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The genus Abies represents a large group of coniferous species growing in different parts of the world. This review is a compilation of the available literature referring to Abies in vitro cell, tissue and organ culture, micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis and transformation. Our data presented within this context cover such aspects of Abies biotechnology as initiation of callus, plantlet regeneration via axillary and adventitious buds development and subsequent rooting. Somatic embryogenesis has been regarded as a model for large-scale propagation of tree species through out the world. Also in Abies, the best results have been achieved using technics of somatic embryo-genesis. The factors affecting induction of embryogenic tissue, somatic embryo maturation and germination are discussed. Emphasis has been given on comparisson of soluble and insoluble protein profiles and enzyme activity during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis. Recent experiments concern cryopreservation of embryogenic cultures, genetic transformation and regeneration of transgenic plants.
PROPAGATION OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
In vitro propagation methods of ornamental conifers with emphasis spource somatic embryogenesisOver the last decades protocols have been developed for the propagation of several ornamental coniferous species, including spruce which is one of the most responsive to culture conditions. Somatic embryogenesis in spruce consists of distinct steps including induction, proliferation, development and maturation. Embryogenic tissue is induced from juvenile explants and proliferated in the presence of auxins and cytokinins. Applications of abscisic acid are commonly used to stimulate the formation of somatic embryos which become fully developed after a few weeks in culture. In order to germinate at high frequency, these embryos must undergo a maturation process needed to terminate the developmental program and initiate germination. Maturation is encouraged by lowering the water status of the embryos by supplementing the medium with osmoticum agents and/or by desiccating the embryos with different drying treatments. The aim of this review is to examine the major steps for inducing somat...
Dendrobiology
Conifer somatic embryogenesis – an efficient plant regeneration system for theoretical studies and mass propagation2015 •
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture
Recent advances in conifer somatic embryogenesis: improving somatic embryo quality2003 •
1989 •
Megagametophytes of Abies alba containing the immature embryos were dissected from the seed coats and divided by longitudinal and transverse sections. They were placed with the cut surface down on modified Schenk & Hildebrandt medium containing 50 mgl-1 myo-inositol and 2% sucrose, supplemented with 1 mgl-1 N6-benzyladenine (BAP). An embryogenic type of callus proliferated after one month of culture. Closer
Initiation of somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos, long-term maintenance of embryogenic tissue in vitro or by cryopreservation, as well as maturation, of somatic embryos of Abies alba Mill. are reported in this study. For the initiation of embryogenic tissues, a DCR medium containing different types of cytokinins (1 mg.L−1) were tested. During three consecutive years, 61 cell lines were initiated out of 1308 explants, with initiation frequencies ranging between 0.83 and 13.33%. The type of cytokinin had no profound effect on the initiation frequency within one given year. Microscopic observations revealed presence of bipolar somatic embryos in all initiated embryogenic tissues. Besides the typical bipolar somatic embryos, huge polyembryonal complexes, as well as “twin” embryos, were observed. Maturation of somatic embryos occurred on a DCR medium supplemented by abscisic acid (10 mg.L−1), polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000, 7.5%) and 3% maltose. The maturation capacity wa...
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Plant Propagation through Tissue Culture – A Biotechnological Intervention2020 •
Somatic embryogenesis can be considered as an extreme response of somatic plant cells towards specific stress condtions either by cold pretreatment\heat or chemical stress. In tissue culture, differentiated somatic cells acquirc embryogenic competence and proliferate as embryogenic cells, and develop into plantlets. Hence, embryogenic cells can be considered totipotent cells based on their aptitude to regenerate or develop into an embryo under certain conditions. Very recently, somatic embryogenesis was successfully induced in many recalcitrant pines using apical meristematic tissue of mature trees of conifers. There are many factors which influence cloning of mature conifers and among them, pH, carbon source, calcium ions, plant growth regulators, smoke saturated water, and salicyclic acid acts are very important sigraling molecules. The homeobox fanscription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) has been shown to cause dedifferentiation when expressed on somatic cells followed by a production of new cells that can lead to somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis in plants. Future research is very much needed in order to understand mechanism of action of sigrraling molecules involved in the acquisition of embryogenic competence of somatic cells.
1986 •
Embryogenic callus was initiated from radicles of mature embryos removed from imbibed seeds (24 h). Embryogenic and other nonembryogenic types of callus proliferated on a modified half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium (MS) basal medium (BM) supplemented withmyo-inositol, casein hydrolysate (CH), L-glutamine (gln) and growth regulators kinetin (KN), N6-benzyladenine (BAP) each (20×10−6M), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (50×10−6M) Embryogenic callus bearing suspensor-like cells in a mucilaginous gel matrix was isolated and maintained by subculture every 10 to 12 days on BM with KN, BAP each (2×10−6M) and 2,4-D (5×10−6M). Somatic embryos developed spontaneously from the callus on this medium at 23±1° C. Closer examination revealed that numerous polyembryonic clusters, comprised of elongated cells (suspensors) and small dense cells with large nuclei (somatic embryos), occurred in the viscous gel. When this enriched embryonal-suspensor mass was subcultured to low 2,4-D (1×10−6M), globular embryos developed by 40 to 60 days. Upon transfer to a liquid medium without growth regulators, the embryos elongated and developed cotyledons and shoots with needles. Plantlet development was completed by 30 days in a basal medium without CH, gln and growth regulators. The total culture time was 150 days. Approximately 40±10 embryos were formed from 500 mg of initial callus. Somatic embryogenesis became aberrant if embryos remained attached to the callus mass and were not subcultured within 10 to 12 days according to the described protocol. Somatic embryos were encapsulated in an alginate gel and stored at 4° C for nearly two months without visible adverse effects on viability.
Physical Review A
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