully and your pronunciation of [2] will improve. Remember to protrude your lips and drop your jaw as you say [0]. i | | | | EXERCISE A [Listen and repeat. [p] At the Beginning of Words Ip] In the Middle of Words [p] At the End of Words all awful always boss wrong taught awe flaw thaw off often August. fall broad across raw = draw straw also ought —_ audience song bought naughty Taw claw jaw f1 Sy ° a aw au dog fall jaw —attto toss call = awn —_ fault lost mall dawn cause long salt drawn taught offer stall awful auction 52broad cough thought EEE... frequent spelling patterns for [3] consist of the letters o@ and ou. cy. letter 0 followed by ff.ng, and ss is usually pronounced fo]. EXERCISE B EXERCISE C offer off long strong. _loss___tossing The letters aw are usually pronounced [9]. lawn draw awful The letter a followed by Ik, It, and Id is usually pronounced fo]. ball talk salt bald Listen and repeat the pairs of words. When you pronounce the [2] words, remember to protrude your lips. I I uu fo] fa] bl fou] bl fa] 1. dog dug saw so for far 2. dawn done law low stalk stock 3. long lung tall toll taught tot 4. cough cuff bald bold caught cot 5. bought but bought boat caller collar Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the vowel [5]. . call it off . call it quits . call the shots all talk walk all over . It’s all wrong. . Is Paul’s hair long or short? How much does coffee cost? What is the reward for the lost dog? 10. Did you make a long-distance call to Boston, Albany, or Baltimore? ~PeEnoueune Lesson 11 53CHECK YOURSELF 1 CHECK YOURSELF 2 CHECK YOURSELF 3 54 Part 1: Vowels Listen. You will hear two sentences. Circle the letter of the sentence that contains a word with the vowel [0]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, page 278.) example Youhear (a) It'sinthe hall. _(b) It’s in the hole. You circle (b) L@ © 2 @ ©) 3. @ ) 4. @ ) 5. (a) (b) isten to the following sentences. Some words that should be pronounced with [o] will be pronounced incorrectly. Circle C for correct or / for incorrect. exampues You hear She played with the small child. You circle (©) 1 You hear Please sew the piece of wood. Youcircle C (@) we eran ene eanannan 8408 10. (U read the dialogue. Circle the words pronounced with the vowel [2]. Audrey: Hi,Gaula)Did you hear the @vfa)news? Mlauds)called off her wedding to Claude! Paula: Why, Audrey? I thought they were getting married in August. Audrey: Maude kept stalling and decided Claude was the wrong man. Paula: Poor Claude. He must be a lost soul. Audrey: Oh, no. He's abroad in Austria having a ball! Paula: almost forgot. What about the long tablecloth we bought them?Audrey: — I already brought it back. The cost of the cloth will cover the cost of our lunch today. Paula: Audrey, you're always so thoughtful! ESE check to make sure you circled the words with the vowel [0]. Practice reading the dialogue aloud with a partner. EXERCISE A TL read aloud the following story of the Gettysburg Address. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the vowel [>]. Remember to drop your jaw when you say fol. EEA ncn followed by i, the sound of the vowel [a] changes slightly. EXERCISE B | The Story of the Gettysburg Address “Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” Four months after the Gettysburg Civil War battle was fought, President Abraham Lincoln delivered these immortal words in the Gettysburg Address, He talked to an audience of more than fourteen thousand to dedicate this battlefield to those unfortunate soldiers who had lost their lives for the cause. He stood talll and gave a short but strong oration. Many stories about the Address are false. Lincoln did not write it on a train right before he arrived. He worked on it in his office, as authors often do. He also made at least four revisions. Nor was there | a lukewarm response to the speech. From the start, people were awed by his words, and according to newspaper reports, his speech was lauded. Almost alll of us recall being taught these famous words in school. His thoughts seem as authentic today as they were long ago. (rind an advertisement for a department store. List the names of ten items in the ad. Bring the ad and your list to class. Exchange lists with a partner, but keep your ad, Ask the prices of items on each other's lists, using the phrase “How much do/does the {s) cost?” Use your ads to answer. EXAMPLE A: How much does the toaster cost? B: It costs $19.99. Remember you ought to protrude your lips and drop your jaw whenever you try to produce the sound [0]! Practice often! Lesson 1 5556 [Recrrey aT PRONOUNCING [a], [ou], [9], AND [a] Contrast and Review of [a], [ov], [9], and [a] JAW LOWERS (MOUTH OPENS) English key words: up but come [a] English key words: oh boat no Moot recy parted. fo] + {ul L freee cc 7 a English key words: fo] English key words: arm hot father fa} all boss caught BUpec tne ie emirates ela cette Pier each eles tree nical cose Re ee y cet ree ra ite eerie Gree tea arseEXERCISE A Listen and repeat. Feel your mouth open wider pronunciation of [4], (oul,[ol, and [a] words, / fl fou] 1. cut coat 2. nut note 3. mud mode 4, fund phoned 5. Chuck choke 6. The dog bucks. 7. Here's anut. Here's a note. 8. Its in the hull. It’s in the hole. 9. Don't suck it. Don't soak it, 10. Was it sewed? EXERCISE B boldfaced words. fa] [a] bo) 1, Don was done at dawn. f a8 YoU progress through the fo] [a] caught cot naught not Maude mod fawned fond chalk chock The dog balks. ‘The dog barks. Here's a knot. It's in the hall, Don't sock it. ‘Was it sawed? fo] [ou] bol Gl 2. Maude mowed the lawn in the mud. [a] fou) 3. Bud bought a boat. &] [ov] [a] 4, She caught her coat on the cot. by bl [a 5. The caller’s collar is a nice Gor. Was it sod? (1) read each sentence aloud. Pay attention to the [4], [ov], [9], and [a] sounds in the Lesson 12 57[a] as in a, upon, and soda PRONOUNCING [2] ‘The schwa vowel [2} is a very short, quick sound. Your lips should be completely relaxed and barely move during its production. [a] is the sound that results when ANY vowel in English is unstressed in a word. The vowels in all unstressed syllables almost always sound like [3]. Any letter or combination of letters can represent the schwa [2]. po Possible Pronunciation Problems | In most languages, vowels are pronounced clearly and distinctly. The schwa [0] does not exist. In English, unstressed vowels should receive much less force than other vowels in the word. In order to speak fluent English, you must unstress or | reduce any vowels that are NOT in accented syllables of words. Vowel reduction L to [a] is not sloppy speech. It is an important feature of spoken English. Jenene EXERCISE A [@biisten and repeat. Notice how the syllable with the [2] vowel receives less stress than the other syllables in the word. [2] At the Beginning of Words [2] In the Middle of Words [0] At the End of Words ago upon agony relative soda famous away contain holiday _ seventy sofa lemon along _ asleep company telephone zebra cousin amaze suppose buffalo photograph reason circus [2] Spelled a e ° um arrive oven liquid occur upon. ashamed open humid obtain suppose asleep cement capital. ‘lemon _—_ circus away jacket typical lesson — column. signal belief cousin contain support Other spellings of [2] include eo, oi, iow, io, and ai. pigeon famous delicious. nation —_certain 58The schwa [2] can occur more than once and can be represented by different letters in the same word. EXERCISE B CHECK YOURSELF 1 CHECK YOURSELF 2 president elephant. —_ accident Listen and repeat. Be sure to pronounce the syllable with [2] with less force than other syllables. - How are you today? . See you tonight. . See you tomorrow. . Don’t complain. . L suppose so. . I suppose it’s possible. . Consider my complaint. . Complete today’s lesson. . Don't complain about the problem. 10. My cousin will arrive at seven. eenaneune (@) tisten and circle the schwa vowel [2] in each word. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, page 279.) example tel@graph lalphabet 6prevent 2.utilize 7.imitate 3.depending 8.breakfast 4.photograph 9.control 5.papa 10.alarm TL read atoud each group of four words. Circle the ‘one word in each group that does Not contain [2]. EXAMPLE soda finally agree 1. about oven create olive 2, minute second seven _leaving 3. after attend allow annoy 4, something support supply __ suppose 5. combine complete camper —_ compare Lesson 13 596. Canada Russia. = Norway Colombia 7. Javender maroon _-—yellow-—orange 8 strawberry banana —vanilla__—_chocolate 9. lettuce tomato carrot cucumber 10. giraffe zebra monkey camel CHECKYOURSELF 3 [Z) pead the words aloud, Each word contains Two unstressed syllables. Circle the schwa [2] vowels in BOTH unstressed syllables of each word. EXAMPLES ma g@c@l el@ph@nt . favorite principal J assistance medical attendance evidence offended . diploma ween anew nn apartment 10. Canada More Practice EXERCISE A [read aloud the verses from the poem “Annabel Lee,” by Edgar Allen Poe. Remember, the underlined schwa [>] vowels receive less stress than other vowels. from “Annabel Lee” Edgar Allen Poe It was many and many a year ago in a kingdom by the sea That a maiden there lived whom you may know By the name of Annabel Lee, And this maiden she lived with no other thought Than to love and be loved by me. Twas a child and she was a child, in this kingdom by the sea But we loved with a love that was more than love Land my Annabel Lee, With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven coveted her and me. 60 Part 1: VowelsBERCSES And this was the reason that long ago, in this kingdom by the sea, A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling my beautiful Annabel Lee, So that her highborn kinsman came and bore her away from me, To shut her up in a sepulcre in this kingdom by the sea, And neither the angels in heaven above Nor the demons down under the sea, Can ever dissever my soul from the soul Of the beautiful Annabel Lee. EE] names of ten of the Presidents of the United States are listed on the left, On the right are listed the names of ten states in the United States. Look up the birth states of each of the presidents in an encyclopedia or on the Internet. Match the president on the left with the correct state on the right. Then work with a partner. Ask each other where each president was born. Pay attention to the underlined schwa [3] sound, EXAMPLE A: Where was Thomas Jefferson born? B: Thomas Jefferson was born in Virginia. President —b_ 1. Thomas Jefferson —— 2. Lyndon Johnson ——— 3. Bill Clinton —— 4. Harry Truman ——— 5. Gerald Ford —— 6. Richard Nixon 7. Ronald Reagan 8. Andrew Jackson ——— 9 Abraham Lincoln 10. John Kennedy State a. Kentucky b. Virginia ©. California d. Ilinois e. Massachusetts £ Texas g. Nebraska h. Arkansas i. South Carolina i. Missouri Spend a few minutes every day practicing the schwa, and progress is possible! Answers to More Practice Exercise B 2-016 T'8P'L Sos sloUEsT at Lesson 13 61[3] as in turn, first, and serve and [2] as in father and actor ETSI | 4 PRONOUNCING [3] Lips: Protruded and slightly parted Jaw: Slightly lowered Tongue: Midlevel in the mouth [2] is a sound that occurs only in stressed syllables of words. Possible Pronunciation Problems ——. ‘The vowel [s'] does not exist in most languages. Just remember that [3] always receives strong emphasis and is found only in stressed syllables. Tt is produced Be sure to practice and you'll be certain to learn [sh } | | with slightly protruded lips and tense tongue muscles | | J EXERCISEA (@ iste and repeat. [3] At the Beginning of Words [=] In the Middle of Words [s] At the End of Words urge early um curve fur prefer herb urban word learn sir stir eam earnest verb circus her purr earth — irk third Thursday occur defer [=] Spelled ir ur er bird hurt fern girl curl term firm curb stern third purple German circle turkey servant 62Less frequent spelling patterns for [1] consist of the letters ear, our,and or. heard journey work EXERCISE B Listen and repeat. The boldfaced words in the following phrases and sentences all include the vowel [2. turn it off heard the words slow as a turtle first things first a turn for the worse . left work early The early bird catches the worm. The girl saw the circus first. The servant served dessert. Inma had her thirty-third birthday. Noy ken Sop 1 cHeckyourselF [¥] ‘The boldfaced words in the following sentences contain the vowel [+]. Work with a partner. Read the following sentences aloud, filling in each blank with a word from the box. (For answers, see Appendix II, page 279.) purse perfume curly church _ bird work desserts turkey verbs skirt . The girl wore a purple . The Germans bake good . At Thanksgiving we serve . [heard the chirping of the . Another word for handbag is 1 2. 3. 4. Some people worship in a 5 6. . A permanent makes your hair ; . I prefer the scent of that 7 8 9. You should learn your nouns and 0. A person collects unemployment when he is out of Lesson 14. 63,eee kets EXERCISE ( read aloud the paragraph about turkeys. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the boldfaced words with the [3] sound. The Turkey Everyone learns about the early settlers who journeyed to America. These Pilgrims celebrated their first Thanksgiving feast with the famous turkey. One Native American name for turkey is “firkee,” and this may have been how the bird got its name. Turkey is always served for ‘Thanksgiving dinner on the fourth Thursday in each November, but it is | certain to please on other occasions. Age will determine the taste of a turkey. An older male or younger “girl” turkey is preferred, Turkeys are | nourishing and can be turned into versatile meals. There is some work | involved in cooking a turkey, but it is worth the trouble. The world concurs that Americans prepare the most superb turkeys. PRONOUNCING [2:] It is difficult to hear the difference between [2-] and [s] when these sounds are produced in isolation. However, [a*] is produced with much less force and occurs only in unstressed syllables. aaa Possible Pronunciation Problems...» ae — —— [2] does not exist in most languages. The position of the lips and jaw is the same as for [3], but the tongue muscles are completely relaxed. [3] never receives strong emphasis and is found only in unstressed syllables. | ns EXERCISE A Listen and repeat. Be sure to emphasize [>] less than the other vowels in words. [a] In the Middle of Words [a] At the End of Words liberty butterfly baker sooner perhaps _ flowerpot butter teacher surprise understood mirror deliver mother weather ‘The vowel [2"] does not occur at the beginning of words. 64 Part 1: Vowels[a Spell led ar or or ure sugar after color_—nature dollar paper actor__picture collar father flavor _feature regular farmer doctor _failure grammar silver razor measure The major spellings of [2] are ar,er, and or when the sound occurs in the middle or at the ends of words. ‘ sugar advertise summer colorful - doctor EXERCISE B Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. Pay attention to the boldfaced words that include the [2] sound, Remember that syllables with the sound [2"] are unstressed and should be pronounced with much less force than other syllables in the same word. . sooner or later . Measure the sugar. . better late than never . Water the flowers. . Consider the offer. . The actor was better than ever. . Was the afternoon paper delivered? . The razor is sharper than the scissors. Summer is warmer than winter. A wonderful picture is showing at the theater. BeMmyaueune CHECK YOURSELF [1] Read the words aloud. Circle the words that are Pronounced with [>]. (For answers, see Appendix Ii, page 280.) EXAMPLE cre) shirt afternoor Lreturn supper purple 2. enter curtain dirty 3. third backward inform 4. nurse soldier pleasure 5.silver weather —Saturday Lesson 14 65epee sis EXERCISE TU read aloud the paragraph about Mother Goose, Remember Nor to stress the [2] sound. Mother Goose Mother Goose was supposed to be an older lady who told popular | rhymes to younger children. Printers and publishers put together these | familiar rhymes. Some were finger plays such as “Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor, rich man, poor man, beggar man, thief!” Many remember such | | favorites as “Little Jack Horner sat in a corner eating his Christmas pie.” ) ‘The king of England’s steward was called Jack Horner. He was a | messenger who may have delivered a Christmas pie with hidden papers | baked inside. Whether or not we believe these colorful tales, we know | that nursery rhymes are wonderfull! | Bea EPye EXERCISE Listen and repeat. The words in the three columns contain both the [=] and [21] sounds. The first syllable of each word should be pronounced with much more stress than the second syllable. murder firmer Herbert curler server furniture surfer burner merger CHECKYOURSELF1 [1] pead aloud the following phrases and sentences. identify the [+] and [2] sounds. Write the sounds above the syllables. Remember the [3'] sound is stressed and the [2] sound is unstressed. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix II, page 280.) (i) 1, silver um (1 03 2. dangerous curve U1 01 3. sermon in church [1] 4, regular exercise tu) 0) 5. grammar teacher C] Cit] () 6. The grammar teacher worked on verbs. 66 Part 1: VowelsC] C) C1 7, One good turn deserves another, C1 t] 0) 8, Birds of a feather flock together. C) C] 9. Actions speak louder than words. C1 Ct] C1 {] C1. 10. Actors perform better after rehearsing. GHECKYOURSELF2 CU) pead the following paragraph about pears carefully. Underline words pronounced with [21 and circle words pronounced with [>]. Pearls The pearl is one of the world’s most inside the shells of oysters. The largest p ms. Pearls are formed sheries are in Asia. Cultured pearls were developed by the Chinese in the twentieth century. They are larger than nature’s pearls. A perfect pearl that is round and has great luster is worth a lot of money. Perhaps “diamonds are a girl's best friend,” but pearls will always win a woman's favor! Check your answers to see if you underlined all the words pronounced with [+] and circled words pronounced with [2 ]. Practice reading the paragraph again. EXERCISE A [El work with a partner. Complete the dialogue together by choosing one word in each set of parentheses. Practice reading the dialogue aloud together. Pay attention to the words with the [=] and [2] sounds. Bert: Hello, Mrs. Kirk. I'm here to buy a birthday present for my (sister/brother/daughter). (Her/his) name is (ma/Curtis). I think (he/she) would like a new (sweater/skirt/shirt) ‘Mrs. Kirk: We have a wonderful selection. Tell me, Bert, what is (her/his) favorite color? Bert: (fema/Curtis) loves (purple/turquoise/amber). I like that (sweater/skirt/shirt) over there. Mrs. Kirk: Do you know (her/his) size? Bert: Well, (Irma/Curtis) is (taller/shorter) than you and a little (heavier/thinner). Lesson 14 67EXERCISE B 68 Part 1: Vowels Mrs. Kirk: I just remembered that I have (Irma’s/Curtis's) measurements on file. I will order the (sweater/skirt/shirt) today, and you should have it by ‘Thursday. Bert: Perfect. (Her/His) birthday is on Saturday, September Ist. By the way, I like that (purse/pearl necklace/perfume). I'll give my younger daughter a gift as well. Mrs. Kirk: (Irma/Curtis) certainly has a generous (brother/father). Bert: Well, one good turn deserves another. My birthday is coming up on (October/November/December) 3rd. You could do me a favor. Tell (her/him) you heard I like those (silver/copper) cufflinks! [EE] Make a list of all the occupations you can think of that are pronounced with [=] oF [2'] (doctor, dancer, clerk). Then work with a partner. Practice pronouncing the ‘occupations in the context of sentences. EXAMPLES Mr, Rogers is a wonderful dancer. I saw my doctor yesterday. Learn to say [3] and [2], and your pronunciation of many words will sound better than ever!fiery ie) [au] as in out, house, and cow PRONOUNCING [au] Lips: Glide from an open position Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes ‘Tongue: Glides from low to high near the roof of the mouth [av] is a diphthong. A diphthong is a compound vowel sound made by blending two vowels together very quickly, [av] begins with [a] and ends with [vu]. y= Possible Pronunciation Problems .......——-— [av] should be easy for you to pronounce if you remember it is a diphthong, which is a combination of two vowel sounds. [av] is a combination of the sounds {a] and [vu]. Be sure your lips glide from a wide, open position to a closed one, or you might simply be pronouncing the vowel [a] Examptes If you say [2] instead of [av]: pound will sound like pond. down will sound like Don. [au] is always represented by the letter o followed by u, w, or ugh. L You won't have many doubts about which words include the sound [au]! EXERCISE A Listen and repeat. [av] At the Beginning of Words _[au] In the Middle of Words [au] At the End of Words owl ounce ourselves loud mouse mountain cow allow out outlet outside down vowel pronounce how _ plough hour outfit outline crowd flower scout now [av] Spelled ou ow foul town sour crown cloud power thousand eyebrow announce clown 69Alles frequent spelling pattem for [aul consists of the letters ough, bough EXERCISE B EXERCISE C drought plough Listen and repeat. When producing words with the diphthong [au], be sure to glide your articulators from [a] to [u]. und pound shout proud doubt al bond pond shot prod dot Listen and repeat the following phrases and sentences. The boldfaced words should be pronounced with the diphthong [au). wp enrauswne How are you? How about it? round and round I doubt it! hour after hour around the house . Pronounce the vowel sounds. . Don’t shout out loud in the house. . The ball bounced out of bounds. 10. Howard is proud of his town. CHECK YOURSELF 1 Circle the word in each group of four that does NOT contain the diphthong [au]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix Il, pages 280-281.) 70 Part 1: Vowels EXAMPLE bounce brown, foul know sour could thought ava wn round, down group how hour count plough found flow shout now tour crown, drought frown, Joud cow our crowd, thousand7. ounce out own ouch 8. flounder flood flour pounce 9. allow about power arose 10, noun consonant vowel sound GHECKYOURSELF2 [Ll] pead the following dialogue. Circle the words that contain the diphthong [av]. Mr. Brown: Mrs. Brown: Mr. Brown: Mrs. Brown: Mr. Brown: Mrs, Brown: Mr. Brown: Mrs. Brown: Mr. Brown: Mrs. Brown: You look Gudof sorts. (low) come? I'm tired out. Didn't you hear the loud noise outside all night? I didn’t hear a sound. I was out like a light! Our neighbors had a big crowd; they were shouting and howling! Why didn’t you tell them to stop clowning around? I didn’t want to sound like a grouch. Next time T'll go out, I'm not afraid to open my mouth. Tknew I could count on you. Here comes our noisy neighbor, Mr. Crowley, right now. Sorry, dear, I have to go downtown, Now! Come back, you coward! [3 check to make sure you circled all the words pronounced with the diphthong [au]. Then read the dialogue with a partner. eget ile EXERCISEA TL read the poem aloud, Be sure to pronounce the boldfaced words containing the diphthong [av] correctly. The Hungry Owl Anonymous The owl looked down with his great round eyes At the lowering cloud and the darkening skies. “A good night for scouting,” says he, “A mouse or two may be found on the ground Ora fat little bird in a tree.” So down he flew from the old church tower, The mouse and birdie crouch and cower, Back he flies in an hour, “A very good supper,” says he. Lesson 15 71EXERCISE B 72. Part 1: Vowels EE] work with a partner. Practice pronouncing the phrases in the box. down and out three’s a crowd. Joud mouth count on you eats around the bush _a wallflower throw in the towel paint the town red Now take turns making statements and responses, completing each response with a phrase from the box. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the boldfaced words containing the diphthong [av]. 1. Statemer Response: 2. Statement: Response: 3. Statement: Response: 4, Statement: Response: 5. Statement: Response: 6. Statement: Response: 7. Statement: Response: 8 Statement: Response: Howard is always shouting and attracting attention. Sounds like he's a ‘Mr. Crowley has lost all his money. Sounds like he’s Tim wouldn't leave my spouse and me alone last night. Sounds like We may not be able to attend your house party. Sounds like we won't Betty stayed in the corner for hours at the party. Sounds like she’s The accountant talks on and on and never gets to the point. Sounds like she My housekeeper wants to quit. Sounds like he is ready to Paulo is going out to party and dance all night. Sounds like he wants to Practice [av] out loud, and you will have few doubts about the sound [au]!a fee) AKG) [at] as in I, my, and pie PRONOUNCING [ai] Lips: Glide from an open to a slightly parted position Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes Tongue: Glides from low to high near the roof of the mouth [ar] is a diphthong. A diphthong is a compound vowel sound made by blending two vowels together very quickly. The diphthong [ar] begins with [a] and ends with (1). y= Possible Pronunciation Problems The diphthong [ar] should be quite easy for you to pronounce. Just watch out for irregular spelling patterns, Remember that [ai] is frequently represented | by the letters i or y EXAMPLES ice my Keep trying. Your [a1] will be quite fine, | EXERCISEA F@) Listen and repeat. [ar] At the Beginning of Words [ar] In the Middle of Words [ar] At the End of Words eyell item idea bite/byte fight kind by/buylie/lye sigh ice aisle icon five rhyme time/thyme cry rye apply Tm island ivory mind while height die/dye try deny Tve sign tie [at] Spelled i y ie igh I my die high ice fly pie _— sight fire why tie night bite type cries delight nice style fried frighten 73The letter / followed by gh, Id, or nd is usually pronounced fail. sight wild find When /is in a syllable ending in silent e, the letter /is pronounced [a1] (the same as the alphabet letter). bite fine refinement confine EXERCISE B Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the diphthong [ar]. Hil! Nice to meet you. Ym fine. What time is it? Nice try! Rise and shine! The store is open from nine to five. . Ll buy the item if the price is right. . Ym trying to type it by tonight. 10, My driver’s license expires in July. PRIA RYN CHECKYOURSELF1 [1] pead the words aloud. Circle the word in each group that does NoT contain the diphthong [ail. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix Il, page 281.) EXAMPLE pie line Gch) rice 1. price crime pity pile 2. mind kind spinning _ finding 3. sign high fright freight 4. list cite aisle cried 5. eyp bye ay reply 6. niece nice knife night 7. style failed filed fire i 8. pretty try resign good-bye \ 9. ice eye aim aisle } 10, flight fine duty dying 74 Part 1: VowelsCHECKYOURSELF 2 [Zl pead the dialogue. Practice it with a partner, Circle all the words that contain the | diphthong [ai]. Mike: (fi) Giyra) It's Ged to see you. Likewise, Mike. How are you? Tm tired. I just came in on a night flight from Ireland. : What time did your flight arrive? : Tarrived at five forty-five in the morning. : I'm surprised the airlines have a late-night flight. f you don't mind, Myra, I think I'll go home and rest for a while. I'm really wiped out! ‘Myra: Why, Mike, I have a whole night lined up—dining out and going night- clubbing! Mike: Myra, are you out of your mind? Myra: I'm only joking. You're going right home. Sleep tight! More Practice | EXERCISE A TO read the paragraph aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the diphthong [ai]. Lying! Psychologists say that lying well is a special talent that is not easily acquired. Good liars can be quite likeable, have a charming style, and can look you right in the eye. Lie-detector tests are used about 1 million times a year by private companies, police departments, and even the CIA. | Some people insist that lie-detector tests are reliable. However, many experts find that lie-detectors can be fooled by biting one’s tongue. From the beginning of time, people have tried to detect lies. In ancient India, | suspected liars were sent by themselves into a hut without any light. They were instructed to pull the tail of a donkey in the hut. They were told the donkey would cry out if the person pulling its tail was lying. They had no idea that the donkey's tail was covered in soot. The real liars were identified because they had no soot on their hands when they came out of the hut! Lesson 16 75EXERCISE B (0) read“Going to St. Ives” aloud. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the boldfaced words with the diphthong [a1]. Then answer the question in the last line. Going to St. Ives | As Iwas going to St. Ives |. Tmet a man with nine wives, | Each wife had nine sacks Each sack had nine cats Each cat had nine kits Kits, cats, sacks, wives. How many were going to St. Ives? EXERCISE C (Zl ist five ‘things that you like. The names of the things should contain the diphthong [ai]. Then work with a partner. Ask each other, “What do you like?” Answer with the things on your list. EXAMPLE A: What do you like? B: | like (to spend time by myself/to ride my bike at night/. . Keep trying and in time your [a1] will be quite fine! 76 Part 1: Vowelsfee 17 [01] as in oil, noise, and boy PRONOUNCING [51] Lips: Glide from a tense oval shape to a relaxed, slightly parted position Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes Tongue: Glides from a low position to a high position near the roof of the mouth [ot] is a diphthong, A diphthong is a compound vowel sound made by blending two vowels together very quickly. The diphthong [oi] begins with [0] and ends with (1). ~~~ Possible Pronunciation Problems ‘You shouldn't have many problems with the diphthong [or]. English words with this diphthong are spelled oy or oi. There are virtually no exceptions to this rule! i | | You'll enjoy pronouncing [>1]! EXERCISE A jen and repeat. [or] At the Beginning of Words {or] In the Middle of Words [or] At the End of Words oil oyster join foil noise toy enjoy destroy oink ointment boil coin —_ poison boy annoy oily broil avoid choice ploy decoy EXERCISE B 1) read the phrases aloud Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the thong (01), 1. girls and boys 2. flip a coin 3, Don't annoy me! 4, Enjoy yourself. 5. Lower your voice, 77CHECK YOURSELF 1 [1] pead the following words. Circle the word in each group that is NOT pronounced with [o1]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix Il, pages 281-282.) EXAMPLE joy join enjoy 1. voice avoid void vows 2. noise nose hoist annoy 3. towel toy toil spoil 4, Detroit. Illinois. St. Croix. New York 5. oil oily foil owl 6. boil broil bow boy 7. poison pounce __ point appoint 8 poise ‘Joyce Joan soil 9. coil coal coy coin 10. lobster sirloin oyster moist CHECKYOURSELF 2 EL) pead the dialogue. Circle the words that are pronounced with the diphthong [21]. 78 Part 1: Vowels ‘Mrs, Royce: Mr, Lloyd: Mrs. Royce: Mr. Lloyd: Mrs. Royce: Mr. Lloyd: Mrs. Royce: Mr, Lloyd: Mrs. Royce: Mr. Lloyd: Mrs. Royce: BE) check to make sure you circled all the [ot] words. Then practice the a partner. Hi, Mx({loyd)Can I help you? Yes, Mrs. Royce) like apfor my son, Floyd) We have quite a choice of toys. What about a fire truck? That's too noisy. Besides, my boy would destroy it! Here's an oil paint set. ‘That's messy. His mother will be annoyed if he soils anything. Let me point out this electric train. Wow! I never had a toy like that as a boy! Your boy will enjoy it. Mr. Lloyd? Please turn off the set. Mr. Lloyd! Did you say something, Mrs. Royce? I'm playing with Floyd's new toy! I guess you've made your choice! I hope you let your boy use it once ina while! jogue withEXERCISE A (Ud read the timerick aloud. Pay attention to your pronunciation of the boldfaced words with the [or] sound. The Boy from Troy Roy was a boy from Troy. Who ate oysters with absolute joy. He boiled them, he broiled them He baked them, he oiled them, And sometimes he dipped them in soy. EXERCISE 8 EE) ask and answer the questions with a partner. 1. A: Would you rather have broiled or boiled lobster? B: I'd rather have 2. A: Would you prefer to cook fish in oil or wrap it in foil and steam it? 3. A: Do you ever buy choice sirloin or pork loin? B 4. A: Do you think noisy children are annoying or enjoyable? B: I think noisy children are 5. A: Which would you enjoy more—a trip to Detroit or a trip to Troy? B: I'd enjoy a trip to You'll soon enjoy pronouncing for]! Lesson 17 79“oSFart) Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation{RTS to)t} i Introducing Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation Thus far, you have been studying the individual sounds of English. The sounds can be significantly affected by vocal features known as stress, rhythm, and intonation. These vocal features help to convey meaning and must be used correctly if you are to be completely understood. Stress is the first vocal feature we will deal with. Speakers must stress certain syllables in words; otherwise the words would be misunderstood or sound strange, For example, improperly placed stress when pronouncing invalid (a chronically ill or disabled person) may make it sound like invalid (null; legally ineffective). Stress can also change the meaning of a sentence. “I saw a movie” is different from “T saw a movie.” “He won't go” implies a meaning different from “He won't go.” In English, proper use of stress enables you to clearly understand the difference between such words as the noun present (a gift) and the verb present (to introduce; to offer). Rhythm is the second feature we will present. Rhythm is created by the strong stresses or beats in a sentence. In many languages, the rhythm is syllable- timed, This means that all vowels in all syllables are pronounced almost equally. Syllables are rarely lost or reduced as they are in English. For example, a three- word phrase in your language is not likely to become two words. In English, “ham and eggs” is squeezed into two words, “ham’n eggs.” This reduction results because English has a stress-timed rhythm. This means that its rhythm is determined by the number of stresses, not by the number of syllables. English speakers slow down and emphasize heavily stressed words or syllables. They speed up and reduce unstressed ones. For example, the five-word phrase “I will see you tomorrow” may become “I'll seeya tmorrow.” Intonation is the final vocal feature you will learn about. Intonation patterns involve pitch and are responsible for the melody of the language. Speakers frequently depend more on intonation patterns to convey their meaning than on the pronunciation of the individual vowels and consonants. For example, in English, the same words can be used to make a statement or ask a question. If your vocal intonation rises, you are asking a question: “He speaks English?” The sentence “That's Bill’s car” becomes the question “That's Bill’s car?” when you raise the pitch of your voice at the end. So now you can appreciate the common expression, “It's not what you say, it's how you say it!” Although your English grammar might be perfect and you might be able to pronounce individual sounds correctly, you will still have a noticeable foreign accent until you master the stress, rhythm, and intonation patterns of English. 83esc) 19 Stress Within the Word Definition Stress refers to the amount of volume that a speaker gives to a particular sound, syllable, or word while saying it. Stressed sounds and syllables are louder and Ionger than unstressed ones. The words accent, stress, and emphasis are frequently used interchangeably. Stress in English Possible Pronunciation Problems EXAMPLES EXAMPLES: ‘A major characteristic of the English language is the use of strong and weak stress, Every word of more than one syllable has a syllable that is emphasized more than the others. Accented syllables receive more force and are louder than unaccented ones. Correct use of stress is essential for achieving proper pronunciation of words. ‘Many languages have specific rules for accenting words. When there is an exception to the rule, an accent mark is generally written above the stressed syllable. There are NO consistent rules in English, Consequently, you may have difficulty when attempting to accent syllables correctly. 1. If you place the stress on the wrong syllable: désert (dry barren region) will sound like dessért (sweet foods) invalid (bedriddenvill person) will sound like invalid (void, null) 2. If you stress every vowel in a word equally and forget to reduce vowels in unaccented syllables: tomérrow will sound like témérréw because —_will sound like bécaluse As you practice imitating your teacher or the instructor on the CD, your ability to use proper stress patterns when speaking English will improve. BE POSITIVE AND KEEP PRACTICING! Words Stressed on the First Syllable 1. The majority of two-syllable words are accented on the FIRST syllable. EXAMPLES Tuesday dwful éver—bréther - éven—_ window2. Compound nouns are usually accented on the FIRST syllable. EXAMPLES bédroom stéplight —schodlhouse —_ bookstore 3. Numbers that are multiples of ten are accented on the FIRST syllable. EXAMPLES twénty thirty férty fifty sixty séventy Words Stressed on the Second Syllable 1, Reflexive pronouns are usually accented on the SECOND syllable. EXAMPLES mysélf yoursélf himsélf__hersélE_—_oursélves 2. Compound verbs are usually accented on the SECOND or LAST syllable. EXAMPLES outdéne outsmart outdé outrin _ overlook EXERCISE A EXERCISE B isten and repeat. Be sure to stress the FIRST syllable of the words on the left and the SECOND syllable of the words on the right. Stress on Stress on FIRST Syllable SECOND Syllable apple around table allow mother invite teacher compléte winter support paper believe baseball mysélf breakfast outrin sixty behind eighty The following three-syllable words have a variety of stress patterns. Listen and repeat. Remember to EMPHASIZE the stressed syllable, Primary Stress on Primary Stress on Primary Stress on FIRST Syllable SECOND Syllable THIRD Syllable Accident accéptance afternoon striwberry vai absohiite séventy examine seventeen yésterday tomérrow tecomménd président policeman guarantee salary employer employee pérsonal repairman personnél translating translation gasoline élephant gorilla kangaroo Fébruary Decémber overlook: Lesson 19 85— Stress in Noun/Verb Homographs There are many two-syllable nouns and verbs that are the same in the written form. We can distinguish between these word pairs in their spoken form through the use of stress. In these pairs, the noun will always be stressed on the first syllable and the verb on the second syllable. EXERCISE C Listen and repeat the noun/ verb pairs. Remember to stress the noun on the FIRST syllable and verb on the SECOND. Nouns Verbs conflict (controversy) conflict (to clash) cénduct (one’s behavior) condiict (to lead or guide) céntent —_ (subject matter) contént —_(to satisfy) désert_ (barren region) desért_ (to abandon) digest. (synopsis) digést (to absorb) céntest (competition) contést (to dispute or challenge) pérmit (written warrant) permit (to allow or consent) éxploit_ (notable act, adventure) exploit (to take advantage of) Sbject (material thing) objéct —_(to oppose or disagree) increase (enlargement) increase (to make larger) EXERCISE D_ Listen and repeat the sentences. Carefully pronounce the stress pattern differences between the boldfaced words in each sentence. 1. Please reeérd the récord. 2. Please don’t desért me in the désert. 3. We projéct that the préject will be good. 4, The sheik was fifty with fifteen wives! 5. His hairline began recéding récently. 6, The teacher was contént with the céntent of the report. 7, He objécts to the ugly dbjects. 8, Imistriist Mister Smith. 9. She will presént you with a présent. 10. He will contést the results of the céntest. The Prefix re- 1. When the prefix re- means “again,” it receives strong stress. examples rédo réname ré-dress._ré-sort—_rémake 2. When the syllable re begins a word, and it doesn't mean “again,” it is unstressed EXAMPLES remark redeem remind reward require 86 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and Intonationerm ExERCISEE EXERCISEE Listen and repeat the pairs of words and the sentences. Remember to stress re- only when it means “again.” 1. ré-mark (to mark remark (to comment) something again) 2. ré-press (to press or iron _représs (to inhibit) something again) 3. ré-lay (to lay something _reldy (to pass on. down again) a message) 4. ré-dress (to dress again) _redréss (to correct a wrong) 5. ré-sort (to arrange or res6rt (to take action in organize again) order to succeed) 6. Rédo this model, but rediice the size. 7. Remind me to ré-sort the index cards. 8, Will he refiise to ré-press the shirts? 9, The teacher will require you to réwrite the letter. 10. His mom remarked that she ré-marked the clothes. CHECK YOURSELF 1 (1) read the sentences aloud. Fill in the blank with compound nouns formed from the two boldfaced words. Be sure to stress the first syllable of each compound noun. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-4, see Appendix Il, pages 282-284.) EXAMPLE A rack that holds coats is a _coatrack 1, Juice made from oranges is called 2. A box used for storing bread is called a 3. A store that sells books is called a 4. A ball you kick with your foot is called a 5. A hat you wear in the rain is called a 6. Astore that sells toys is called a 7. Aman that delivers the mail is called a 8. A sign that signals you to stop is called a 9. When you have an ache in your head, you have a 10. A store that sells drugs is called a Lesson 19 87CHECK YOURSELF 2 Listen and repeat the words. Circle the ONE word in each group that has a stress pattern different from the others. EXAMPLE connect _control contain 1. agent annoy allow 2. upon until undo 3. protect program pronoun 4, token toaster today 5. supper sunken suffer 6. explain extra. excite 7. deepen deny devote 8. repair reason recent 9. invite invent inform 10. open oppose over agree under protein total support exam degree reader instant only CHECK YOURSELF 3 Listen and repeat the sentences. Circle the number of the stressed syllable in each italicized word. @2 EXAMPLE The convict escaped from jail. 12 1. Keep a record of your expenses. 12 2. The police don’t suspect anyone. 12 3. The student will present a speech. 12 4, The present was not wrapped. 123 5. The invalid was in the hospital. 12 6. Please print your address clearly. 12 7. Iwill send a survey to all students. 12 8. Be sure to record your speech. 123 9. The letter is in the envelope. 12.3 10. I want to envelop the baby in my arms. 88 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm,and Intonationogee CHECK YOURSELF 4 [1 read the poem aloud line by line, Observe how the noun ih each line is emphasized. Circle the number of the stressed syllable in each two-syllable word, O2 Money @ 2 02 Richard Armour 12 Workers earn it, 12 Spendthrifts burn it, 12 Bankers lend it, 12 Women spend it, 12 Forgers fake it, 12 Taxes take it, 12 Dying leave it, 12 Heirs receive it, 12 ‘Thrifty save it, 12 Misers crave it, 12 Robbers seize it, 1 2 Rich increase it, | 12 Gamblers lose it T could use it! Check your answers. Then read the poem aloud again using proper stress patterns. Lesson 19 89Wee Nee ksks rsd EXERCISE EE] work with a partner. Take turns explaining the type of work that each person in the list does. Then use the word in a sentence. Be sure to stress the correct syllable in each compound noun. EXAMPLES OI RAYNE 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. 21, 22. A mailman puts the mail in our mailbox, Mailman is another name for postman or mail carrier. . mailman . fisherman . milkman . fireman . policeman . garbage man - paperboy . seamstress . lifeguard . babysitter ue disc jockey repairman lineman quarterback ice skater movie star cameraman bartender dog trainer saleswoman salesman busboy 90 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and IntonationStress Within the Sentence Sentence Stress in English You have already learned that word stress is a major feature of English. Stress patterns go beyond the word level. Just as it sounds awkward to stress the syllables in a word incorrectly or to stress them all equally, it sounds unnatural to stress all the words in a sentence equally or improperly. Effective use of strong and weak emphasis in phrases and sentences will help you achieve your goal of sounding like a native English speaker. Possible Pronunciation Problems English sentence_level stress patterns may not be used the same way as in your language. In English, specific words within a sentence are emphasized or spoken Jouder to make them stand out, (‘It not his house; it's her house.”) Your language may use its grammar instead of word stress to convey the same meaning. Consequently, you may be confused about when to use strong stress (and when not to use it!) in English sentences. Using the stress patterns of your native language when speaking English will contribute to your foreign accent. 1. If you place the stress on the wrong word, you will: a. completely change the meaning of your statement. EXAMPLE “He lives in the green house” (the house painted green) will sound like “He lives in the greenhouse” (where plants are grown). b. distort your intended meaning of the sentence. EXAMPLE “Steve's my cousin” (not Sam) will sound like “Steve's my cousin” (not my brother). 2. If you give too much or equal stress to unimportant or “function words”: EXAMPLES: “Tm in the house” will sound like “I'm in the house.” “He's at the store” will sound like “He’s at the store.” After reading the explanations and listening to the CD a few times, you will begin to understand the use of English sentence stress patterns. YOU SHOULD BE VERY PROUD OF YOURSELF. YOU'VE ALREADY COME A LONG WAY! Words Generally Stressed in Sentences: Content Words Content words are the important words in a sentence that convey meaning. We normally STRESS content words when speaking. Content words include all the major parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and question words. 91Words Generally Unstressed in Sentences: Function Words Function words are the unimportant words in a sentence. They don't carry as much meaning as content words. We normally do NOT stress function words when speaking. Function words include the following parts of speech: Examples Articles the,a Prepositions for, of, in, to Pronouns I, her, him, he, she, you Conjunctions but, as, and Helping verbs is, was, are, were, has, can yee Practice EXERCISE A isten and repeat the common expressions. Be sure to stress the content words, Nor the function words. 1. sooner or later 2. ina moment 3, an apple a day 4, to tell the truth 5. as soft as a kitten 6. Silence is golden. 7. Honesty is the best policy 8, Truth is stranger than fiction. 9. A penny saved is a penny earned. 10. To err is human; to forgive is divine. Stressing Words to Clarify or Change Meaning Sometimes a speaker wants his or her sentence to convey a special meaning that it wouldn't have in the written form. This can be done by stressing a specific word in order to call attention to it. The word that receives the stress depends on the personal motive of the speaker. EXAMPLES I bought ten ties. (I wasn't given the ties; I bought them.) I bought ten ties. (I didn't buy shirts; I bought ies.) EXERCISE B Listen and repeat the questions and responses. The boldfaced words should receive more emphasis than the other words. 1. Who likes candy? Sam likes candy. 2, What does Sam like? Sam likes candy. 3. Is that his car? No, that's her car 4. Will she stay? No, she'll leave. 92 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation5. Where are you going? T'm going home. 6. Who's going home? I'm going home. 7. When are you going home? I'm going home now. 8. Did Mary buy a book? No, Mary borrowed a book. 9. Did Mary buy a book? No, Sue bought a book. 10. Did Mary buy a book? No, she bought a pen. Stress in Adjective/Noun Combinations ERERCSEC EXERCISE D When you speak, it's important to use words that describe what you are talking about. Words that describe nouns (people, places, or things) are called adjectives. When you use adjective/noun combinations, the noun normally receives greater stress. examples bigdog good book —_preitydress nice boy By accidentally stressing the adjective, you might mistakenly say a compound noun with a completely different meaning. Your listeners will be confused! EXAMPLES cheap skates (inexpensive skates) will sound like cheapskates (stingy people) yellow jacket (a yellow coat) will sound like yellowjacket (a stinging insect) Listen and repeat the sentences. Be sure to stress only the boldfaced words or syllables. Sentences with Adjective/ Noun Combinations Sentences with Compound Nouns like all blue birds. like bluejays and bluebirds We live in the white house. ‘The president lives in the White House. I don’t like dark rooms. Photographers work in darkrooms. He sawed a black board. The teacher writes on the blackboard. I don't like the green house. Plants grow in the greenhouse. Listen to the dialogue. Pay careful attention to the sentence stress patterns used. John: Anna, who was on the phone? Anna: My old friend Mary. John: Mary Jones? : No. Mary Hall. I don’t know Mary Hall. Where is she from? : She's from Washington. Washington the state or Washington the city? : Washington, D.C., our nation’s capital. Is that where she lives? Lesson 20 93CHECK YOURSELF 1 CHECK YOURSELF 2 Anna: Yes, she still lives in the white house. John: The White House? With the president? Anna: No, silly. The white house on First Street. John: What did she want? Anna: She wants to come here. John: Come here? When? Anna: Ina week. She's bringing her black bird, her collie, her snakes, her... John: Stop! She's bringing a zoo to our house? Anna: No, John. She's opening a pet store here in town. 4 Now practice the dialogue with a partner. Be sure to STRESS the boldfaced words. TO) read the sentences aloud. Circle all content words and underline all function words. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, page 284.) exanris The op)are(Garkinp) 1. Mary is a good friend. 6. The store opens at nine. 2. Steve is tall and handsome. _7. My shoes hurt my feet. 3. It's early in the morning. 8, Please look for the book. 4, The baby caught a cold. 9. He's leaving in a week. 5, Late a piece of pie. 10. We walked in the snow. Check your answers. Then read the sentences aloud again. Be sure to stress all content words and unstress all function words. TU) read the sentences aloud. in each sentence, the function words have been omitted. Fill in the blanks with appropriate function words. EXAMPLE I went __to the _ store. i. Mary wants cup coffee 2. show started eight. 3 movie _ very funny. 4, Sue ate___slice cake, 5, We met couple __ friends mine. Check your answers. Then practice reading the sentences aloud again. Remember, do not stress the function words! 94. Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation ialeeeeeel CHECK YOURSELF 3 CU) pead the sentences aloud. One word in each sentence will be stressed more than the others. Circle the word that you must stress to clarify the intended meaning of the sentence. EXAMPLES Mary ffall)will visit John and Anna. (Not Mary Jones.) Mary is from Was! \gton,) (She isn’t from New York.) 1. Mary is Anna’s friend, (She isn’t her cousin.) John is married to Anna. (They aren't engaged anymore.) She's from Washington, D.C. (She's not from Washington state.) She lives in the white house. (She doesn't live in the White House.) Her house is on First Street. (It isn’t on First Avenue.) se REN Anna and John got married three years ago. (They didn't get married five years ago.) They own a small home. (They don't rent.) 8. Mary wants to come in a week. (She doesn’t want to wait a month.) 9. She'll bring her collie and snakes. (She's not bringing her poodle.) 10. Mary is opening a pet store. (She isn’t opening a toy store.) EXERCISE (1 read the paragraph aloud, Remember, the boldfaced words should receive more emphasis than the other words in the sentence. Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, and Nobody! | Once upon a time, there were four people. They were named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, and Nobody. An important job had to be done. Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that, because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought Anybody could do it | and that Somebody would do it. Tt ended up, however, that Everybody | blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done | i [ ed We hope this chapter on stress didn’t cause you any stress! You did a beautiful job! It's time to take a break and RELAX for a while, When you're well rested, move on to the next lesson. You'll soon get the RHYTHM! Lesson 20 95esto) 21 Rhythm ~~ 96 Rhythm in English Possible Pronunciation Problems EXAMPLE EXAMPLES EXAMPLE The rhythm of conversational English is more rapid than that of formal speech. Every spoken sentence contains syllables or words that receive primary stress. Certain words within the sentence must be emphasized, while others are spoken more rapidly. To keep the sentence flowing smoothly, words are linked together into phrases and separated by pauses to convey meaning clearly. Effective use of rhythm will help you to achieve more natural-sounding speech. In many languages, all vowels in all syllables are pronounced almost equally. Syllables are rarely lost or reduced as they are in English. It is likely that you are using your language's conversational rhythm patterns when speaking English. This habit will contribute to a noticeable foreign accent. 1, Ifyou stress each word equally or too precisely: “He will leave at three” will sound like “He will leave at three.” | | | | | i 2. If you avoid the use of contractions or reduced forms: | “T ean’t go” will sound like “I can not go.” | “Hie likes ham’n eggs” will sound like “He likes ham and eggs.” | 3. Ifyou insert pauses incorrectly between the words of the sentence, you will | distort the meaning of your sentence and create a choppy rhythm. | 1 { “T don’t know Joan” will sound like “I don’t know, Joan.” ‘We know this can be slightly confusing at first. Please do not be concerned! THE EXERCISES IN THIS CHAPTER WILL GET YOU RIGHT INTO THE RHYTHM! Contractions Contractions are two words that are combined together to form one. Contractions are used frequently in spoken English and are grammatically correct. If you use the full form of the contraction in conversation, your speech will sound stilted and unnatural. Contraction Full Form i Twill you're you are he’s he is we've we have isn't is notEXERCISE A (ead the pairs of sentences aloud, The first sentence is written in full form; the second cor 's a contraction. isten to how smooth and natural the second sentence sounds compared with the choppy rhythm of the first sentence. 1. Tam late again. Tm late again. 2. Mary does not know. Mary doesn't know, 3. You are next in line, ‘You're next in line, 4, We have already met. We've already met. 5, That is right! Thats right! 6. They will not sing. They won't sing. 7, Steve has not eaten. Steve hasn't eaten. 8. He is very nice. He's very nice 9. Please do not yell. Please don't yell. 10. We will be there, We'll be there. Blending and Word Reductions EXERCISE B In conversational English, the words in phrases and short sentences are often blended together as if they were one word. EXAMPLES “How are you?” is often pronounced “Howaryou?” “Do it now!” is often pronounced “Doitnow!” When words are blended together in this manner, sounds are frequently reduced or omitted completely. (The blending of words and the reductions and omissions of sounds occur ONLY in conversational speech. They are NEVER written this way.) EXAMPLES “I miss Sam” sounds like “I misam.” “Don't take it” sounds like “Don'take it.” This style of speaking (the use of contractions, blending, and word reductions) is used by American English speakers in normal conversation and is perfectly acceptable spoken language. Try to use these forms as often as possible when speaking English. YOU'LL SOON GET THE RHYTHM! Listen and repeat the phrases. Be sure to blend the words together smoothly and to use reduced forms. He had a cupacoffee. I wanna takeabreak. (He had a cup of coffee.) (want to take a break.) 1. cream’n sugar (cream and sugar) 2. bread'n butter (bread and butter) 3. ham'n cheese (ham and cheese) 4. pieceapie (piece of pie) 5. I gota school. (Igo to school.) 6. 7. Lesson 21 978, Seeyalater. (See you later) 9, Leavmealone, (Leave me alone.) 10. Whatimeisit? (What time is it?) Linking Linking sounds while speaking is necessary to speak English smoothly and to sound like a native speaker of English. Linking is the connecting of the last sound in one word to the first sound of the next word. The amount of linking in a person's speech varies from speaker to speaker. However, there are two situations in which most native speakers of English use linking regularly. When a word begins with a vowel sound, it is often pronounced as if it began with the final consonant sound of the previous word. EXAMPLES “Don't ask” sounds like “Don 'task.” “We've eaten” sounds like “We 'veaten.” When the same consonant sound that ends one word also begins the next word, that sound should not be pronounced twice. It should be pronounced one time but with a slightly lengthened articulation. EXAMPLES warm milk = war milk cold day = col day EXERCISE C Listen and repeat the phrases. Be sure to pronounce the words beg vowel sounds as if they begin with the last consonant sound of the previous word. 1. take over (ta kover) 2. look up (loo kup) 3. Its open. (It sopen.) 4, Make a wish. (Ma ka wish.) 5. Kiss aunt Alice. (Ki saun talice.) 6. Leave him alone. (Leave hi malone.) 7. Let's eat now. (Let seat now.) 8. Call another friend. (Ca lanother friend.) 9. Jump up and down. Gum pu pan down.) 10. Buy a red envelope. (Buy a re denvelope.) « EXERCISED. Listen and repeat the phrases. Be sure to pronounce the identical consonant letters in the adjacent words as ONE sound. 1, Get two tickets. (Ge two tickets.) 2. Stop pushing me. (Sto pushing me.) 3. It’s less serious. (Its le serious.) 4, My mom made lemon pie. (My mo made lemon pie.) 5. Will Linda be there? (Wi Linda be there?) 98 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and IntonationDouble Consonants EXERCISE E Many words in English are spelled with the same two consecutive consonant letters (¢.g., “little” or “coffee"). Pronouncing the same sound twice will disrupt your rhythm of spoken English and contribute to your accent. EXAMPLES pretty will sound like pret-ty happen will sound like hap-pen (1) read the words aloud. Be sure to pronounce the identical consonant letters in each word as ONE sound. 1. trigger 9. parrot 2. coffee 10. paddle 3. fussy 11. little 4, silly 12. passing 5. cotton 13. butter 6. happy 14, pillow 7. penny 15. traffic 8. offer Phrasing and Pausing EXERCISE F Phrase: A phrase is a thought group or a group of words that convey meaning. Pause: A pause is a brief moment during which the speaker is silent. Sentences should be divided into phrases or thought groups through the use of pauses. The speaker can use a pause to convey or emphasize meaning or simply to take a breath! Listen and repeat the sentences. Be sure to PAUSE between phrases (marked by the slanted lines) and to blend the words in each phrase. . The phone book//is on the shelf. . Steve said // “Sue is gone.” “Please help me/ Sally.” Mr. White // our neighbor// is very nice. . don’t agree //and I won't change my mind. Please finish your homework // before you go out. Dr. Stevens //our new dentist //cancelled my appointment. . Do you prefer to eat//steak with French fries //or steak with rice? . [like to go for long walks // when the weather is sunny and cool. 10. My dog barks at people// when they knock on the door. Venausune Lesson21 99EXERCISE G. TE) read the pairs of sentences aloud. Be sure to pause between phrases. Listen to how the meanings of the sentences change when you vary your phrasing and pausing. 1. [mow Ana. (You're talking to someone else about Ana.) Tknow//Ana. (You're talking directly to your friend Ana.) 2. Please call me Mary. (You're telling someone that your name is Mary.) Please call me//Mary. (You're asking your friend Mary to telephone you.) 3, Who will help Steve? (You're making an inquiry about Steve.) Who will help// Steve? (You're directly asking Steve a question.) 4, Tammy said//“The teacher is smart.” (Tammy says her teacher is smart.) “Tammy”//said the teacher /!“is smart.” (The teacher says Tammy is smart.) 5. Ricky thought his friend was lazy. (Ricky is thinking his friend is lazy.) ‘Ricky”//thought his friend //“was lazy.” (The friend is thinking Ricky is lazy.) Sound Changes EXERCISE H The rapid speech of native American English speakers might be difficult for you to understand at times, Sounds in words may run together, disappear, or actually change. EXAMPLES “When did you see her?” might sound like “Whenja see-er?” “Til meet you” might sound like “Il meetcha.” It's true that such expressions are not “the King's English.” In fact, the king would probably turn over in his grave if he were to hear them! Nevertheless, American English speakers use such rhythm patterns in informal, rapid speech. It is important for you to be able to understand these expressions when you hear them. Listen to the commonly used expressions presented using the rapid, informal rhythm. 1. Whatsidoin? (What is he doing?) 2. Whenjarive? (When did you arrive?) 3. Saniceday! (It’s a nice day!) 4, Nicetameetcha. (Nice to meet you.) 5. Whervyabeen? (Where have you been?) 100 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation‘CHECK YOURSELF 1 (1) read the sentences aloud. Fill in the blanks with the contraction. Check your answers. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, pages 285-286.) EXAMPLES =__He’g__ my favorite teacher. (He is) We're good friends. (We are) a good student. (I am) lymn_____ play tennis. (does not) quite right, (You are) 1 2. 3. seen that movie. (We have) 4, 5. His brother come. (cannot) GHECKYOURSELF2 []] pead the sentences aloud, pausing where indicated. Underline the sentence in each pair that is correctly marked for pauses. EXAMPLE Lfinishe yework // ed TV, I finished my// homework and watched TV. 1, Meet me at the bus stop/after you're done. Meet me at the bus//stop after you're done. 2. Bill Brown the mayor will//speak tonight. Bill Brown// the mayor/ will speak tonight. 3. Please clean your room//before leaving. Please clean your//room before leaving. 4, The truth is I dont //like it. The truth is //I don't like it. 5. Cervantes //the famous author// wrote Don Quixote. Cervantes the famous author wrote //Don Quixote. 6. He was there //for the first time. He was there for //the first time. 7. Where there's a will // there's a way. ‘Where there's a// will there's a// way. 8, Do unto others as//you would have them do//unto you. Do unto others// as you would have them/!do unto you. 9. Patrick Henry said //“Give me liberty /or give me death.” Patrick Henry //said “Give me///liberty or give me death.” 10. When in Rome do//as the Romans do. When in Rome//do as the Romans do. ‘Check your answers. Then read aloud again the correctly marked sentences. Be sure to PAUSE where marked by the slanted lines and blend the words in each phrase. Lesson21 101CHECK YOURSELF 3 Pa Read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Circle all contractions and linked words. Then on the lines below, list these shortened forms and write their full form equivalent. Frances Black: Hello, this is the Black residence. This is Frances Black speaking. Ellie White: Howarya Frannie? It’s Ellie, Doyawanna come over for a cupacoffee? Frances Black: Eleanor, [ am very sorry I can not visit you. I am going to lunch at the club. Ellie White: That's OK. I'm gonna eat at Burger Palace. Why don't we go tathamovies tonight? Frances Black: We will not be able to join you. We have tickets for the opera. Ellie White: My husband Sam won't like that. He's more of a wrestling fan. We'll meetcha some other night. Frances Black: Eleanor, I really have to go now. It has been most pleasant speaking with you. Ellie White: hafta go now, too. It's been great talking to you. (hangs up the phone) Frannie’ a nice girl, but she hasta learnta relax! Reduced Forms Full Form Howarya? How are you? It's tis ______ Check your answers. Then change roles and read the dialogue again with a partner. Be sure to blend the words together smoothly and use the appropriate shortened forms. EXERCISE A_ Record yourself while speaking to a friend by telephone. Listen to your responses carefully. Write down any sentences in which you could have used a contraction instead of the full form. Practice saying the sentences again using the contractions. 102 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and IntonationEXERCISE B 11) read the poems aloud several times. Thought groups or phrases have been marked for you to follow. Be sure to blend the words within each phrase together smoothly without chopping them up with unnecessary pauses. Also, concentrate on linking the final consonant of one word to the ini vowel sound of the next word within each phrase. | Gifts James Thomson Give a man//a horse he can ride, // Give a man//a boat he can sail; // And his rank and wealth, //his strength and health // On sea//nor shore // shall fail. // Give a man//a pipe he can smoke, // Give a man//a book he can read; // And his home is bright//with a calm delight, / ‘Though the room be poor/| indeed. / Give a man//a girl he can love, // As 1,//0 my love, //love thee; // And his hand is great// with the pulse of Fate, // At home, //on land, //on sea. | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [ Paul Revere’s Ride (Excerpt) Paul Revere is famous for his part in the American Revolution. He rode through the streets at midnight, warning “The British are coming!” to everyone who would listen. Listen, //my children, // and you shall hear // Of the midnight ride// of Paul Revere, // On the eighteenth of April, /’in Seventy-Five: /! Hardly a man//is now alive/! Who remembers//that famous day //and year: // He said to his friend, //“If the British march // By land or sea//from the town tonight, // Hang a lantern aloft//in the belfry arch// Of the North Church tower//as a signal light, // One// if by land, // and two// if by sea; // And I//on the opposite shore will be,// Ready to ride//and spread the alarm // Through every Middlesex village/ and farm, For the country-folk//to be up// and to arm,” /! Lesson 21 103So through the night //rode Paul Revere; // And so through the night//went his cry of alarm// ‘To every Middlesex village//and farm, ‘Acry of defiance // and not of fear, // A voice in the darkness, //a knock at the door, / ‘And a word //that shall echo// forevermore! // For, //borne on the night-wind // of the Past, /! Through all our history, //to the last, / In the hour of darkness//and peril//and need, The people will waken//and listen to hear// ‘The hurrying hoof-beats //of that steed, // And the midnight message // of Paul Revere. // 104 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation2 r I { | | | | | i | i | | Definition Intonation refers to the use of melody and the rise and fall of the voice when speaking. Each language uses rising and falling pitches differently and has its own distinctive melody and intonation patterns. In fact, babies usually recognize and use the intonation of their native language before they learn actual speech sounds and words. Intonation in English Possible Pronun: EXAMPLE EXAMPLE Intonation can convey grammatical meaning as well as the speaker's attitude. It will “tell” whether a person is making a statement or asking a question; it will also indicate if the person is confident, doubtful, shy, annoyed, or impatient. Correct use of intonation is necessary to convey your message correctly and to make you sound like a native English speaker. ttion Problems ene English has several basic intonation contours. However, there are many more possible variations that change with a speaker's intended meaning, attitude, and emotional state of mind. Without realizing it, you can confuse your listeners by using incorrect English intonation patterns. 1. If your voice rises when it should fall, you will: a. change a declarative sentence into a question “That's Bill’s car” will sound like “That's Bills car?” b. sound doubtful or annoyed. 2. If your voice stays level when it should either rise or fall, you will: a. sound bored or uninterested. b. confuse your listeners into thinking you didn’t finish your sentence or question. “I went home” will sound like “I went home... and . Listen to the CD several times before trying to imitate the instructor. With practice, you will soon notice a great improvement. KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK! 105Phrases Ending with a Falling Pitch 1. Declarative sentences EXAMPLES Linda is my sister.‘ He is not going. \ 2. Questions that require more than a yes/no response (such question words include who, what, when, why, where, which, how) EXAMPLES Where is my book? \ (On the table. \) When did he leave? (At three o'clock. ‘\) Phrases Ending with a Rising Pitch 1. Questions that ask for a yes/no response (such question words include can, do, will, would, may, and is) EXAMPLES Will you stay? 7 (No, I can't. \) Do you like school? 7 — (Yes, Ido. \) 2, Statements that express doubt or uncertainty EXAMPLES I'm not positive. 7 I think he’s coming. 7 EXERCISE A_ Listen and repeat the statements. Make your voice fall at the end of each of the sentences. Remember, questions that cannot be answered with yes or no take the same downward intonation as declarative sentences. have four brothers. ‘ vor He is not my friend. \ We like ice cream. ‘Tim bought a new car. \ She likes to play tennis. What is your name? \ How is your family? \ Who will drive you home? \. Why did he leave? \ ). Which book is yours? \ Seenaney 106 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and IntonationEXERCISE B Listen and repeat the yesino questions and sample responses. Be sure your voice rises / at the end of each question and falls \. at the end of each response. Yes/No Questions 7 Responses \v 1, Can you see? Yes, Tcan. 2. Does he play golf? Yes, he does. 3. May I borrow it? Yes, you may. 4, Will she help? No, she won't. 5, Did he arrive? Yes, he’s here now. 6. Is Susan your sister? No, she's my friend. 7. Have they eaten? ‘Yes, they ate at two. 8. May I help you? Yes, please do, 9, Are we leaving? No, we're staying. 10. Can my friends stay? Yes, they can. Sounding Confident Instead of Uncertain EXERCISE C As was already discussed, a falling pitch should be used at the end of declarative sentences, It will help you sound confident and sure of yourself. On the other hand, using an upward pitch at the end of the same sentences indicates that the speaker is doubtful or uncertain about what he or she is saying. EXAMPLE They have twenty children. \ (stated as a fact) They have twenty children. 7 (stated with doubt or disbelief) Listen and repeat the statements. Use a falling pitch to end the sentences on the {eft and an upward pitch to end the sentences on the right. (Notice how the falling pitch in the first reading helps you to sound sure of yourself, while the rising pitch in the second reading makes you sound doubtful or uncertain.) Stated with Certainty \ Stated with Doubt 7 1, He ate twenty-five hot dogs. He ate twenty-five hot dogs. 2. The boss gave him a raise. The boss gave him a raise. 3. You ran 55 miles. ‘You ran 55 miles. 4. Mike was elected president. Mike was elected president. 5, It’s already three o'clock. Its already three o'clock. Intonation in Sentences with Two or More Phrases Intonation also tells the listener whether a speaker has completed the statement or question or whether he or she has more to say. Many sentences are spoken with two or more phrases joined together with such connecting words as and, if, so, or but. EXAMPLES He can sing, but he can't dance. We were hungry, thirsty, and tired. Lesson 22 107EXERCISE D. If your voice drops after the first phrase, your listener will think you are finished. with the sentence. To make it clear that you have more to say, you must keep your voice level > before the connecting word, There are three main types of sentences: 1. Declarative sentences with two or more phrases Keep your voice level — before the connecting word and lower it at the end, \ EXAMPLES I must buy coffee —, tea +, and milk, \ She speaks French — but not Spanish. \ 2. Questions presenting two or more choices This intonation pattern is the same as for declarative sentences with two or more phrases. Keep your voice level —» before the connecting word and lower it when. you finish your question. \ EXAMPLES Would you like cake — or pie? “ Is he leaving tomorrow — or Sunday? \ 3. Yes/No questions with two or more phrases Keep your voice level —» before the connecting word, and use a rising pitch 7 at the end of your question. EXAMPLES Will you come — if I drive you? 7 Did he like the new belt —> and gloves I bought? 7 Listen and repeat the statements and questions. (The arrows are there to remind you to use the proper intonation patterns.) . May I leave now -», or should I wait ‘\? . Did you buy a new hat — or pants \? . He missed his bus > but arrived on time \. . Call me later —>, if it’s not too late \. |. Will you visit us —> if you're in town 7? . Til leave early —>, so I won't miss the plane \. Do you like grapes —>, pears >, and phims 7? . He's good at math — but not spelling \. . You may stay up late + if you finish your homework \. 10. He went sailing >, swimming —, and fishing \\. waenanewene 108 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation‘CHECK YOURSELF 1 Listen and repeat the statements and questions. Indicate whether they have a falling or rising intonation by marking an X in the appropriate column. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, pages 286-287.) EXAMPLES 1 CHECK YOURSELF 2 Beeneavawn = Falling Rising 1 feel fine. x Can you sing? x When's your birthday? Did you see my friend? How are you? I'm fine, thank you, Why were you absent? Can you have dinner? How do you know? I dont like beets. Where is my pencil? Will you drive me home? LU) read the multiple-phrase sentences aloud. Draw the correct intonation arrows in the blanks (\\ = voice falls; > = voice stays level; 7 = voice rises). EXAMPLE 10. Pern anawne Do you want coffee >, tea =, or milk _\_? We enjoy swimming __, hiking __, and tennis__. Is a barbecue all right _if it doesn't rain_? If it rains tomorrow ___, the game is off_. Ishe sick _? Thope not__. Please bring me the hammer ____, nails __, and scissors _. Do you like grapes __, pears__, and plums _? May I eave now ___, or should I wait__? He's good at math but not spelling ___. Call me later if it's not too late__. Will you visit us if you're in town _? Lesson 22 109CHECKYOURSELF 3 [1] pead the joke. In the blank spaces, draw the correct intonation arrows (\ = voice falls; —> = voice stays level; 7 = voice rises).To help you, sentence stress patterns and some intonation arrows are already provided. Sam Can't Tell a Joke! was sentenced to life in | | | | a convicted felon. | Sam_— prison_\_. When he arrived at the prison, the other inmates were sitting around calling out numbers. . He heard Bill call__, “One thousand twenty”___. Then Joe bellowed__., “Two hundred forty’, “Does anyone know three thousand two’_A_? asked Mark happily____. Each time a number was called__, the men roared with laughter___. Sam asked__, “What's so funny_? What is everyone laughing at”__? Bill explained__. “Well__, we know thousands of jokes__. It would take too long to tell each one___. So we've numbered all of them. ‘When we want to tell a joke. , we simply call out its number’ Sam asked hopefully. “Will you guys teach me all the jokes___ and their numbers"__? Bill taught Sam all of the jokes and their numbers__. One day___, while the inmates were telling jokes__, Sam. called _, “Five hundred”____. No one laughed_. He shouted___, “Five hundred”__. Still no one laughed “Idon't get it___. Why isn't anyone laughing__? Isn’t number five hundred one of our funniest jokes”__? “Yes”_, replied Bill__, “but you didn't tell it right”___! EXERCISE [EE] read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Use the correct sentence stress and intonation patterns as indicated by the boldfaced words and intonation arrows (\ = voice falls; —> = voice stays level; 7 = voice rises). Husband: Hi, honey \. What did you do today \? Wife: I went shopping \.. Husband: You went shopping 7? Again 7? Wife Yes \.. The store had a big sale \.. Everything was half-price \. Husband: What did you buy now ‘s? 110 Part 2: Stress, Rhythm, and IntonationWife: Husband: Wife: Husband: Wife: Husband: Wife: Husband: I bought this blouse for thirty dollars \. Isn't it stunning 7? Yes —, it's stunning \, I'm the one that’s stunned \. Do you like the green hat — or the red one \? like the cheaper one \. Talso bought a belt —>, scarf >, dress —, and shoes \. Stop it \! I’m afraid to hear any more \., Do we have any money left 7? Yes, dear —>, we have lots of money left ‘\. I saved two hundred dollars on my new clothes ~>, so I bought you a set of golf clubs \. Really 7? I always said you were a great shopper \! Lesson 22 111Pronouncing the Consonants of American English You have probably discovered that English spelling patterns are inconsistent and are not always a reliable guide to pronunciation, For example, in the following words, the letters ch represent three different sounds. machine chain mechanic Pretty confusing, right? That's why the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is helpful. The IPA, which is used all over the world, consists of a set of symbols in which ONE symbol always represents ONE sound. As with the vowels in Part 1, each consonant will be introduced and explained one ata time. To help you learn the exact pronunciation of the phonetic symbols and key words, a Key to Pronouncing the Consonants of American English is presented on page 117. Refer to it, and listen to the pronunciation of the sounds, as needed. Definitions [As you progress through the consonant lessons, you will frequently sce the terms gum ridge, soft palate, aspiration, voiced consonant, voiceless consonant, and articulators. We will now define these terms for you. Articulators: The articulators are the different parts of the |_-Softpalate mouth area that we use when speaking, such as the lips, tongue, soft palate, teeth, and Upper teeth. Lips. i 7—~Gum ridge Lower teeth ‘9° jaw. Gum ridge: The gum ridge is Tongue. |_Vacal cords the hard part of the roof of your mouth just behind your upper front teeth. Soft palate: The soft palate is the soft, movable, rear portion of the roof of your mouth, 115Aspiration: Aspiration means the action of pronouncing a sound with a puff of released breath. The English consonants [pl], [t], (kJ, and [h] are “aspirate” sounds. They should be produced with a strong puff of air. Voiced consonant: A voiced consonant is a sound produced when the vocal cords are vibrating, Place your hand on your throat over your vocal cords while making a humming sound. You can feel your vocal cords vibrate as you say “mmmmmmmmm.” Voiceless Consonant: A voiceless consonant is a sound made with no vibration of the vocal cords. Put your hand over your vocal cords and make the hissing sound “sgsssssss.” You will not feel any vibration this time! ‘The various consonant sounds are created by: 1, The position of your articulators. For example, the tip of your tongue must touch the upper gum ridge to say sounds like [t], [4], [nJ, or [1], but must protrude between your teeth to say [8] as in think or [8] as in them. 2. The way the breath stream comes from your mouth or nose. For example, the breath stream, or airstream, is continuous for the consonants [s] or [f], but is completely stopped and then exploded for [p] or [1]. The airstream flows through the nose for [m], [n], and [9] and through the mouth for all other consonants. 3. The vibration of your vocal cords. For [Yoke Volcelese | example, your vocal cords do not vibrate | Tp} a for the sounds [s],[f], or [t], but you fal 7 must add “voicing” for the sounds {ol fd \ [2], [v], or Ed]. lv] ta The chart on the right categorizes the voiced Hd a and voiceless consonants. Dont try to memorize | fay Ht the chart! Just put your hand over your vocal cords | 157 i as you practice saying the sounds. You will be able |15) tat tq) fa} to hear and feel the difference between voiced and | T/AM ey voiceless consonants. } tw) 00, 116 Part 3: ConsonantsConacher (s] {2 Ct] (d] (o] (6) ol ef (3) [43] i) Pl (b] Cf] fv] [k] (9) tw] ty tr] Ch] {m} {n] (a) ENGLISH KEY WORDS sit, basket, kiss 200, busy, buzz top, return, cat day, ladder, bed think, bathtub, mouth the, father, smooth shoe, nation, wish chair, witch rouge, vision, measure jaw, magic, age you, yes pay, apple, stop boy, rabbit, tub fun, office, if very, over, save cake, car, book go, begin, egg we, away lamp, pillow, bell red, marry, car hat, behind me, swim no, run sing, playing eae ed Lesson 23 117 |[s] as in sit, basket, and kiss and [z] as in zoo, busy, and buzz EST) 2 PRONOUNCING [s] ‘Tongue tip: Near but not touching gum ridge behind upper front teeth Airstream: Continuous without interruption Vocal cords: Not vibrating j= Possible Pronunciation Problems i ‘The sound [s] is a common sound. Some speakers may incorrectly say [e] before | i [s] in English. Others may say [J] instead of [s] before [i] and [1] ' | exawptzs If you produce [e] before [s}:_ state will sound like estate. | If you say [fl instead of [sk _sip will sound like ship. | | As you say [s], keep the airstream steady, like the hissing sound of a snake i | (sssssssss)! | L So study and practice; you'll soon have success with [s]! EXERCISE A (@ iste and repeat. [s] At the Beginning of Words [s] In the Middle of Words [s] At the End of Words sky skip snake lesson custom castle bus face course sad spell -— skate racing basket _history yes makes class spin study _ school listen answer —_fast box house __ plus slow pencil miss [s] Spelled. s é = (ks) ss spy cell six kiss ski ice fix less smoke lace fox dresser steal cent tax message desk center oxen 118cg... frequent spelling patterns for (s] consist of the letters 2 and sc. waltz pretzel seent scene The letter ¢ followed by e, j,or y is usually pronounced [s}. cent. place society fancy The letter sin plural nouns is pronounced (s] when it follows most voiceless consonants, books coats. cuffs. maps EXERCISE 8 isten and repeat. Pay attention to the consonant [s] in the boldfaced words. . stop sign small mistake start and stop Nice to see you. Stand straight. . Sit still! '. Speak for yourself, ‘The swimmer was slow and steady. The grocery store started selling seafood. 10. Stan stopped smoking cigars. 11. We had steak and spinach for supper. 12. Students study in school. 13. Irest on Saturday and Sunday. 14, The sportsman likes to ski and skate. 15, Stacy speaks Spanish. SPN aneene CHECK YOURSELF Listen and circle the letter s in each word that is pronounced [s]. (Only ONE s in each word is actually pronounced (s].) (For answers, see Appendix Il, page 287.) EXAMPLE @urprise 1. suppose 6. salesman 2.Susan 7.season 3. disaster & resist 4.easiest 9. presents 5. posters 10. business Check your answers. Then practice pronouncing the words. Lesson 24 119EXERCISE. (read aloud the essay about Thomas Edison. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the [s] sound. Silence Is Literally Golden! ‘Thomas Edison was a great American inventor. This is a true story about how silence really paid off for him. He invented a new ticker; the Western Union Company wanted to purchase it. Edison didn't know how much to ask. He requested several days to think about the selling price. ‘Thomas and Mrs. Edison discussed Western Union's offer. Mrs. Edison suggested that he ask twenty thousand dollars ($20,000). He was stunned by this staggering price but accepted his wife's advice. ‘When the Western Union officer asked Mr. Edison, “What price | have you decided to ask?” Mr. Edison started to state $20,000, but the amount got stuck on his tongue. He stood there speechless. The Western Union negotiator became impatient with Mr. Edison's silence and asked, “Will you accept one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000)2” So, as you can see, silence can be golden! PRONOUNCING [2] Tongue tip: In the same position as for [5] Airstream: Continuous without interruption Vocal cords: Vibrating __. Possible Pronunciation Problems a The sound [2] is not a common sound. Many students pronounce the letter z in English as an {s] or {4}. Also, irregular English spelling patterns contribute to problems with this consonant EXAMPLES If you say [s] instead of [z]: 200 will sound like Sue. eyes will sound like ice. If you say [d3] instead of [z]: zest will sound like jest. Remember, [z] is a voiced sound; your vocal cords MUST vibrate or you will say [s] by mistake. Think of the buzzing sound of a bee (bzzzzzzzz2z) and you'll say your Zs with ease! renee [ | | 120 Part 3: ConsonantsEXERCISE A Listen and repeat. Put your hand on your throat so that you can feel your vocal cords vibrate as you pronounce the consonant [2]. [z] At the Beginning of Words [z] In the Middle of Words [z] At the End of Words zoo zinc zebra lazy crazy dizzy as was—sraise zeal zero. ——ipper busy razor cousin is buzz amaze zest zone easy dozen _ puzzle his daze breeze {z] Spelled z 3 zip has size eyes seize rose lizard these sneeze bruise The letter xis a less common spelling pattern for [2]. xylophone Xerox The letter sis usually pronounced [2] when between vowels and in a stressed syllable. deserve because resign : ‘The letter s in plural nouns is pronounced [z] when it follows a vowel or most voi consonants. © S : : shoes legs feaves. beds cars The vowel BeFORe [2] at the end of a word is always prolonged more than before [s). (Vowels are also prolonged before [bi, [4], [vj, and [g] at the end of a word.) Prolonging the vowel before [z] helps to distinguish it from [s}. ne Bey SS eyes—breeze tise buzz Lesson 24 121EXERCISE B. Listen and repeat. Remember to add in the boldfaced words. ing when pronouncing the consonant [2] 1, Easy does it. 2. zero degrees 3. a cool breeze 4, a dozen eggs 5, busy as a bee 6. Close your eyes. 7. The puzzle is easy. 8. Does Zachary raise flowers? 9. There are zebras and lions at the zoo. 10. His cousin comes from New Zealand. 11. The museum is closed on Tuesday. 12, My husband gave me a dozen roses. 13. I'm crazy about raisins and apples. 14, Zelda took a cruise to Brazil. 15. The jazz music is pleasant. CHECKYOURSELF —[@) Listen and circle the word in each group that is NOT pronounced with [2]. (For answers, see Appendix Il, pages 287-288.) EXAMPLE is, was his 1. eyes nose wrist ears 2, walls waltz wells ways 3. carrots apples peas raisins 4, pleasing _pleasant pleasure please 5. deserve daisy serve design 6. cease seize size sings 7. Tuesday Thursday Wednesday Saturday 8. east ease easy tease 9. rose rice raise rise 10. fox xylophone _ clothes zero | 122 Part 3: ConsonantsEXERCISE A GE] zetda and Zachary need help completing their crossword puzzle. Read the dialogue with a partner, filling in the missing words containing [z]. Also pay attention to your pronunciation of the boldfaced words containing [7]. Zelda: Zachary, this crossword puzzle is driving me crazy. What's a seven- letter word that means “surprising or unbelievable”? Zachary: Zelda, Il give you a hint, It rhymes with hazing. Zelda: Ob, “a._____z. ____.” Thanks. How about a four-letter word representing a form of American Music? Never mind, I’ve got it: “____a 4." That was easy. Zachary: These are flowers, but they're not zinnias or daisies. Zelda: “____s es.” Lets try another one, What is a trip on a boat called? It rhymes with lose. Oh, wait; I know. It’s “at Zachary: I got this one, The name of a mineral that begins with z:“z_ Zelda: This quiz is getting easier. An animal with stripes that is seen at the zoo. Zachary: “Z ________.” Here is the last one. A musical instrument that begins with x. Please help me. Zelda: | always want to please my husband. So here's the word: Listen and repeat each pair of words or sentences, Remember, [2] is a voiced sound; your vocal cords should vibrate. And be sure to prolong any vowel BEFORE the sound [2]. ts] . Sue . face race bus ice . We saw the place. They made peace. . The price was $100. CP RPN AARNE Did you see the racer? 10. He lost the race. UI 200 phase raise buzz eyes We saw the plays They made peas. The prize was $100. Did you see the razor? He lost the raise. Lesson 24 123EXERCISE B n and repeat. (sl f 1, Sue went to the zoo. {s} ta 2. Put ice on your eyes. i tl 3, My niece hurt her knees. 2 i 4, The president set a precedent. fl (3) 5. The baby will lose his loose tooth. Is] vs. [z] in Noun/Verb Homographs Several nouns and verbs are the same in the written form. However, we can distinguish between these word pairs in their spoken form. The letter s in the noun form is usually pronounced {s]; in the verb form, it is usually pronounced [z]. EXERCISE C Listen and repeat. Be sure to add “voice” to the letter s when saying the verbs. Nouns s=[s] excuse (a reason) excuse (to forgive) house (residence) house (to shelter) use (purpose) use (utilize) abuse (mistreatment) abuse (injure) EXERCISED Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words. Be sure to distinguish between the voiceless [s] in the nouns and the voiced [z] in the verbs. @ fa 1. Please excuse me. @ ts} 2. He has a good excuse. ta 3. May Tuse your car? tI 4. The object has no use. ta ta 5. The museum will house the painting. {sl 6. We bought a new house. ia) 7. Child abuse is a terrible thing. @ @ 8. Please don’t abuse me. 124 Part 3: Consonants‘CHECK YOURSELF 1 Listen. Two of the words in each group will be the same; one will be different. Circle the number of the word that is different. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-4, see Appendix il, pages 288-289.) EXAMPLE —-Youhear prize price price Youcircle @ 2 3 1to2 3 21 42 3 3102 3 41 2 3 51 2 3 61 2 3 7102 3 B81 2 3 91 2. 3 : 10.1002 3 GHECK YOURSELF? [TL] pead the sentences aloud, In the brackets above each boldfaced word, write [s] or [2]. fs] [s) [2] EXAMPLE Silence is golden. 5 Ol ol ie E 1. It’s raining eats and dogs. C10) (1 £] 2. Come as soon as possible. ig] {1 . Strike while the iron is hot. & 3. E o U] E 4. Kill two birds with one stone. E {] ia) £ 5. Misery loves company. i i [ Lesson 24 125 RENAECHECK YOURSELF 3 (MM) Listen and circle the word used to complete each sentence. EXAMPLE 9. 10. (s] iz] The sweater was (fussy / (s) fl . We finally won the (race/raise). Sw 1 know that (face/phase). [s} [2] He gave me a good (price/prize). Gl bl |. Look at her small (niece/knees). (1 fal . We must accept the (loss/laws) i) ta ‘The sheep have (fleece/fleas). is) tl . Did you hear the (bus/buzz)? (s)} 2 His dog has a large (muscle/muzzle). s]_ (2 How much is the (sink/zinc)? i . can identify the (spice/spies). CHECKYOURSELF 4 {@) [L] Listen. circte the words pronounced with [s] and underline the words pronounced with [2]. Then practice reading the limericks aloud. 126 Part 3: Consonants Was crazy about Silly Sue. He proposed twenty times, i Using song, dance, and rhymes Until Sue said to Stu, “I do!” A Girl Named Maxine There was a slim girl called Maxine Who loved cooking Spanish cuisine. She spent days eating rice, Lots of chicken and spice. Now Maxine is no longer lean!CU read the paragraph about J boldfaced [s] and [2] words correctly. Caesar aloud. Be sure to pronounce all the Julius Caesar {s) fs] [2] (2) ts) fs] {z) fs} Julius Caesar is one of the most famous leaders in history. He (I (eh Cells) (2) (alts) became master of Italy aon of his skills as soldier and (s}_ [s} (2itz} fz] (2) statesman. His zeal and wisdom a = — {2 He song the goverment and raised the Stata of the poor: But (zits fl {s] oI he was sabe to a 7 nis) enemies Brutus and Cassius. (s} (sits) fl | Shakespeare said in bie py about Julius a ‘Men at some time | it ta) 1 fa are masters oftheir fates: The fault, de Brutus, fe not in our stare, | {s]_ but in ourselves, that we are underlings” Lesson 24 127een 25 [t] as in top, return, and cat PRONOUNCING [t]} ‘Tongue tip: Firmly pressed against gum ridge behind upper front teeth Airstream: Stopped and then exploded Vocal cords: Not vibrating ~~~ Possible Pronunciation Problems - The consonant [t] is a common sound and, for many learners, it does not cause much difficulty. When pronouncing [t], your tongue tip should touch the upper gum ridge, NOT the back of your upper front teeth. [t] must be said with strong aspiration and a puff of air or it might sound like [d]. Some speakers tend to say [ts] instead of {t] before [u] or [tf] in place of [t] before [i] and [1]. EXAMPLES If you say [d] instead of [t): If you say [ts] instead of [1] Ifyou say [tf] instead of [t two will sound like do. tune will sound like tsune. tease will sound like cheese. Practice saying [t] while loosely holding a tissue in front of your mouth. If you aspirate [t] correctly and say it with a puff of air, your tissue will flutter. So—be sure to practice all the time; you'll make a terrific [t]. EXERCISE A Listen and repeat. [t] At the Beginning of Words {t] In the Middle of Words [t] At the End of Words to talk time until attend ‘between it went state ten tell table after return contain but late fruit try tree terrible empty winter _ printing ate light apart top wanted boat 128ny .. ltr is val ronounce ‘The letters ed in past tense verbs are pronouniced [t] when they follow a voicéless consonant, stopped looked Kissed washed : When [t] is between two vowels and follows a stressed syllable (as in water, butter, and city), itis NOT aspirated. When [t] follows s (as in stop, stay, stick), itis NOT aspirated with a puff of air. Tay... speakers of various Asian languages tend to add the sound [ol to words ending in ft] in EXERCISE B EXERCISE C English (the word cat becomes cato, the word sit becomes sito). Be sure you avoid this extra vowel when practicing words with final (t]. Listen and repeat. The letter t in the following words occurs between vowels, so it is NoT as} city water pretty writing better sitting notice pattern butter cutting Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the [t] sound in the boldfaced words and Phrases. Be sure to aspirate [t] at the beginning of words. . Tell the teacher. .. tea and toast |. to be or not to be . Take your time. }.. Today is Tuesday, October tenth. . Turn off the light. . Tim bought two tickets to the tennis tournament. . Pat wrote a poem. The boat won’t return until eight. 10. Should we leave a fifteen percent tip? SENAY e Lesson 25 129CHECK YOURSELF? [1] read the words aloud. Circle the one letter t in each word that is pronounced [t]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2,see Appendix Il, page 289.) ExampLE though® 1. traction 6. tooth 2that 7. presentation 3. patient 8. arithmetic 4. texture 9, together 5, temperature 10. subtraction CHECKYOURSELF2 [1] complete each sentence with a word from the box. Then practice saying the sentences aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the consonant [t]. too write not two aunt knot right. ant knight _ night toe tow thyme time tail tale 1, Tess had much to eat. 2. must return books. 3, Two wrongs don't make a 4, Please me a note. 5. Tim's is twenty-two. 6. Tie a tight 7 7. When you go to bed, please leave the light on. 8. Tony broke his little 9. What is the party? 10. That tiger has a tiny Cea csels EXERCISE A [E read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the consonant [t]- ‘Tom: Tina, who were you talking to on the telephone? ‘lina: Terry White. She wanted to know what time the party is tonight. om: Terry is always late. She missed our tennis game last Tuesday. 130 Part 3; Consonantsb —._ EXERCISER . i EXERCISEC Tina: Two days ago, she didn’t come to breakfast until two. Terry is always ina tizzy. ‘Terry missed her flight to Texas last week, : She's never on time for any appointment, Tom: This is terrible! What time did you tell her to come tonight? Tina: Don't worry. I had a terrific idea. I told Terry to come at six fifteen. The party really is set for eight! Tom: To tell the truth, I wish you told her it was at two fifteen. I just don't trust her! TU read the anecdote aloud, Pay attention to the consonant [t] in the boldfaced words. A hotel guest went into the bar one night to have a few drinks. He had caught a bad cold and kept sneezing. The bartender, who had known the guest for the past ten days, told him, “You look tired and sound terrible.” “Yes, [have a terrific cold,” the hotel guest stated. The bartender turned to him and said, “It’s too bad that you don't have pneumonia. The doctors know what to do for that!” [El practice reading the questions and answers aloud with a partner. Fill in the blanks with words containing the consonant [t]. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing [t). 1. A: What time does the party start? B: The party starts at : 2, A: What time is your appointment with the dentist? B: My appointment is at on afternoon. 3. A: What is your telephone number? B: My telephone number is 4, A: Do you turn left or right on Tenth Street? B: Turn on Tenth Street. 5. A: Where are you taking a trip this winter? B: I'm taking a trip to Every time you talk, try to achieve perfect pronunciation of [t]! Lesson 25 131fee) [d] as in day, ladder, and bed ly PRONOUNCING [d] ‘Tongue tip: Firmly pressed against gum ridge behind upper front teeth Airstream: Stopped and then exploded Vocal cords: Vibrating ~~ Possible Pronunciation Problems The sound {d] should be produced with the tongue tip touching the upper gum. ridge. It should Nor touch the back of your upper front teeth or be placed between your teeth, EXAMPLES If you say [8] instead of fd]: Jadder will sound like lather. { breeding will sound like breathing, Nv ' | i | | i When [4] is the last sound in a word, many speakers forget to make their vocal 1 cords vibrate. This will make [d] sound like a [t] and confuse your listeners. i Examples If you say [t] instead of [d]:__card will sound like cart. bed will sound like bet. { i | Press your tongue tip against the gum ridge behind your upper front teeth and add voicing when you pronounce (4). Don’t forget to practice [4] every day! EXERCISE A. Listen and repeat. Be sure your tongue tip touches the upper gum ridge. [a] At the Beginning of Words _[d] In the Middle of Words [d] At the End of Words do door — dozen body older pudding bad food bread dog dime —_doctor soda order Sunday did card build day down different under window medicine end cold would/wood desk today said 132BRERCISER. Listen. Repeat the pairs of words. Be sure to press your tongue against the upper ‘gum ridge and to make your vocal cords vibrate for [d]. Remember to prolong any vowel BEFORE the consonant [d]. {fa td bed bet mad mat need neat hard heart bride bright hide height wade wait as ‘\ EXERCISE C Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the consonant [d] in the boldfaced words. a good idea one hundred dollars end of the road abad cold What's today’s date? How do you do? What did you order for dinner? Wendy is a wonderful dancer. We landed in London at dawn. Send dad a birthday card. Been anaune CHECK YOURSELF T [@@) Listen carefully. Some words that should be pronounced with the consonant [d] be said incorrectly. Circle C for Correct or I for Incorrect. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix Il, page 290.) EXAMPLES = You hear I'm reading a good book. You circle © I You hear Sat is the opposite of happy. Youcircle C (]® 1c I 2 C FT 3. € I 4C 1 5. I Lesson 26 133CHECKYOURSELF2 [1 Read this wedding invitation. Circle the words that contain the consonant [4]. MR. AND Mrs. €D)GEAN) ARE DELIGHTED TO INVITE YOU TO THE WEDDING OF THEIR DAUGHTER env DEAN To Don DEWEY = SUNDAY, THE TWENTY THIRD OF DECEMBER IAT THE DINER’'S CLUB 1020 Davis ROAD DENVER, COLORADO Reception anat Dinner folowing Weldeg RSVP BY WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER THIRD. Now read the invitation aloud. Pay attention to the words containing the consonant [d]. More Practice EXERCISE A (1) read the essay aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the consonant [d]. Almost all people daydream during a normal day. They tend to Daydreaming daydream the most during quiet times. Most people have said that they others have unrealistic ones, such as inheriting a million dollars. Men enjoy their daydreams. Some have very ordinary daydreams, while daydream as much as women do, but the subject of their dreams is different. Men daydream about being daring heroes or good athletes. Women delight in daydreaming about fashion and beauty. As individuals grow older, they tend to daydream less, although it is still evident in their old age. Children daydream, too. Psychologists believe daydreaming is an important part of children’s development because it helps them to develop their imaginations. Daydreaming has dull conditions. The downside is that, when daydreaming, they need to divert their attention from their surroundings. When it is important advantages and disadvantages. It can keep people entertained under | for people to pay attention to something like driving, daydreaming can bea risky or dangerous diversion. 134 Part 3: Consonants —_‘EXERCISE B LE) work witha partner. Write a short conversation beginning with one of the following questions: * What day is today? * Can you drive me to the doctor on Monday? * Do you think we should do something for Don’s birthday? i Practice your conversation together. Pay attention to all the words containing the consonant [d]. Don't forget to practice [d] every day! Lesson 26 135Lesson 27 [0] as in think, bathtub, and mouth PRONOUNCING [0] ‘Tongue tip: Between the teeth Airstream: Continuous without interruption Vocal cords: Not vibrating awww Possible Pronunciation Problerms a-1x.c.—--e--seneomnemunmnaensnmiscnnneneseneeenneneminey you to recognize, you probably substitute more familiar sounds. EXAMPLES If you say [s] instead of {8}: thank will sound like sank. If you say [f] instead of [0]: thin will sound like shin. If you say [f] instead of [8]: Ruth will sound like roof. If you say [t] instead of [@]: path will sound like pat. When you pronounce [0], concentrate on placing your tongue between your teeth. Look in a mirror, and keep the airstream continuous. ‘The sound [6] does not exist in most languages. Because it may be difficult for | | Keep thinking about [6]! | EXERCISE A Listen and repeat. Remember to place your tongue between your teeth when you say (0). [0] At the Beginning of Words _[0] In the Middle of Words [0] At the End of Words thaw theme theory wealthy healthy anything bath teeth truth thin thick thirsty nothing toothpaste birthday both mouth south thank thorn thought method something northwest doth month —_ oath thief author path Ey. consonant [0] is always spelled th. 136EXERCISE B Listen and repeat. Remember to place your tongue BETWEEN your teeth for [0] and BEHIND your teeth for (t] and [s]. 1] td {s] thank tank sank thin tin sin thought taught sought bath bat bass thick tick sick Beth bet Bess path pat pass EXERCISE C Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the consonant [6] in the boldfaced words. 1, Thank you. 2. I think so. 3. something else 4. Open your mouth. 5. healthy and wealthy 6. a penny for your thoughts 7. Thanksgiving Day falls on Thursday. 8. Do birds fly north or south in the winter? 9. Thank you for your thoughtful birthday card. 10. The baby got his third tooth this month. 11, Thelma had her thirty-third birthday. 12. Brush your teeth with a toothbrush and toothpaste 13. Good friends stick with you through thick and thin! 14, Beth walked back and forth on the path. 15. The oath is, “Tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.” CHECK YOURSELF 1. Listen. Ten of the following words contain the consonant [0]. Circle the words containing the consonant [0]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix Ii, page 290.) Thomas clothes feather further father although — thick other faith throw clothing breathe breath rather method ~—cloth_—_thorough Lesson 27 137GHECKYOURSELF2 [1] pead aloud the paragraph about Jim Thorpe. Circle the words that should be pronounced with the consonant [0]. Do you know Gythindabout Jim Thorpe? He was a Native American | athlete. He excelled in everything at the Olympics. Thousands were angry when Thorpe’s medals were taken away because he was called a professional athlete. In 1973, long after his death, Thorpe’s medals were restored. Throughout the world, Jim Thorpe is thought to be one of the greatest male athletes. Check your answers, and practice reading the paragraph aloud again. EXERCISE A EXERCISE B [2] work with a partner. Practice these tongue twisters. Which of you will be first to read them quickly with no mistakes? Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the consonant [6]. Remember to place your tongue between your teeth when you say [0]. 1. Theopholus Thistle, the successful thistle sifter, in sifting a sieveful of unsifted thistles, thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb. 2. Thirty thousand thoughtless boys thought they'd make a lot of noise. So with thirty thousand thumbs, they banged on thirty thousand drums! [) no one ever gets tired of hearing “Thank you!” Work with a partner. Write a dialogue in which one person thanks another person for something. Remember to pay attention to the consonant [0] in thank you and in other words. Keep thinking about [0]! 138 Part 3: Consonantsfiery O 3} [0] as in the, father, and smooth PRONOUNCING [0] Frye Tongue Airstream: Continuous without interruption Vocal cords: ‘ibrating - Possible Pronunciation Problems The sound [6] is another unfamiliar sound. It may be difficult for you to recognize and produce. You probably substitute the more familiar sound [d] or possibly [z] or [43]. EXAMPLES If you say [d] instead of [8]: they will sound like day. If you say (2] instead of [6]: bathe will sound like bays. If you say [ds] instead of (8: than will sound like Jan. When pronouncing [8], remember to place your tongue between your teeth | and to keep the airstream from your mouth continuous. Look in the mirror as you pronounce [4]. Make sure you can see the tip of | your tongue, and there won't be a problem with these, them, and those. EXERCISE A @ Listen and repeat. [6] At the Beginning of Words [6] In the Middle of Words [6] At the End of Words the that there other gather leather bathe breathe this they these mother either together clothe soothe then those though father neither whether smooth them brother 139The letters th followed by e are usually pronounced [3]. the them other bathe EXERCISE B (@) tisten and repeat. 00) (al (01 wl they day 6. then Zen breathe breed 7. breathe breeze there dare 8. soothe sues though dough 9. bathe bade 0. . writhe rise prep e 10. bathe bays EXERCISE C Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the consonant [6]. That's right. father and mother either one of them This is it! under the weather Dont bother me! This is my other brother. Yd rather get together another day. 9. That leather belt feels smooth. 10. I like this one better than the other one. 11. Mother must bathe the baby. 12, Will Grandmother and Grandfather be there? 13. Birds of a feather flock together. 14, This clothing is as light as a feather. 15. The rhythm of the music is soothing. PNA eE CHECKYOURSELF1 EL) circte the word in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence, Then read each sentence aloud. Be sure to place the tip of your tongue between your teeth as you say [6]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, pages 291-292.) EXAMPLE [ike this book better (then {han)/that book. 1 ais ifesd) shoes are weatherproof. 2. I loathe this wet (weather/whether). 3. (This/ These) board is smoother than the other one. 4. The family will be (there /theix) for the wedding. 140 Part 3: Consonants5. Mother told (they/them) not to be late. 6. (They/Them) are worthy of the award. 7. (Those/ That) brothers are rather tall. 8. I don’t know (weather/ whether) to buy this one or that one. 9. (That / Those) lather is soothing. 10. (Their/There) father likes the weather in southern Florida. CHECK YOURSELF 2 Listen and circle the word in each group that is NOT pronounced with [6]. EXAMPLE brother mother father 1. cloth clothing clothes clothe 2. though although thought those 3. then them themselves den 4. feather father faith further 5. bathing bath bathe breathe 6. thank than that then 7. soothe sues soothing smooth 8. dare there their theirs CHECK YOURSELF 3 Pa Read the dialogue with a partner and circle the words containing the consonant [d]. Daughter: Like Gesdold pictures. Who's GRP Mother: That's your great-grandmother. Daughter: The feathered hat is funny! Who's that man? Mother: That's your grandfather. He was from the Netherlands. Daughter: I know these people! Aren't they Uncle Tom and Uncle Bob? Mother: That's right. Those are my brothers. They always bothered me! Daughter: This must be either Father or his brother. Mother: _ Neither! That's your father’s uncle Daughter: Why are there other people in this photo? Mother: This was a family gathering. We got together all the time. Daughter: Mother, who's this “smooth-looking” man? Mother: Shhhhhbbhh! I'd rather not say. Your father will hear! Daughter: Is that your old boyfriend? Mother: Well, even mothers had fun in those days! Read the dialogue again and check to make sure you circled the words containing the consonant [6]. Then change roles and read the dialogue aloud again with a partner. Lesson 28 141UTR l ss EXERCISE A. EXERCISE B @ Read the weather report aloud. Pay attention to the boldfaced words contai the consonant [5]. ‘This is Heather Worthington, here to give you another weather report. The weather is rather rainy in northern areas. Don't bother with umbrellas or heavy clothing in the southern region. There will be warm weather, although there is a slight chance of either rain or storms. Seas are smooth, so you might take those bathing suits out. Neither tornado nor hurricane warnings are in effect this week, so everyone can breathe easy, That's all for tonight. LO setect a brief newspaper or magazine article. Circle all words pronounced with the consonant [4]. Look in a mirror as you read it aloud. Be sure to see and feel the tip of your tongue between your teeth as you say [3]. [8] is another sound that you can master, if you remember that the tip of your tongue goes between your teeth! 142. Part 3: Consonantseeecte) 29 EXERCISE x ~ Contrast and Review of [s], [Z], [t], [d], [0], and [6] veer e Listen and repeat the words and sentences. s @ @ pass pat path sink zine think set said Seth Stan Dan than Zen den then fal fo) {s) Dan is older than Stan. (1) (1 Did you pass Pat on the path? (1 ie 5} I think there is zine in the sink. @ td Seth said to set the table. el two. (s} (al z] Sue is due at the zoo at 143[f] as in shoe, nation, and wish and [tf] as in chair, teacher, and witch Lesson i) dite Mele Nec aH Tongue tip: Near but not touching upper gum ridge Middle of tongue: Near but not touching hard palate Airstream: Continuous without interruption Vocal cords: Not vibrating y= Possible Pronunciation Problems .. | The consonant [f] may not be familiar to you. You may accidentally substitute q the more familiar [s] or [tf] sound (the sound to be covered next). EXAMPLES If you say [s] instead of [J]: she will sound like see. If you say [tf] instead of [f: shoe will sound like chew. The sound [f] will be easy to pronounce if you keep the airstream steady and smooth. Be careful not to let your tongue touch your teeth or upper gum ridge or you will say [tf] by mistake. | [lis a steady, quiet sound. Shhhhhhh. | | | | EXERCISE A Listen and repeat. Remember, your tongue should not touch the roof of your mouth, [At the Beginning of Words _[[] Im the Middle of Words [f] At the End of Words shy shoe sugar ocean nation _ official dish rush foolish shop short shape washer patient machine wish finish Spanish ship share shower tissue mission _ brushing cash punish English shine insure wash ci 35 ch shelf option social issue chef shirt section special assure chute brush fiction musician depression —_ machine crash mention physician profession Chicago shadow election conscious expression —_—chauffeur 144EE. frequent spelling pattems for [{] consist of the letters s,ce,and xi. sugar pension ~—dcean anxious cig... letters ¢, ss, and c before suffixes beginning with i are usually pronounced [[]. i nation profession _ social EXERCISE B Listen and repeat. Be sure to pucker your lips for [{] and “smile” for [s]. a {s] ship sip sheet seat shelf self sheen seen mash mass EXERCISE C Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words and phrases containing the [f]sound. 1, Shake hands. 2. washing machine 3, Im sure! 4, short on cash 5. Shut the door! 6. Polish your shoes. 7. There are many fish in the ocean. 8. Shirley shopped for shoes. 9. The shirt should be washed. 10. The mushrooms and shrimp are delicious. 11, We had a short vacation in Washington, 12. Shine the flashlight in this direction. 13. She showed us the chic new fashions. 14. Charlotte speaks English and Spanish. 15. T wish you would finish washing the dishes. Lesson 30 145‘CHECK YOURSELF Listen and circle the word in each group that is Not pronounced with the consonant [/]. (For answers, see Appendix Il, page 292.) exnnis sue surly sugar 1. crush cash catch crash 2. chef chief chute chiffon 3. machine parachute mustache _kitchen 4, China Russia Chicago Michigan 5. facial conscience science conscious 6. pressure pressed assure permission 7. division subtraction —_—_ addition multiplication 8. position action patio motion 9. Charlotte Cheryl Sharon Charles 10. tension resign pension mention EXERCISE A, EXERCISE B (1) read the paragraph aloud. Pay attention to the consonant [/] in the boldfaced words. Fashion is a passion for every generation. Should skirts be short or should we switch to long? That is always the question. Should men wear shirts with button-down collars? Should they change to wider ties? What shade is in style, charcoal gray or chartreuse green? Should shoes and handbag match? Today's purchase may be ancient history tomorrow! Despite future trends and despite our shapes, we must look chic for that luncheon or social event. Shopping is sure to be fun! [3] work with a partner. Take turns reading the hints and identifying the correct, ‘occupation from the box. Pay attention to the consonant [{] in the boldfaced words. EXAMPLE A: A person with this occupation should be good at investments. B: financial advisor musician _social worker sheriff physician chef fashion designer chauffeur 146 Part 3: Consonants1. A: A person with this occupation should be a good driver. B: 2. A: A person with this occupation should be a lover of food. B: 3. A: A person with this occupation should have a sense of style. B: E 4, A: A person with this occupation should have compassion. B: 5, A: A person with this occupation should know about the body and healing. B: 6. A: A person with this occupation should fight against crime. B: 7. A: A person with this occupation should play an instrument. B: ‘Tongue tip: Firmly pressed against gum ridge behind upper front teeth Airstream: Stopped (as for [t]) and then released (as for [f]) Vocal cords: Not vibrating Possible Pronunciation Problems [ The sounds [tf] and [f] are easily confused with one another. EXAMPLES If you say [f] instead of [tf]: chair will sound like share. which will sound like wish. Just remember to start [tf] with your tongue in the same place as for the sound [t]. Be sure to press your tongue tip against the gum ridge behind your upper front teeth, or you will say [J] by mistake, [tf] is an explosive sound like a sneeze! Think of Ah-CHOO and you'll meet the challenge of pronouncing [t/]. Lesson 30 147Practice EXERCISE A Listen and repeat the following words, Be sure to begin [t{] just like the sound [t]. [1] At the Beginning of Words [t{] In the Middle of Words [t{] At the End of Words chew chest chicken nature butcher question itch reach watch chair choose Charles teacher richer — future each touch speech child cherry cheerful picture orchard catcher match sandwich chalk hatchet much peach [tf] Spelled ch tu th chop mature patch rich culture catch cheap posture butcher cheese fortune —_ kitchen March picture _pitcher Less frequent spelling patterns for [tf] consist of the letters t and ti. righteous digestion —_ question EXERCISE B Listen and repeat. ty fy i cheer tear sheer chip tip ship chin tin shin match mat mash watch what wash 2s sy Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the [t/] sound in the boldfaced words. PEN AARe Ne 10. 148 Part 3: Consonants Watch out! inch by inch I'm catching a cold. cheese sandwich Don't touch that! chocolate chip cookies Does the butcher charge much for chickens? Which furniture did you choose? Natural cheddar cheese is not cheap. Please watch the children in the lunchroom.11. T:purchased a picture of China. 12. The coach chose Charles for the team. 13. The bachelor plays checkers and chess. 14, Don't count your chickens before they're hatched! CHECK YOURSELF. isten to the sentences. Some words that should be pronounced with [t/] will be said INCORRECTLY. Circle C for Correct or | for Incorrect to indicate whether the [1] word in each sentence is pronounced properly. (For answers, see Appendix Il, page 292.) EXAMPLES You hear Sit in the share. You circle C ® You hear Thad to change the tire. You circle © 1 Per aA een oananaa A149 10. More Practice EXERCISE A (1 read atoud the paragraph about Chubby Checker. Be sure to pronounce all the boldfaced [t/] words correctly. Chubby Checker Children and teenagers in the 1960s were charmed by the performer known as Chubby Checker. Chubby became “King of the Twist” and changed the future of music forever. While he was working in a chicken store, Chubby’s boss recognized natural talent and had him sing to the customers. His “catchy” name, Chubby Checker, was chosen over his | actual name, Ernest Evans. He actually recorded the “Twist” while still in high school and was fortunate to hit the charts immediately. His career was launched. His records reached people around the world. Chubby was featured on TV and watched by millions in movies and shows. Although Chubby is no longer the top-notch king of rock, he is still everyone's champion. Lesson 30 149EXERCEE | EE] rachel and chuck made a list of all the chores to do around the house. Work with a partner. Pretend you are Rachel and Chuck. Decide which eight chores are the most important and which of you will do each of the eight. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the consonant [tf]. Change the sheets. . Repair the steps on the porch. Purchase chicken and chops at the butcher. Exchange the chair at the furniture store. Prepare the children’s lunch. Make a batch of chocolate chip cookies. Make a pitcher of lemonade. . Charge the battery of the lawn mower. 9, Hang the new picture over the couch. 10, Write the monthly checks and pay the charge accounts. 11, Bring in Charles’s watch to be repaired. 12. Put the china dishes in the chest. 13. Patch the leaking roof. 14, Chop vegetables for dinner. 15. Check the oil in the car. LESSON REVIEW: 1/1] AND It/] erNaueene EXERCISE A Listen and repeat, Remember: Your tongue tip must touch the upper gum ridge for [tf] but Not for If]. 0 a] 1. shoe chew 2. share chair 3. ship chip 4, wash watch 5. cash catch 6. Ihave a crush. Thave a crutch. 7, Please wash the dog. Please watch the dog. 8, He can't mash it. He can't match it. 9. Give me my share. Give me my chair. 10. Get rid of the sheet. Get rid of the cheat. 150 Part 3: Consonants | 4EXERCISE B Listen and repeat. tu fl 1. Let's choose new shoes. 0 wn 2. She's eating the cheese. ie ww 3. Sherry likes cherry pie. mn tn 4, The hull of the ship has a chip. ti tw 5. He paid cash for the catch of the day. CHECK YOURSELF 1 ($B Listen. Two of the words in each series will be the same; one will be different. Circle the number of the word that is different. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-4, see Appendix Il, pages 292-293.) EXAMPLE Youhear watch watch wash You circle 1 2. @ ot 2 3 zt 2 3 31 2 3 al 2 3 51 2 3 61 2 3 74 2 3 a1 2 3 o1 2 3 10. 1 2 3 CHECK YOURSELF 2 Write the correct phonetic symbols in the brackets above the boldfaced letters. tw) wn uw EXAMPLE Too much milk makes mushy mashed potatoes. Ul (1) ( 1. The puppy shouldn't chew the shoes. C1 01 C1 2. Shine the furniture with polish. 0) Ci 0) 3. The chef prepared a special dish. Lesson 30 151f] 03 0) 4, We should change the dirty sheets. L C] C} 5. Choosing a profession is a challenge. [1 check your answers. Then read the sentences aloud. CHECK YOURSELF 3 EXAMPLE [Listen and circle the word used to complete each sentence. ow You sure can Ghoj)/ chop). np 1, I didn’t see the (dish/ ditch). i tn 2. He hurt his (shin/chin). in ot) 3, Did you hear that (shatter /chatter)? wt 4, Ita silly (wish /witch). iy ty] 5. It was an endless (marsh/March). i fp 6. She brought me the (wash / watch). tap 7. You have a large (share /chair), i op 8, We must fix the (ship/chip). won 9. Does she have a new (crush/ crutch)? i ty 10. You completed the (shore / chore). ins Check your answers. Then read each sentence aloud twice. Use the first word in the first reading and the second word in the second reading. CHECK YOURSELF 4 Circle the words containing the consonant [[] and underline the words containing the consonant [tJ]. Richard: Do you have any change for the ashing aching? My wife, Sharon, is visiting her parents in Michigan. Im watching the children and doing the chores. Marshall: Watch out! Don’t put bleach on those shirts. You'll wash out the color, Richard: Will you teach me how to wash clothes? Marshall: Be sure to wash white shirts separately, Don’t use too much soap. 152 Part 3: ConsonantsRichard: I wish Sharon would return. It’s more natural for a woman to wash and shop. Marshall: You sound like a chauvinist! 1 don't mind doing chores. I'm great in the kitchen, too! Richard: Would you like to take charge? I'll cheerfully pay you cash. Marshall: Listen, old chap, I'm a bachelor and too old to chase after children. I'm in a rush. It’s been nice chatting with you, Richard. Richard: Sure, nice chatting with you, too, Marshall. EE] check to make sure you circled the words contai g the consonant [/1 and underlined the words containing the consonant [t/]. Then practice reading the dialogue with a partner. EXERCISE A_ (1 read the words aloud. You will see them again in Exercise B. tu 1 creature sugar children shutters porch should chimney Dasher kerchief flash miniature sash shouted dash EXERCISE B [1] read aloud these lines from the poem “The Night Before Christmas.” Pay attention to the boldfaced words with the consonants [[] and [tf]. "Twas the Night Before Christmas Clement Clark Moore “Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse; The stockings were hung by the chimney with care, In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there; The children were nestled all snug in their beds, While visions of sugar-plums danced in their heads; And Mamma in her ’kerchief and I in my cap, Had just settled down for a long winter's nap, When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter, I sprang from my bed to see what was the matter. Lesson 30 153Away to the window I flew like a flash, Tore open the shutters and threw up the sash. When what to my wondering eyes should appear, But a miniature sleigh, and cight tiny reindeer With a little old driver, so lively and quick, I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick. More rapid than eagles his coursers they came, And he whistled, and shouted; and called them by name; “Now, Dasher! now, Dancer! now, Prancer and Vixen! On, Comet! on, Cupid! on, Donner and Blitzen! To the top of the porch, to the top of the wall! Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!” —— 154 Part 3: Consonantseer) i) Contrast and Review of [s], [], [t], and [tf] EXERCISE Listen and repeat the words and sentences. is of Mo WW 1. Sue shoe too ~— chew 2.sear sheer tear_— cheer 3.sip ship_—tip.-—chip. 4.sin shin tin. — chin 5. mass mash mat match [s)_ tf] (8 6. Did Sue choose her new shoes? t fo q There's a chip on the tip of the Ship. x Cs} ul Cyl 8. Cass paid cash for the catch of the day. td tn i 9. Terry made a cherry pie for Sherry. wl i) os 10. She's eating a cheese sandwich. 155eet] Ly [3] as in measure, vision, and rouge PRONOUNCING jon as for [J] ontinuous without interruption Possible Pronunciation Problems .... Pronunciation problems occur because of similarities between [3]and other | i EXAMPLES If you say [J] instead of [3]: _ vision will sound like vishion, | If you say [d3] instead of [5]: pleasure will sound like pledger. | Be sure your vocal cords are vibrating when you say [3]. Put your hand on your | throat to feel the vibration! i It will be a pleasure to pronounce [31 _ | EXERCISE A Listen and repeat. [s]Im the Middle of Words [5] At the End of Words Asia measure decision rouge garage —_prestige usual pleasure division beige corsage camouflage vision occasion television mirage massage entourage leisure In English, [3] does not occur at the beginning of words. su giorge closure beige vision unusual —_regime explosion casual massage conclusion composure _negligee collision camouflage illusion 156 seniAlless frequent spelling pattem for [5] consists of the letters zu. seizure azure EXERCISE B Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the boldfaced words containing the consonant [3]. Per aveoene 10. Ul. 12. 13, 14, 15, color television long division That's unusual! big decision What's the occasion? It’s a pleasure to meet you. A mirage is an illusion. The azure skies are unusual. She bought a beige negligee. We usually watch television. Get a massage at your leisure The excursion was a pleasure. T heard an explosion in the garage. The collision caused great confusion. She received a corsage for the occasion. CHECKYOURSELF 1 {@@) Listen and circle the word in each group that does Nor contain the consonant [5]. (For answers to Check Yourself 1-3, see Appendix Il, pages 293-294.) EXAMPLE composure exposure enclosure leisure pleasure sure measure Asia Asian Parisian Paris huge beige rouge prestige passion collision occasion _—_ decision massage mirage message corsage confusion conclusive contusion __conclusion. lesion profession explosion —_aversion vision version television _ visible seizure seize azure division . treasury treasurer treason treasure Lesson 32 157‘CHECK YOURSELF 2 Listen and write the phonetic symbol [3] or [] to represent the consonant sound of the boidfaced letters. Refer back to Lesson 30, practicing [{] as needed. tn fs] i EXAMPLE — We will vacation in Asia. i Ci 0) | 1. The commission made a decision. 0] C) 2. The class learned division and addition. Ci 0) 3. Measure the garage. tj Cl 4. Your profession has prestige. C107 0) 5. That's an unusual shade of rouge. CHECK YOURSELF 3 (Mt Listen to the newscast, and circle all words pronounced with the [5] sound, (Fraziei) White with the 10:00 p.m Gevision news. ‘Tonight we have some most unusual stories. Here are the headlines: * Tourists on a pleasure trip discovered valuable Persian rugs. The rugs dated back to ancient Persia. Good evening, This i * an explosion took place in a garage on First Avenue. Seizure of a bomb was made after much confusion * Asian flu is spreading. Asian flu vaccinations will be available to those with exposure to the germ. * Today was the Parisian fashion show. Everything from casual leisure clothes to negligees was shown. Beige is the big color. 1 Hemlines measure two inches below the knee. | * Carry your raincoat. Occasional showers are due tomorrow. Hope | | your evening is a pleasure, This is Frazier White saying GOOD NIGHT! GND) risten again to make sure you circled all words containing the consonant [3]. Then pretend to be a newscaster and read the newscast aloud yourself. 158 Part 3: ConsonantsEXERCISE (1) read the limerick aloud, Be sure to pronounce the boldfaced words correctly. A Delusion? Aman woke up in confusion. Ina dream he'd reached the conclusion That he would have treasure, Luxury and pleasure. He asked himself, “Truth or delusion?” It will be a pleasure to pronounce [5]! Lesson 32-159[d3] as in jam, magic, and age and [j] as in you and yes Ee) 3 ie) PRONOUNCING [d3] ‘Tongue tip: Firmly pressed against gum ridge behind upper front teeth Airstream: Stopped (as for [d]) and then released (as for (3]) Vocal cords: Vibrating Possible Pronunciation Problems Confusing English spelling patterns and similarities between [43] and other sounds cause your pronunciation problems with [d3]. EXAMPLES Ifyou say [j] instead of [ds]: Jell-O will sound like yellow. If you say [3] instead of [43]: legion will sound like lesion. Ifyou say [tf] instead of [ds badge will sound like batch. Ifyou say [h] instead of [dg]: jam will sound like ham. Remember to start {d3] with your tongue in the same place as for the sound [d]. Be sure your tongue is pressed against your upper gum ridge and that your vocal cords are vibrating when you say [43]. Just keep practicing! It will be a joy to say [d3]! EXERCISE A TD tisten and repeat. [dg] At the Beginning of Words [dg] In the Middle of Words [3] At the End of Words jam jar agent enjoy age edge joy gym adjust angel cage badge job gem magic injure large ridge {d3] Spelled i g dg jaw giant fudge joke gentle budge major ranger wedge 160Ee. frequent spelling patterns for {d3] consist of the letters di and du. soldier cordial graduate _~— educate cay... letter jis usually pronounced [dgl. joke June January —_ just The letter g before silent e at the end of a word is usually pronounced {d3]. age wedge ~ village college eesirs EXERCISE B Listen and repeat. Remember, [d3] is a voiced sound; your vocal cords should vibrate! (And be sure to prolong any vowel BEFORE the sound [d3].) fas} (ef) joke choke gin chin badge batch ridge rich age “‘H” EXERCISE C Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the pronunciation of [d3] in the boldfaced words. Just a moment. Enjoy yourself! pledge of allegiance Fourth of July college education Jack of all trades Jim is just joking. Jane enjoys jogging. The major joined the legion. 10. George graduates from college in June. 11. The passengers were injured in the Jeep. 12. John mailed a large package to Virginia. 13. Do you like fudge, Jell-O, or gingerbread? 14. The engineer lost his job in January. 15. The agent took a jet to Japan. PRIA RENE Lesson 33. 161CHECK YOURSELF 1 CHECK YOURSELF 2 Imagine you are taking a jet around the world! You will stop at all the places with names that contain the sound [43]. Circle the names of these places. (For answers to Check Yourself 1 and 2, see Appendix Il, page 294.) Luxemburg Guatemala Jerusalem Greece England Germany Algeria Hungary Japan Greenland China Egypt Belgium Argentina Jamaica 1) read atoud the names of the places you circled. Then practice saying them to complete the following sentence: Tmtakingajetto Listen and circle the word in each group of four that does NoT contain the consonant (ds). EXAMPLE gym gypsy jet 1. badge bulge bug budge 2. captain general major soldier 3. hen gentle gem intelligent 4. juice age angel angle 5. huge hug jug July 6. giraffe gill giant gin 7. duck cordial educate —_graduate 8, large lounge ung. lunge 9. Gary Joe Hil Gene 10. Virginia Georgia. © Germany —_ Greenland Ula eels ies EXERCISE [Ee read the dialogue aloud with a partner. Pay attention to your pronunciation of [dg] in the boldfaced words.’ Uncle Jack: Hi, Jill, how is my favorite college student? Jill: Hi, Uncle Jack. I'm a junior at Jackson University. Uncle Jack: What are you majoring in? Jill: Well, first I majored in engineering, But I wasn't a genius, Uncle Jack: So you changed majors. Silk: Right. Then I majored in journalism, But I was just an average writer, so I changed again. Uncle Jack: Jill, you are a “Jack-of-all-trades.” But did you finally pick the right subject? 162 Part 3: Consonants