Hymenogaster and related genera.pdf - MykoWeb

HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA1 

CARROLL W. DODGE 

Mycologist to the Missouri Botanical Garden 

Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University 

AND SANFORD M. ZELLER 

Plant Pathologist, Oregon State Agricultural College and Experiment Station 

Formerlly Visiting Fellow, Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University 

In continuation of our studies on the Hymenogasteraceae 

(sensu latiore) we here present the genera belonging to that 

family in the restricted sense used by Dodge2: Hymenogaster, 

Richoniella, Dendrogaster, and Gacutieria. Dendrogaster and 

Gautieria seem closely related to Hymnenogaster, although often 

placed in the Hysterangiaceae on account of the greater development 

of sterile tissues (columella) in the gleba. In 

separating these genera, spore characters have been given 

precedence over the presence or absence of peridium, Gaqutieria 

being restricted to species with conspicuously striate or longitudinally 

ribbed spores and Dendrogaster to those with a welldeveloped 

columella and some species also with a very highly 

developed utricle. Dendrogacster may be separated from the 

species of Hyrnenogaster by the presence of a columella. 

Richo~niella (Nigropogon) has been segregated from Hymensogaster 

largely on the peculiar shape of its spores. 

As in our previous work, Ridgway ('Color Standards and 

Color Nomenclature,' Washington, 1912) has been used as. a 

standard for color descriptions of dried and alcoholic specimens, 

and such field notes as were available for fresh material, 

rarely based on any standard. In citing specimens examined 

the general plan adopted in our previous taxonomic papers, of 

1 Published as Technical Paper No. 226, with the approval of the Director of the 

Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. Contribution from the Department of 

Botany in cooperation with the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington 

University. 

2 Gaumann, E. A., and C. W. Dodge. Comparative morphology of fungi, 701 pp. 

McGraw Hill Book Co. New York, 1928. (See pp. 488-491.) 

Issued December 12, 1934. 

ANN. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 21, 1934. 

(625)

626 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 

[VOL. 21 

giving the data accompanying the specimens, has been followed. 

In the interest of economy of space, the following designations 

of important collections of hypogaeous fungi have been used. 

Where duplicates occur in our private herbaria we have re- 

frained from citing them unless it became necessary on account 

of mixtures of species under the same collector's number (e. g., 

a number sent us by H. E. Parks was found to differ from that 

same number in the herbarium at the University of California). 

Berlin Miscellaneous collections in the K. Botanisches 

Museum zu Berlin-Dahlem. 

Brit. Mus, Herbaria of Broome and Ravenel, and some 

other collections at the British Museum of 

Natural History, South Kensington, London, 

England. 

Dodge Private herbarium of C. W. Dodge contains 

many specimens sent in for determination. 

Farlow Herbaria of Bucholtz, Hoehnel, Patouillard, 

and Thaxter, and also many sets of exsiccati 

and miscellaneous collections at Harvard 

University. 

Hesse Hesse Herb. at Botanische Institut, University 

of Marburg. 

Kew Berkeley Herb., especially rich in Broome, Vit- 

tadini, and E. Fries specimens, Cooke Herb. 

and a few other collections from Rodway and 

others, at the Herbarium of the Royal Bo- 

tanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, England. 

Lloyd Mus. Lloyd collections now in the custody of the 

Smithsonian Institution of Washington, 

D. C., formerly in the Lloyd Museum of Cin- 

cinnati. These specimens are cited under 

their numbers at the time of our visits, 1917 

and 1923. Since then all the specimens have 

been given accession numbers which are 

much more convenient and less ambiguous, 

but we have not had an opportunity to ex- 

amine them in their new location.

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELLER-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 627 

Oregon State Herbarium of the Oregon State Agricultural 

College, at Corvallis, rich in miscellaneous 

collections from Oregon. 

Paris Tulasne Herb. and some miscellaneous collec- 

tions in the Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, 

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, in Paris. 

Soehner Private herbarium of Ert Soehner, Mfinchen, 

duplicates of many numbers in Berlin and in 

Dodge Herb. 

Stanford Harkness collections in the Dudley Herbarium 

of the Leland Stanford Jr. Univ., at Palo 

Alto, California. Since all the alcoholic ma- 

terial from the herbarium of H. W. Hark- 

ness at the California Academy of Sciences 

in San Francisco was destroyed in the fire of 

1906, our knowledge of Harkness' species 

must be based upon these cotypes. There 

are also valuable collections by J. McMurphy 

and others here. 

Univ. Cal. Herbarium of the University of California, 

especially rich in collections of N. L. Gard- 

ner, and more recently of H. E. Parks. 

Univ. N. Car. Herbarium of the University of North Caro- 

lina, rich in collections of W. C. Coker and 

J. N. Couch. 

Upsala Th. M. Fries and Th. C. E. Fries collections and 

series of specimens sent to E. Fries, espe- 

cially from Quelet, Czernaiev, Vittadini, and 

G. Bresadola, now in the herbarium of the 

Botaniska Traidgard at Upsala University. 

Zeller Private herbarium of S. M. Zeller, containing 

Pacific Coast material and many collections 

sent in for determination. 

We gratefully acknowledge those who have made this work 

possible by putting at our disposal either personal collections 

or the facilities of libraries and herbaria mentioned above; 

also Dr, J. B. Cleland, for Australian material, Dr. G. H. Cun-


[VOL. 21 

ninglam, for New Zealand collections, the Istituto Botanico de 

Firenze, for Bornean material, the late C. H. Kauffman, for 

Michigan and Washington material, the late C. G. Lloyd, for 

many duplicates from his herbarium and for material which he 

had assembled on his last trip to Europe and of which his failing 

eyesight prevented further study, Dr. R. Maire, for Algerian 

material, Dr. 0. Mattirolo, for Italian material, and L. Rodway 

for Tasmanian collections. 

For financial assistance, we are grateful to the American Association 

for the Advancement of Science (grant in 1923 to 

junior author), to the Science Research Fund of Washington 

University (grant from Rockefeller Foundation in 1933), and 

to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation which 

appointed the senior author a Fellow to Europe in the autumn 

of 1930. 

HYMENOGASTER 

HFymenogaster Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 20-25. 1831; 

Endlicher, Gen. P1. 30. 1836; Corda, Anleit. z. Stud. Myc. lxxii, 

108. 1842; Icones Fung. 5: 26. 1842; Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. 

Bot. II. 19: 373-375. 1843; Giorn. Bot. Ital. 12: 55. 1844; Fung. 

Hypog. 63-74. 1851; Rabenhorst, Deutschl. Krypt.-Fl. 1: 

250-251. 1844; Berkeley & Broome, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. I. 

13: 346-350. 1844; 18: 73-76. 1846; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 

436. 1849; Berkeley, Outlines Brit. Fungol. 295-297. 1860; 

Winter in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 874-877. 

1883; DeToni in Sace. Syll. Fung. 7:168-175. 1888; Hesse, 

Hypog. Deutschl. 1:110-133. 1891; Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. 

Sci. Bot. III. 1:245-251. 1899; E. Fischer in Engler & Prantl, 

Die Nat. Pflanzenfam. I. 1**: 308-310. 1899; Bucholtz, MaTe- 

p aabi ESL MopJIoriH H CHCTeMaTHEICh n0o3eMHLIbx rpl6oBW... 

H3qABH. ECTeCTB. HCT. My3ea Ipa4Enm E'. II. 1mepemeTeBoi BE C. 

MHXawJIoscICoIbL MOCICOBCICOR 

ry6. 1: 154-160. 1902 [often cited 

as Beitr. Morph. Syst. Hypog.]; Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 

21: 470484. 1908; Soehner, Hedwigia 64: 192-202. 1923. 

Pyrisperma Rafinesque, Med. Repository II. Hex. 5: 355. 

1808 (nomen n'udum); Desvaux, Jour. de Bot. 2: 177. 1809; 

Lloyd, Myc. Notes 13: 130. 1903.-Pyrispora Endlicher, Gen. 

PI. 30. 1836 (nomen nudum).

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELLER-HYMENOGASTER AND BELATED GENERA 629 

Hymena'nigium Klotzsch in Dietrich,- Ml. Reg. Boruss. 

[Fl. -Knigr. Preuss.] 7: no.466. 1839--ot Hymenangium 

Klotzsch, Ibid. 6: no. 382. 1838; Corda, Anleit. z. Stud. Mye. 

lxxxiii, 114. 1842; Icones Fung. 5: 28. 1842 (in part). 

Splanchnomyces Corda emend. Zobel in Corda, Icones Fung. 

6: 36"45. 1854 (in part). 

The type species of the genus is considered to be Hymenogaster 

Buglliardi Vittadini. In the absence of international 

rules for determining the type species of a genus, the rules 

drawn up by the Committee on Nomenclature of the Botanical 

Society of America (Bot. Soc. Am. Publ. 73: 70-71. 1919) are 

taken as the best guide available. None of the rules apply; 

neither does Article 7 a, c, and d of the recommendations. The 

last clause of Article 7e would point to Hymenogaster Bulliardi 

Vittadini, since that is unquestionably the oldest concept of the 

group historically. Article 7f would also point to H. Bulliardi, 

since Corda (Anleit. z. Stud. Myc. 108. 1842) so designated this 

species. However, Article 7b and 7g both suggest H. citrinus 

Vittadini, since the author mentions its occurrence as "frequentissimus," 

while that of other species is but "frequens" or 

"lrarus." Were the genus Hymenogaster to be subdivided it 

appears extremely improbable that H. citrinus and H. Bulliardi 

would be found in different groups, since they seem to be much 

more nearly related than many of the other species; hence the 

first two clauses of 7e do not affect the decision. And finally, 

H. citrinms is the.first in the genus, if these two species are considered 

to be otherwise of equal eligibility. 

Fructifications subspherical, reniform, pyriform, or irregular; 

fibrils rarely present, then merely basal leading to 

rhizomorphs; peridium usually simple, prosenchymatous, 

pseudoparenchymatous, or stupose, usually confluent with the 

septa of the gleba, indehiscent; gleba colored as the spores, 

lacunose, chambers empty, then partially filled with spores, 

irregular or more or less radiating from a sterile base; septa 

usually of the same structure as the peridium, relatively thin, 

often very fragile when dry; sterile base usually present, especially 

more prominent in young specimens, -pulvinate to


[VOL. 21 

conical; basidia -1-4-spored; spores colored, usually some shade 

of brown, ochre, or almost black at maturity, ovoid, obovoid, 

ellipsoid, citriform, fusiform, or lanceolate, with or without 

apiculus, with or without persistent pedicel, surface smooth 

to verrucose, rugose, alveolate, or reticulate, with or without 

a more or less wrinkled utricle. 

The peridium and tramal tissues of the gleba are little dif- 

ferentiated in- the young stages. In some species they never 

undergo further differentiation, while in others the outer 

hyphae become larger and form a coarse stupose outer layer 

which gradually merges into the gleba. The cavities develop 

schizogenetically in the upper portion of the fructification, 

leaving a large more or less hemispherical to conical sterile base 

which persists for a long time, occasionally to maturity. As the 

cavities expand above, the lower ones next the sterile base are 

stretched longitudinally so that they appear to radiate from 

the sterile base. The septa are very broad at first and grad- 

ually shrink until they are very thin, often fragile, occasionally 

scissile. The subhymenium is often pseudoparenchymatous, 

the basidia are usually cylindrical and so evanescent that they 

are rarely observable in mature fructifications. On drying, the 

tissues throughout the fructification collapse, and thus meas- 

urements based on dry material are many times less than those 

based on fresh specimens or on those preserved in alcohol. 

When a fructification has been preserved in alcohol for a time 

and then allowed to dry out, the tissues are still more 'collapsed 

and it is almost impossible to distinguish structures. Since 

most of the material available in this work has been dried, 

unless otherwise noted the measurements and the structures 

observable in the dry material have been given in our descrip- 

tions and keys. One who intends to prepare herbarium ma- 

terial of this genus should make careful field notes of color, 

odor, and size, and preserve most of the material in alcohol or 

alcohol to which 10 per cent glycerol has been added, drying 

one fructification in order to compare with dry material to be 

found in other herbaria. Exceptionally fine material received 

from Prof. James McMurphy, Stanford University, was pre-

19341 


served in a miture of 900 cc. of 50 per cent. alcohol, 50 cc. of 

40 per cent formalin, 25 cc. of glycerine, and 25 cc. of glacial 

acetic acid. It is sometimes advantageous to kill immediately 

in formal-acetic-alcohol, which may be used as a preservative 

as well as a mordant. Such material may be imbedded for 

histological purposes or studied by free-hand or freezing- 

microtome sectioning. 

The geographical distribution of Hymenogaster is similar to 

that of the larger genera so far studied except Melanogaster. 

The European flora has been the most thoroughly studied by a 

long line of investigators, and collectors. At present fifty-nine 

species are- reported although it seems likely that some may be 

synonyms, as some of the types of Hesse's species and the type 

of H, rufus have been unavailable. The Pacific flora, from 

Japan, Oregon, California, Chile, and Australasia, where col- 

lection and study are more sporadic, is represented by twenty- 

nine species. In Oregon and California, besides the species 

common to Australasia and a few not known from other regions, 

there are several European species represented, most of these 

also found in eastern North America. Only one of the Euro- 

pean species has been found in South America and none in 

Australasia. The Australasian species are small-spored, ex- 

cept H. fusisporus', where the epispore is often finely verru- 

cose, not coarsely so as- in the H. tener and the H. muticus 

group of Europe. Hymenog-aster zeylanicus, so far as known 

endemic in the mountains of Ceylon, seems more closely re- 

lated to the Australasian group, although superficially it also 

resembles H. cerebellum of northern Italy. 

In the descriptions of the spores, the measurements have in- 

cluded the utricle and other spore markings unless otherwise 

stated. The utricle is a more or less loosely applied membra- 

nous envelope, which may be smooth or variously wrinkled. 

This where present is- in addition to the epispore which may be 

smooth, variously verrucose, rugose, alveolate, or reticulate. 

The thickness of the epispore may not be apparent in optical 

section. There is considerable variation in the shape! of the 

citriform spores. In our descriptions we have used the terms


[VOL. 21 

ellipsoid-citriform, ovoid-citriform, or obovoid-citriform when 

the short diameter of the spore is at, below, or above the mid- 

-dle of the long diameter. In many species the shape appears 

variable in a given fructification, due to thle presence of im- 

mature spores. In the following descriptions, mature spores 

have been assumed to be those with the darkest color although 

they may not be the largest. The verv young spore still at- 

tached to the basidium is usually ellipsoid or obovoid and quite 

regular in outline. In many species the next stage is character- 

ized by a well-developed apiculus (which may be relatively 

enormous in H. olivaceus) and a tendency toward ovoid shape. 

As the spore matures the apiculus becomes shorter (and may 

disappear or-break off as in H. olivaceus) and the spore be- 

comeis a darker brown, and may shrink somewhat in volume 

and, becoming more rounded, produce the characteristic mark- 

ings of the epispore and utricle. 

KEY TO SPECIES OF HYMENOGASTER 

1. Peridium drying more than 300 u thick . . 2 

1. Peridium, drying between 200 and 300 u thick . . 3 

1. Peridium drying between 130 and 200 / thick . . 5 

1. Peridium drying between 70 and 130 1 thick . . 14 

1. Peridium drying less than 75 u thick .. 28 

2. Peridium 320-1000 / thick, white, changing to pink to red or purple when 

touched; spores broadly ellipsoid, rounded above, truncate below, verrucose, 

7-10 x 5-6 ,u .............. H. ruber (p. 6316) 

2. Peridium drying 400-640 A thick, greenish-yellow above, pale yellow to 

almost white below, drying chamois to brownish; spores smooth to very 

finely verrucose, 4-5-angled in optical-section, 10-14 x 5-7.5 A......... 

.H. pachydermis (p. 637!) 

3. Spores smooth with a thick epispore, broadly citriform with apiculus, 

22-26 x 12-15 1 [cf. H. uZiginosus (p. 639)] ............ H. Bfulliardi (p. 638) 

3. Spores at least slightly roughened, not apiculate ................ 4 

4. Spores more than 18 u long, oblong-ellipsoid or fusiform, slightly 

roughened, slightly pedicellate, 19-23 x 9.5-12 1A..H. Zycoperdineus (p. 639) 

4. Spores more than 8 g broad, broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, rounded at both 

ends, evenly and finely verrucose, with utricle before maturity, 

11.4-17 (-18.5) x 8-11 1u..............................H.. 

. albus (p. '640) 

4. Spores less than 8 As broad, obtusely obovoid to ellipsoid, finely warted or 

asperulate, 10-13 x 6-8 / ................A rcangeliella nana 

5. Peridium duplex or at least of two more or less distinct layers ............ 6 

5. Peridium simplex, homogeneous or with no more differentiation than a 

darker rind of superficial hyphae distinct from the general context of the 

peridium . ......................................................... 7

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELJL R-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 633 

6. Surface viscid, outer gelified, clear layer 30-40 a thick (dry), inner layer 

stupose, 90-130 / thick; spores broadly oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse at both 

ends, 13-15.5 x 9-10.5 A .............................H .E. viscidus (p. 642) 

6. Surface not viscid, outer layer cottony,. inner layer prosenchymatous; 

spores mostly obovoid, with or without apiculus, verrucose to roughly 

beaded, 14.8-18.5 x 8--1A ............ . ...............H . tener (p. 642) 

6.. Surface not viscid, outer layer fibrous, inner layer parenchymatous; 

spores ellipsoid, attenuate at ends, mucro free when young, becoming 

involved in exospore, 20-30.x 12-18 A ........H......... H. Bucholtzi (p. 644) 

7. Surface and gleba changing to .bluish when bruised, pyriform with a 

prominent sterile base; spores rounded above, rugose as mere striations, 

12-23 x 9-11 .................................. H. pyriformis (p. 644) 

7. Surfaee and gleba not changing to bluish where bruised . ................ 8 

8. Spores less than 15 / long .................. 9 

8. Spores more than 15 1 long ....... .. ........ 10 

9. Peridium prosenchymatous; spores more than 8 g broad, verrucose, covered 

by a closely- applied utricle, 12-15 x 8-11 A . ....... H. cerebellum (p. 645) 

9. Peridium stupose; spores less than 8.5 G broad, with flaking utriele, verrucose, 

11-12 x 7-8 ................H. fragilis (p. 646) 

10. Spores apiculate, utricle very prominently roughened or torn ........ 

10. Spores not apiculate, utriele not prominently roughened or torn, except 

11 

in H. Gardneri .................................................. 

11. Spores more than 12 G broad; fructifications lemon-yellow when fresh, be- 

12 

coming fragile, carbonaceous at maturity [cf. H. pruinatts (p. 648) ] .....! 

..-.........................................E. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~H. (..... trn ... citrinwz& (p. 646) 

11. Spores less than 12 ,u broad; fructifications white to grayish when fresh, 

drying buff ........................................... H. Gil1keyae (p. 649) 

12. Spores with a thick prominent epispore and very much roughened and 

torn, dark utricle, 18.5-26 x 11.5-14 IA ..............H . Ga'rdneri (p. 649) 

12. Spores without a prominent epispore, and utricle thin, slightly wrinkled. 13 

13. White, drying light yellow, surface flocculent to innate-fibrillose; peridium 

loosely stupose; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, broadly rounded at both ends, 

evenly and finely beaded at maturity, utricle wrinkled in immature spores, 

11.-17 (-18.5) x 8-11 / ................H................ H. albus (p. 640) 

13. White, drying dark brown, surface smooth, hard, then cracked; peridium 

of homogeneous prosenchyma; spores obovoid, ellipsoid, broadly rounded 

above, almost-smooth, then quite coarsely verrucose, 18-23 x 10-15 , [ef. 

H. pilosiuscsuls (p. 651)] ............................... H. Emutious (p. 650) 

13. White, drying cinnamon-buff to snuff-brown, surface whitish-villous; peridium 

densely stupose; spores ellipsoid with undulating surface and wrinkled 

clear utricle, 20-25 x 11-13 A, pedicel 3-4 A in diameter....H. grtsewcs (p. 651) 

14. Fructifications white, becoming bluish or bluish-green when bruised; 

spores with utricle having about 8 longitudinal folds................ 

...........................................H.... . oaerulese'na (p. 652) 

14. Fructifications white, becoming yellowish when uised.H. oinereus (p. 653) 

14. Fructifications changing to brownish or reddish-b wn when bruised..,. 

14. Fructifications unchanged or merely changing to dirty brownish when 

15 

bruised ........ .............................. 16


[VOL. 21 

15. Spores broadly lanceolate or fusiform, with a longitudinally wrinkled 

utricle, 26-40 x 7.4-10.5 A.............................. 

H. Boozeri (p. 653) 

15. Spores ovoid- to ellipsoid-citriform, with an apiculus, rough, coarsely verrucose, 

15-18.5 x 9.5-11.5 A .............................H . niveus (p. 654) 

15. Spores broadly fusiform or obovoid, finely verrucose or wrinkled, 15-22 

x 7-10 A ..........................................H . spictensi8 (p. 655) 

16. Surface distinctly viscid when moist; peridium duplex; spores minutely 

roughened, oblong-ellipsoid, both ends obtuse, 13-15.5 x 9-10.5 p ...... 

............................................. H. isiM (p. 642) 

16. Surface not viscid, peridium simple ............................... 17 

17. Spores covered by an open reticulate network of very distinct ridges, apiculate, 

citriform, 14.5-16 (-18.5) x 9.6-11 (-11.5) / ..... H. retioulatus (p. 656) 

17. Spores seldom covered by a distinct network, if so partly obscured by verrucae 

or other markings............................................. 

18. Spores subspherical, minutely alveolate over the entire surface, 11.5-15 

18 

x 10-11.5 a, very dark ............................H . atratuw (p. 656) 

18. Spores of other shapes, and if alveolate not uniformly so over the entire 

surface ..................................................... 

19 

19. Spores less than 17 A long .. 20 

19. Spores more than 17 A long .................. i ....................... 22 

20. Spores more than 8.5 A broad, apiculate, broadly ellipsoid to citriform, 

roughly verrucose, 12-15 x 9-11 /A ................. H. mutabili& (p. 657) 

20. Spores more than 8.5 / broad, rounded above, sculptured by small short 

ridges, yellow, 12-13 (-14.5) x 9.5-11 (-14) / .... H. McMurphyi (p. 658) 

20. Spores less than 8.5 / broad ...................................... 

21 

21. Fructifications yellowish-white; spores ellipsoid, exospore wrinkled, 12-16 

x 5-7 A........................................... 

H. disciformis (p. 658) 

21. Fructifications whitish, becoming dirty white or buff on drying; spores 

broadly fusiform or ellipsoid, verrucose, apiculate, 11-12 x 7-8 A......... 

............... H. fragilis (p. 646) 

21. Fructifications violet, turning brownish on drying; spores ellipsoid, finely 

areolate-verrucose, obtusely pointed, 8-10 (-11) x 4.4-5.6 (-7) A......... 

. ............A 

rcangeliella Campnbellae 

21. Fructifications white, becoming subfuscous; spores fusiform, exospore 

slightly roughened ............. H. minusoulus (p. 659) 

22. Spores with a very loosely applied utricle, at maturity ............... 

22. Spores with a closely applied, only somewhat wrinkled utricle at ma- 

23 

turity ......................................................... 

27 

23. Fructifications lemon- or golden-yellow when fresh, drying brown; gleba 

drying almost black at maturity; spores large, 20-33 x 13-17 A........... 

.H........................................ H. otrinus (p. 646) 

23. Fructifications white or grayish when fresh ............................ 

24. Spores averaging less than 11 /A broad, at maturity very dark and oblong 

including loose utricle, young spores apiculate, obovoid or long- 

24 

Cylindrical, 17-23 x 10-12.5 A ..................... verrucosu (p. 659) 

24. Spores averaging more than 11 / broad ............................ 25 

25. Gleba lilac-colored when fresh, becoming fuliginous; spores 18-24 x 12-14 A 

(uncommon) .. .................................. H. aoinwus (p. 660)

1934] 

DODGE AN[D ELI4ER-H YTYMEINOGASTER ANTD RELATED GENEREA 635 

25. Gleba some shade of gray or brown when-fresh; epispore thick, distinct... 

26. Spores not apiculate, spherical when young, later ellipsoid, 20-30 x 

26 

15-20 A....................................... H. eurysporus (p. 661) 

26. 'Young spores obtuse, rounded at distal end, not apiculate, with longitudinal 

folds in utricle, mature spores ellipsoid, tapering to both ends, 

18.5-26 x 11.5-14 .............................. H. Gardneri (p. 649) 

26. Young spores with a long, cylindrical or capitate apiculus, lanceolate, 

29-42 x 11-14 /, more or less smooth utricle, guttulate; mature spores 

oblong-ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, guttulate, 19-29 x 12-14 ,u..... 

............................................... H. olivaceus (p. 661) 

27. Spores fusiform, tapering to both ends, pointed above, without apiculus, 

utricle longitudinally or diagonally wrinkled, 22-33 x 9-14.8 A [cf. H. 

gilvu (p. 667)] ....................................H . vulgaris (p. 664) 

27. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, obtuse above, slightly roughened utricle, shortpedicellate, 

18.5-26 x 10-18.5 / [cf. H. reniformis (p. 179)]............. 

................................. 

H. 

............... 

populetornm (p. 667) 

27. Spores mostly ellipsoid, slightly broad-apiculate or sometimes broadrounded 

above, verrucose, with slightly retrorse verrucae and covered by a 

smooth utricle, 20-26 x 12-15 / ..................... H. ocoidentalis (p. 668) 

27. Spores mostly obovoid, undulating, verrucose, 22 x 14 /.. H. Thwaite~si (p. 669) 

28! Spores subspherical, alveolate, very dark, 11.5-15 x 10-11.5 ,u........ 

.................................................. H. atratus (p. 656) 

28. Spores ellipsoid, fusiform, ovoid, etc., with variously marked epispores 29 

29. Spores apiculate .................................................... 30 

29. Spores not apiculate ................................................. 36 

30. Spores with a utricle ............................................ 31 

30. Spores without a utricle .......................................... 

31. Spores averaging less than 11- 

34 

' broad, ellipsoid-citriform, 14.5-17 x 

9.6-11.1 / [cf. H. javaniats (p. 670)] ................... H. albefllus (p. 669) 

31. Spores averaging more than 11 S broad ............................... 32 

32. Spores long-pedicellate, fusoid-eitriform, with a thin, flaking utricle, 

24-36 x 10-16 o4 ......................... 

-32. Spores not long-pedicellate . . 

H. sulcatus (p. 671) 

............... 33 

33. Spores broadly obovoid, with a broad, stout, claw-like pedicel, very rough, 

16-22 x 10-15 ...H. Hessei (p. 672) 

33. Young spores apieulate, lanceolate, 29-42 x 11-14 /, mature spores oblong, 

rounded at both ends, roughened with a loose utricle, guttulate, 19-29 x 

12-14 /A ...H H. olivaceus (p. 661) 

33. Young spores obtuse, ellipsoid, tapering to both ends, mature spores ellipsoid, 

retrorsely verrucose, covered by a smooth utricle, 20-26 x 12-15 ,.... 

.................................................H. occidentalis (p. 668) 

34. Spores less than 8.5 A broad .......................... H. fragilis (p. 646) 

34. Spores 8-9 1A broad, fusiform, 20-22 A long ......... H. fusisporus (p. 673) 

34. Spores more than 8.5 jL4 broad .....................................3 

5 

35. Spores citriform, dark, wrinkled, 27-29, x 11-13 ...H. . tomebtellus (p. 673) 

35. Spores obovoid or broadly ellipsoid-citriform, dark, verrucose, 18.5-26 x 

12.2-17 /z ............................................ H. Parksii (p. 674) 

-35. Spores broadly ovoid-citriform, coarsely verrucose, 11-18 x 8.5-11 ,u...... 

................................................... H. are nr(p.674)


[VOL. 21 

35. Spores ovoid-citriform to ellipsoid-eitriform,' exospore thick, coarsely 

roughened, 15-18.5 x 9.5-11.5,g .......................... H. niveus (p. 654) 

36. Spores utriculate ........................................... 

37 

36. Spores not utriculate ....................... 41 

37. Spores less than 11 ., broad . . ................ 38 

37. Spores more than 11 / broad . .............................................. 

39 

38. Spores ellipsoidal, 12-16 x 5-7 ................. H. disciformis (p. 658) 

38. Spores ovoid-citriform, 13-15 x 8-10 g ............ H. zeylandius (p. 676) 

38. Spores ellipsoid-citriform, 14.5-17 x 9.6-11 g ......... H. albellus (p. 669) 

38. Spores ellipsoid, 16-19. x 6-10 g .......................... H. cerews (p. 677) 

39. Gleba lilac, becoming fuliginous; young spores obtuse-rounded above, 

18-24 x 12-14 .......................................H. lilacinus (p. 660) 

39. Gleba some shade of gray or brown, drying snuff-brown .................. 40 

40. Spores definitely verrucose, covered by a smooth utricle, 20-26 x 

12-15 /,u ellipsoid, apiculus if present short, broad. .H. ocoidentalis (p. 668) 

40. Spores smooth, covered by a miore or less roughly wrinkled, loose utriele, 

young spores guttulate, fusiform, with long or capitate apiculus, 

29-42 x 11-14 1, mature spores guttulate, oblong with both ends 

rounded, utricle prominently loosely wrinkled, 19-29 x 12-14 ,........ 

............................... 

...............- . Holivaceus (p. 661) 

41. Spores more than 8 ,u broad, smooth, clear yellow, mostly ovoid, 18-22 x 

9-11 A .. . H. luteu (p. 677) 

41. Spores 9.5-11 , broad, roughened by small short ridges, ovoid............ 

............................................. 

H. McMurphhyi (p. 658) 

41. Spores less than 8 , broad, mostly obovoid or subspherical .. . 42 

42. Spores broadly obovoid-ellipsoid to subspherical, slightly pedicellate, 

smooth, but slightly asperulate at the distal end, 8-9 x 5.5-6 u. 

.............................................H. 

levisporus (p. 678) 

42. Spores broadly obovoid-ellipsoid, attenuated below, minutely verrueose 

with rather distinct warts at the- distal end, 8-11 x 5.5-7.5 t.......... 

................. ................................. H. Remnyi (p. 679) 

42. Spores ovoid to oblong, 10-12 x 6 f ................. H. Maideni (p. 679) 

1. HYMENOGASTER RUBER Harness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bot. 

III. 1: 246. 1899; Saco. & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16: 254. 

1902. 

Hymenogaster versicolor Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 

Bot. III. 1: 245. 1899; Sace. & Sydow in Saco. Syll. Fung. 16: 

254.1902. 

Type: cotypes in Dudley Herb. at Stanford Univ. 

Fructifications 1 x 2 x 4 cm., subspherical to oblong, white, 

becoming pale red and turning purple when touched, dark 

reddish in alcohol, surface flocculose; peridium varying greatly 

in thickness, about 320-1000 jf thick, the outer portion (about 

half) composed of coarse, stupose, thick-walled, intertwined

1934]- 

DODGE AND ZEL LBR-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 637 

hyphae, and the inner portion of fine parallel hyphae, ap- 

proaching prosenchyma in places; gleba isabella color, with 

flecks of the white septa, cavities small, filled with spores; 

septa 15-25 ju between hymenia, composed of slender, much- 

gelified, hyaline hyphae; basidia truncate-clavate, 20 x -6-7 u, 

sterigmata 10-12 /L long, stout; spores olivaceous-brown, ellip- 

soidal to obovoid, 5-6 x 7-10 u, verrucose with a broad. 

attachment, exospore distinct. 

Under Quercus and Pseudotsu~ga. Oregon, California and 

Chile. March to July. 

The spores are olivaceous and have the general -shape of 

the short ones in some species of Hysterangium. The broad 

scar of the sterigma, leaving the spore almost truncate below, 

and the general appearance of the gleba are also suggestive of 

Hysterangium. The species is included here because of the 

verrucose spores and the lack of a columella. 

OREGON: Linn County, Roaring River Fish Hatchery, S. M. Zeller 8208 (Zeller). 

CALIFORNIA: Marin County, Mill Valley, H. W. Harkness 248, cotype of H. ruber, 

and 174, cotype of H. versicolor (Stanford); Mt. Tamalpais, H. B. Parks, 3100 

(Univ. Cal.); Muir Woods, C. W. Dodge 1577 (Dodge and Zeller). 

CHILE'.: Magellanes, Punta Arenas, R. Thaxter, Hypog. 9 (Farlow). 

2. HYMENOGASTER pachydermis Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes oblate spheroideae, 2-4 cm. diametro, 2.5-3 cm. altitudine, 

viridi-luteae, "cehamois" vel buekthorn-brown" siceatae superne, subluteae vel 

albidae "cartridge-buff " vel "chamois" siccatae inferne, laeves vel innato- 

fibrillosae; basis sterilis inconspicua; peridium crassum, 2 mm. recens, 400-640 j 

siccatum, dilute luteum, prosenchymaticum, superficie hyphis magnis laxis; gleba 

dilute brunnea, "walnut-brown" vel "Vandyke brown"' siccata, locellis paxvis; 

septa 10-20 u crassitudine, hyphis periclinalibus gelificatis, scissilia magnis cum 

lacunis in angulis; basidia anguste clavata 10-14 x 4-5 a, tetraspora; sporae ellip- 

soideae, ovoideae vel obovoideae, laeves vel minute verruculosae, 4-5 angulatae in 

sectione optica, 10-14 x 5-7.5 y. 

Type: in Cunningham, Dodge, and Zeller. Herbaria. 

Fructifications oblate spheroidal to chestnut-shaped, 24 

cm. broad, 2.5-3 cm. high, firm, greenish-yellowish above to 

pale yellowish or almost white below when fresh, drying cartridge-buff 

to chamois below and chamois to buckthorn-brown 

above, surface -smooth to soft. dull innate-fibrillose; sterile base 

not conspicuous; peridium very thick, 2 mm. when fresh, drying

638 ANNALS OF THE 'MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 

(VOL. 21 

400-640 p, dilute yellowish, homogeneous, prosenchymatous, 

with a surface of large loose hyphae; gleba light brown, drying 

walnut-brown to Vandyke brown, firm, cavities. tiny at first, be- 

coming larger with age (even splitting into very large hollows 

because of scissile septa); septa. hyaline, of large gelified 

parallel'hyphae, scissile with large openings at the angles, 

10-20 A thiki basidia narrowly clavate, 10-14 x 4-5 p, 4-spored; 

spores ellipsoid, ovoid or obovoid, smooth to very finely ver- 

rucose, 4- to 5-angled in cross-section, 10-14 x 5-7.5 Jp, light 

yellowish-brown sub lente. 

Under leaves or on the ground under Alnus, Eucalyptus, and 

Faggus. Oregon, California, Australia, and New Zealand. No- 

vember to April. 

ORSooN: Benton County, S. M. Ze6ler 2260 (Zeller). 

CALIFORNIA: Alameda County, Shepard Can-on, near Oakland, H. E. Parks 1167a, 

and C. W. Dodge 1586a (Univ. Cal., Dodge, and Zeller). 

AuSTRALIA: Victoria, Follett County, F. M. Reader (Lloyd Mus., 06150). 

New ZEAIAND: North Island, Wellington, York Bay, B. H. Atkinson (com. G. H. 

Cunningham 1100); South Island, Nelson, Dun Mountain, J. C. Neill, type (com. 

(f. H. Cunningham 1096, all Dodge and Zeller). 

3. HYMENOGASTER BULLIARDI Vittadini, Monogr. Thberac. 23. 

1831; Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: 374. 1843; Fung. 

Hypog. 71. 1851; Winter.in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. 

ed. 2. 1: 876. 1883; DeToni in Sace. Syll. Fung. 7: 168-169. 

.1888. 

Tuber moschatus Bulliard, Herb. France. II. Hist. Champ. 

1: 79. 1791; Bulliard & Ventenant, Hist. Champ. France, ed. 2. 

1: 79. 1809. 

Illustrations: Bulliard, Herb. France. II. Hist. Champ. pl. 

479; Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: pl. 17, f. 14-16; Fung. 

Hypog. pl. 10, f. 6; Vittadini, Monogr, Tuberac. pl. 3, f. 5. 

Type: specimens so determined in. Broome Herb. (Brit. 

Mus.), E. Fries Herb. (Upsala), Bot. Mus. Berlin, and Tulasne 

Herb. at Paris. 

Fructifications subspherical, 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter, drying 

about 1.6 cm., sulcate, depressed below, surface smooth, dark, 

dirty brown, drying isabelline; peridium. thick, drying 220-250 

ja, loosely stupose, spongy, of large thin-walled prosenchyma,

19341 


with peculiar hyaline, burr-like inclusions, somewhat tenacious, 

not separable; gleba dense, dark ferruginous, drying Argus 

brown, cavities very small, nearly filled with spores at ma- 

turity; septa thin and fragile, drying 20-30 , thick, dark brown, 

rather more hyaline toward the middle, but not truly scissile; 

basidia narrowly clavate, 4-spored; spores dark ferruginous, 

clear citrine under microscope, broadly citriform, rounded at 

the base, and broadly rounded above with small apiculus, 

epispore thick, smooth, 22-26 x 12-15 1A, pedicellate. Odor 

strong like that of bugs. (fide Vittadini). 

In deciduous forests of hills and mountains. Italy and 

France. Spring to October. 

ITALY: Liombardia, Milano, C. Vittadini (Brit. Mus., Lloyd Mus., Upsala, Berlin, 

and Paris). 

FRANcE: Seine, Vineennes, Tulasne, Oct. 29, 1843 (Paris). 

4. HYMENOGASTER ULIGINOSUS Soehner, Krypt. Forsch. 1: 

395. 1924. 

Type: in Soehner Herb. but not seen. 

Fructifications white, finally becoming fuscous, moderately 

regular, spherical, glabrous, up to 1 cm. in diameter, very firm; 

peridium 200-250 , thick, pseudoparenchymatous, with hyphae 

collapsing without; gleba at first white, becoming dirty ame- 

thyst and violet, finally fuscous, cavities small; basidia 

2-spored, clavate or cylindric, yellowish, 20-30 x 7-10 ,a; spores 

almost opaque, with large oil drops, exospore thin, obovoid, 

with short retuse papillae, remains of broad and conspicuous 

sterigmata, 22-32 x 10-14 ,a. Odor earthy or marshy. 

In marshy soil in pine woods. Ismaning, Germany. 

5. HYMENOGASTER LYCOPERDINEUS Vittadini, Monogr. Tu- 

berac. 22. 1831; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 64. 1851; Winter in 

Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 874. 1883; DeToni 

in Saco. Syll. Fung. 7: 171. 1888. 

Spla'nchnomyces lycoperdineus Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 42. 

1854. 

Illustrations: Corda, Icones Fung. 6: pil. 7, f. 81; Tulasne, 

Fung. Hypog. pl. 10, f. 5; Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. pl. 2, f. 5. 

Type: location unknown to us, although material from Vit-


[VOL. 21 

tadini in Broome Herb., Berk. Herb., Fries Herb., Tulasne 

Herb., and slide from type in Lloyd Mus. 

Fructifications spherical to irregular, the size of a walnut, 

surface silky, smooth, fuliginous-white, drying chamois; perid- 

ium. 200-250 jp thick, composed of densely woven, stupose 

hyphae; gleba white, becoming pale ferruginous, cavities large, 

radiating from the base; septa hyaline, prosenchymatous, 

35-42 ,% thick; basidia slender-clavate, 2-spored; spores 

19-23 x 9.5-12 A, oblong-ellipsoid to fusiform, very dark, very 

slightly rough with a scarcely distinct appendiculus. Odor of 

onions or old cabbage stalks. 

In clay. U. S. S. R. and Italy. 

This species closely resembles Tuber Borchii in appearance 

and color. 

U. S. S. R. [RUSSIA]: Moskva, road to Pleskovo, near Mikhailovskoe, F. Bucholtz, 

July 29, 1906 (Farlow). 

ITALY: Lombardia, C. Vittadini (two slides in Lloyd Mus., one marked "type, 

Vitt.," the other "ex Vitt."); Milano, C. Vittadini (Kew and Upsala). 

6. HYMENOGASTER ALBUS (Klotzsch) Berkeley & Broome, 

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. I. 13: 349. 1844; Fries, Summa Veg. 

Scand. 436. 1849. 

Rhizopogon albus Berkeley in Smith, Brit. Fl. 52: 229. 1836, 

? excl. syn.-not Fries, 1821. 

Hymenangium album Klotzsch in Dietrich, Fl. Reg. Boruss. 

[Fl. Konigr. Preuss.] 7: no. 466. 1839; Corda, Anleit. z. Stud. 

Myc. lxxxiii. 1842. 

Spla-nchnomyces albus Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 40. 1854. 

Hymenogaster Klotzschii Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 64. 1851; 

Winter in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 875. 1883; 

DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7:170. 1888; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: 

42. 1889 [often cited as Monogr. Brit. Gast. 42. 1889]; Hesse, 

Hypog. Deutschl. 1:123-124. 1891; Th. M. Fries, Svensk Bot. 

Tidskr. 3:275-276. 1909; Th. C. E. Fries, Ark. f. Bot. 179: 13. 

1921. 

Illustrations: Corda, Anleit. z. Stud. Myc. pl. D, f. 477-10; 

Icones Fung. 6: pl. 8, f. 82; Cordier, Champ. pi. 59, f. 2; Hesse, 

Hypog. Deutschl. 1: pl. 2, f. 10-13; pl. 7, f. 48; H. Hoffmann,

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELLBR-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENEA 641 

Bot. Zeit. 14: p1. 5, f. 30; Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot. 2: pl. 31, f. 31; 

Klotzsch in Dietrich, Fl. Reg. Boruss. [Fl. Konigr. Preuss.] 7: 

no. 466; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: pl. 1, f. 24 [Monogr. Brit. Gast. 

pl. 1, f. 24]; Nees, Syst. d. Pilze, pl. 27, f. 1-4; Tulasne, Fung. 

Hypog. pl. 10, f. 12. 

Type: The type of Hyrnenangium album, which is also theoretically 

the type of Hymenogaster Klotzschii Tulasne, was 

collected by Carl Bouche and Klotzsch in the botanical garden 

at GrUnewald, near Berlin, but apparently no material has survived 

as it was not found in Berlin, Kew, nor Paris and was not 

seen by Tulasne. The type of Rhizopogon albus Berkeley (non 

Fries) and Hymenogaster albus Berkeley & Broome was based 

on material collected by J. D. Hooker, October, 1830, in the 

Botanic Garden at Glasgow, found in the Berkeley Herbarium 

at Kew, and better material in Berlin bearing the name 

"Hymenangium album Klotzsch" in Klotzsch's handwriting. 

One slice of this same material communicated by Berkeley is 

in Tulasne 's herbarium at Paris and is the actual specimen 

upon which he based his description of H. Klotzschii. Therefore 

the Glasgow material should be considered the type of the 

species. In the description of Rhizopogon albus Berkeley (non 

Fries), Berkeley also cites a collection from Acton Burnell by 

Stackhouse which was not found at the British Museum nor 

at Kew. 

Fructifications spherical, drying 0.5-2 cm. in diameter, white, 

drying maize-yellow with the darker portions buff-yellow; 

peridium flocculently stupose, 150-250 / thick, the outer hyphae 

large, varicose, up to 13-14 ,. in diameter, golden-yellow in 

mass, the inner more closely stupose and lighter yellow; gleba 

drying cinnamon-buff to tawny olive, cavities large, often 

400 x 100 x 130 ,.x; septa 25-40 ,/ thick; spores ovoid to broadly 

ellipsoid or sometimes citriform, 11.4-17 (-18.5) x 8-11 a, 

averaging 14 x 9.5-10 ,/f, rather finely and evenly beaded as seen 

in optical section, or rather coarsely verrucose toward the 

distal end, mostly without appendiculus. 

On pots of cultivated plants, often Eucalyptus, in greenhouses, 

at various times of year. The native locality of this


[VOL. 21 

species is unknown but we suspect that it will be found in the 

Australian or western American flora as it seems more nearly 

related to the species of these regions than to any European 

species. 

ExsIccATI: Klotzsch, Herb. Viv. Myc. ed. 1, [Rabenhorst] 242, 1967. 

SWEDEN: Upsala, Bot. Trddgard, Gunnar Fries, 1893, Th. C. E. Fries, 1905, 

T. Lyenberg, 25 XI, 1905 (all Upsala). 

ITALY: Mattirolo, 10 (Lloyd Mus.). 

GERMANY: Berlin, P. Hennings, Dec. 9, 1894 (Upsala), 1895, Apr., 1904 (Lloyd 

Mus. 04146); Giessen, A. Braun, 1853 (Berlin), H. Hofmann, 1853, in Klotzsch, 

Herb. Viv. Myc. ed. 1, [Rabenhorst] 1967 (Farlow); Breslau, L. Becker, Feb., 1873, 

ex Herb. Thuimen (N. Y. Bot. Gard. and Lloyd Mus. 0212). 

GREAT BRITAIN: Scotland, Glasgow, J. D. Hooker, type (Kew, Berlin, and Paris). 

MASSACHUSETTS: Cambridge, B. Thaxter, 1891, 1892 (Farlow). 

CALIFORNIA: Alameda County, Berkeley, Botanic Garden, G. Hahn (com. N. L. 

Gardner 481, Univ. Cal. and Zeller). 

7. RIYMENOGASTER VIsCIDus Massee & Rodway, Kew Bull. 

Misc. Inf. 1898: 127. 1898.> 

Illustrations: Rodway, Papers & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 

1911: pl. 3, f. 8. 

Type: in Kew Herb. 

Fructifications irregular, oblong, chestnut to chocolate, vis- 

cid, 3 x 1.5 cm.; peridium thick, tough, easily separable from 

the gleba, with outer gelified layer of periclinal hyphae 30- 40 IA 

thick, inner layer 90-130 , thick, of dark reddish-brown hyphae; 

gleba pale at first, dark brown in age, cavities radiating from 

the base, small, irregular; septa thick, brown, not scissile; 

basidia 3-4-spored; spores broadly oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse at 

both ends, 13-15.5 x 9-10.5 a, minutely roughened, yellowish- 

brown to dirty brown in mass. 

Oregon and Tasmania. (Under Corylus, Oregon. June.) 

OREGON: Benton County, Noon, J. L. Mielke (Zeller 7631). 

TASMANIA: Hobart, L. Bodway 270, type (Kew), 1115 (Lloyd), 1272a (Dodge 

and Zeller). 

8. HYMENOGASTER 

TENER Berkeley & Broome, Ann. & Mag. 

Nat. Hist. I. 13: 349. 1844; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. I. 18: 75. 

1846; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 72. 1851; Berkeley, Outlines Brit. 

Fungol. 296. 1860; DeToni in Saco. Syll. Fung. 7: 174. 1888;

1934] 

DODGE AND ZETLJR- HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 643 

Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: 46-47. 1889 [often cited as Monogr. Brit. 

Gast. 47-48. 1889] ; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 122. 1891. 

Hymenogaster argenteu.s Tulasne, Giorn. Bot. Ital. 12: 55. 

1844. 

Hymenogaster lilaciius Berkeley, Brit. Fung. 305, pro 

parte.-not H. lilacinus Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: 374. 

1843. 

Splanchnomyces tener Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 44. 1854. 

Illustrations: Tiulasne, Fung. Hypog. pl. 1, f. 4; p~l. 10, f. 1; 

Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: pl. 1, f. 1; p1. 4, f. 54; Hesse, Hypog. 

Deutschl. 1: pl. 7, f. 47; Corda, Icones Fung. 6: pl. 13, f. 108. 

Type: in Berkeley Herb. at Kew, distributed as H. lilacns 

in Berkeley, British Fungi, 305. This material is mostly H. 

citrirns, but occasionally a fructification of H. tener may be 

found. The type of H. argenteus from France: Seine, Bois 

de Boulogne, Tulasne, is in Broome Herb. and Tulasne Herb. 

Fructifications small, about 1 cm. in diameter, white, becoming 

dirty white, silky, smooth, sterile base hemispheric to conical 

in young plants, disappearing at maturity; peridium 

duplex, the outer layer stupose with soil inclusions, up to 480 / 

thick, drying 100-200 u, the inner layer of prosenchyma drying 

37-50 ,j; gleba white at first, becoming a delicate pink and finally 

umber-gray; septa hyaline, 30-40 u thick, prosenchymatous, 

subhymenium pseudoparenchymatous; basidia 1-4-spored, 

broadly clavate, about 19 x 11F z; spores ellipsoid to ovoid-citriform, 

apiculate when young, obovoid with rounded ends at 

maturity, surface verrucose to roughly verrucose, covered by 

a utricle, 14.8-18.5 x 8-11 ,u. 

Hypogeous in hard soil under Quercus. Europe and United 

States. September to December. 

U. S. S. R. [RUSSIA]: Moskva, Mikhailovskoe, N. Mossolov, July 25, 1906 (sub 

H. arenatrius); road to Sekirino, F. Bucholtz, July 25, 1906; road to Pleskovo, 

F. Bucholtz, Aug. 7, 1906; Voronovo, F. Bucholtz, Aug. 20, 1907 (all Farlow). 

SwEDEN: Uppland, Upsala Bot. Traidgard, Th. M. Fries, Feb., 1879 (sub 

Hydntangium carnewm, Upsala). 

DENMARK: Nykobing, 

Kbbenhavn). 

Falster Vesterskov, F. H. M611er (Landbohojskolen, 

GERMANY op. AUsTmIA: (na locality, specimen marked "Tannenwald 6-7-1880," 

ex Boudier Herb. at Farlow).


[VOL. 21 

GmMANY: Leipzig, Th. M. Fries, 1861 (Upsala). 

FRANCE: Seine, Bois de Boulogne, Tulasne, Sept., 1844, type of H. argenteus 

(Paris and Brit. Mus.); Vaucluse, Avignon, Bouchet, Tulasne, Oct., 1844 (olfin 

H. argenteus, Paris). 

ENGLAND: Wiltshire, Rudloe, C. E. Broome (Kew). 

MAINE: York County, Kittery Point, B. Thaxter 1902x, Sept. 18, 1902 (Farlow). 

CALIFORNIA: Alameda County, Berkeley, N. L. Gardner 223; Monterey County, 

Pacific Grove, N. L. Gardner & M. B. Nichols 298 (both Univ. Cal. and Zeller). 

9. HYMENOGASTER BUCHOLTZI Soehner, Krypt. Forsch. 1: 

395. 1924. 

Type: in Soehner Herb. but not seen by us. 

Fructifications white, often spotted with pale yellow, be- 

coming subfuscous, very firm; peridium. 150-200 f thick, fibrous 

without, pseudoparenchymatous within; gleba at first white, 

becoming violaceous mixed with fuscous at maturity, cavities 

very small; spores hyaline, becoming golden and fuscous at 

maturity, 1-several-guttulate, ellipsoid, attenuate at each end; 

mucro free when young, becoming involved in the exospore 

which becomes almost round, 20-30 x 12-18 ,u, without sculpture, 

19-25 x 7-10 U. 

Muinchen, Gauting, Planegg, Erharting bei Muihldorf, 

Germany. 

10. HYMENOGASTER pyriformis Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes gregariae vel caespitosae, 1-2 cm. diametro metientes, pyriformes 

vel subglobosae, -albae, hypogeae, luteae vel bruunneae emersae, tactu caerules- 

centes, "drab" vel "olive-brown" siccatae, superficie laevi vel tomentulosa; basis 

sterilis prominens, inferne conica; caro fracta sectave caerulescens; peridium 

crassum in lateribus, tenuius superne, 200-400 a crassitudine, prosenchymaticum, 

superficie hyphis paucis magnis laxis; gleba grisea, caerulescens secta, fusca siccata, 

locellis parvis, irregularibus, e basi sterili radiantibus; septa 18-30 a crassitudine 

siccata prosenchymatica; basidia cylindrica, uni- vel bispora, sterigmatibus 4-8 x 

1.8-2 a; sporae magnitudine variabiles, 12-23 x 9-11 a, ellipsoideae vel obovoideae, 

rotundatae, rugis parvis, irregulariter longitudinalibus anastomosantibus, obscure 

brunneae. Odor terreus. 

Type: in Dodge and Zeller Herbaria. 

Fructifications gregarious to cespitose, 1-2 cm. in diameter, 

pyriform to subglobose, emersed or wholly hypogeous, white 

while hypogeous, yellowish-brown where exposed, turning blue 

when touched or bruised, drying drab to olive-brown, surface

1934] 

DODGE AND ZETJLLR-IHYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 645 

smooth to tomentulose; sterile base prominent, projecting, 

conical below; flesh turning blue where broken or cut; peridium 

thick on sides, thinner above, variable in thickness, 200400 u, 

drying 130-200 /u thick, consisting of prosenchyma, collapsing 

on drying, surface with a few loose large hyphae, white, turning 

bluish, drying hyaline'; gleba grayish, turning bluish where cut, 

drying fuscous, cavities small, irregular, mostly radiating 

from the sterile base; septa drying 18-30 Iu broad, of hyaline 

prosenchyma; basidia cylindrical, 1-2-spored, sterigmata 

4-8 x 1.8-2 ,u; spores extremely variable in size, 12-23 x 9-11 2, 

ellipsoid to obovoid, with broadly rounded tips, slight, irreg- 

ularly anastomosing longitudinal or diagonal wrinkles giving 

appearance of faint striations, medium dark brown. Mild 

earthy odor. 

Gregarious or cespitose in grassy places under Quercus 

agrifolia. California. October. 

CALIrORNIA: Santa Clara County, Guadaloupe Mines, H. B. Parks 262, in part 

(Univ. Cal.), Z262, type (Dodge and Zeller). 

11. HYMENOGASTER CEREBELLUM Cavara, Fung. Longobard. 

Exsicc. Pugill. 3: no. 109. 1893; Atti Ist. Bot. Pavia. II. 3: 

211-229, 324. 1894?; Rev. Myc. 16:152-157. 1894; Sacc. Syll. 

Fung. 11: 171-172. 1895. 

Illustrations: Cavara, drawing accompanying type distribu- 

tion, Fung. Longobard. no. 109; Atti Ist. Bot. Pavia. II. 3: p1. 

25; Rev. Myc. 16: pl. 148. 

Type: distributed in Cavara, Fung. Longobard. no. 109. 

Fructifications 2-3 cm. in diameter, cerebriform, white, be- 

coming yellowish (Cavara), drying cinnamon-buff, sterile 

base not seen; peridium 140 Iu thick, of varicose hyphae 

compactly interwoven, simulating- pseudoparenchyma, those 

on the outer surface thicker-walled, growing out and enfold- 

ing soil particles; gleba rose-lilac to yellow-ochraceous, 

drying Argus-brown, cavities large, irregular; septa 3040 u 

thick, of slender hyphae closely interwoven; basidia clavate, 

approaching cylindric; spores 12-15 x 8-11 uI, brown, ovoid, 

approaching citriform, more or less apiculate, verrucose, with 

a rather closely applied utricle.

646 ANNALS OF THE 'MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 

[VOL. 21 

Among roots of coniferous and deciduous trees in botanical 

gardens. Italy and France. Spring and summer. 

ExSIscA: Cavara, Fung. Longobard. 109. 

ITALY: Lombardia, Pavia, F. Cavara, Fung. Longobard. 109, type distribution 

(Mo. Bot. Gard., N. Y. Bot. Gard., and Farlow). 

FRANCuE: Alpes Maritimes, Antibes, Poirault (Farlow). 

12. HYMENOGASTER fragilis Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes siccatae 1-2 cm. diametro metientes, subsphericae vel pyriformes, 

albidae vel griseae, sordidae vel " cinnamon-buff " siccatae, basis sterilis prominens 

(ut in Lycoperdon) magnis cum cavitatibus, superficie laevi, floccosa vel sericea; 

peridium fragilis, hyalinum vel subluteum, stuposum, homogeneum, 130-160 , 

crassitudine superne, 50-100 / crassitudine inferne; gleba siccata "pecan-brown," 

cavitatibus magnis; septa fragilia, hyalina, 25-40 / crassitudine, stuposa; basidia 

non visa; sporae brunneae, late fusiformes vel ellipsoideae, apiculo parvo, vel 

obtuse subeitriformes et pedicellatae, subasperatae vel subverrucosae, 11-12 x 7-8 /A. 

Type: at Farlow Herb. 

Fructifications drying 1-2 cm. in diameter, subspherical or 

pyriform,whitish or gray, drying dirty white or cinnamon-buff; 

sterile base well developed, with large cavities, resembling the 

stipe of Lycoperdon; surface even, floccose or silky; peridium 

fragile, hyaline or slightly yellowish, stupose, homogeneous, 

130-160 /j thick above, sometimes 50-100 u thick below; gleba 

drying pecan-brown, with large empty cavities; septa fragile, 

hyaline, 25-40,u thick, stupose; basidia not seen; spores brown, 

ovoid, broad-fusiform to ellipsoid or obtusely subeitriform with 

a small apiculus and pedicel often inequilateral, verrucose with 

a flaking utricle, 11-12 x 7-8 . 

California and southern Chile. February and March. 

The spores resemble those of Arcangelielta Campbellae but 

are much larger. 

CALIFORNIA: H. E. Parks 2182 (Univ. Cal). 

CHILE: Magellanes, Punta Arenas, B. Thaxter F. H. 1, 4, type, Feb. and March, 

1906 (Farlow). 

13. HYMENOGASTER CITRINUS Vittadini, Monogr. Tlberac. 21. 

1831; -Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: 374. 1843; Fung. 

Hypog. 69. 1851; Berkeley & Broome, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 

I. 13: 346. 1844; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 436. 1849; Winter 

in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 875. 1883; De

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELTLER-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 647 

Toni in Sace. Syll. Fung. 7: 169. 1888; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: 45. 

1889 [often cited as Monogr. Brit. Gast. 45. 1889]; Hesse, 

Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 112-113. 1891; Th. M. Fries, Svensk Bot. 

Tidskr. 3: 276. 1909; Hollos, Magyar. Poldalatti Gombai, 91, 

204. 1911; Th. C. E. Fries, Ark. f. Bot. 179: 13. 1921; Soehner, 

Zeitschr. f. Pilzk. 2: 157. 1923. 

Splanchnomyces citrinus Corda, Icones Fung. 6:43-44. 

1854. 

Hymenogaster Citrus Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. ed. 2. 74. 1853. 

Spla'nchnoomyces Citrus Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 43. 1854. 

Hymenogaster Pisomyces Fries, herb. nom. 

Mela~nogaster Ferrariacnus de Notaris, herb. nom. 

Illustrations: Berkeley, Outlines Brit. Fungol. pl. 20, f. 2; 

Corda, Icones Fung. 6: pl.9, f. 86, 87; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 

1: pl. 7, f. 29; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: pl. 1, f. 8; Tulasne, Ann. 

Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: pl. 17, f. 9-10; Fung. Hypog. pl. 1, f. 1; 

pl. 10, f. 3; Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. pl. 3, f. 2; pl. 5, f. 9b. 

Type: in Broome Herb., Fries Herb., and Tulasne Herb. 

Type of H. Citrus probably England, Wiltshire, Rudloe, C. E. 

Broome, com. Berkeley but not seen by us. Type of H. Pislomyces 

collected by E. P. Fries in the Bot. Traidga'rd at Upsala, 

specimens in Kew and in Upsala. 

Fructifications 2-4 cm. in diameter, irregularly subglobose, 

lemon- or golden-yellow, drying clay-color to tawny-olive, or 

black at maturity; surface even, silky to dull fibrillose; peridium 

stupose near surface, prosenchymatous, of large cells 

below, 80-150 , thick, dark brown, brittle when dry; gleba yellow, 

then brownish when fresh, drying Prout 's brown to sooty 

black and brittle like charcoal, cavities relatively large; septa 

rather broad, 60-80 jz, of compact prosenchyma; basidia 2- 

spored, 22-32 x 12-15 a; spores 20-35 x 13-17 ,p, broadly fusiform 

to obovoid, diamond-kite-shaped at maturity, apiculate, 

with narrow base, smooth when young, becoming coarsely verrucose 

at maturity, covered by a variously wrinkled utricle 

which is thin, brownish, but dark umbrinous at maturity. 

Hypogeous, under deciduous and coniferous trees. Europe 

and New York. April to December.


[VOL. 21 

U. S. S. R. [RUSSIA]: Kedfil Wald, F. Bucholtz, Aug. 3, 1909; Moskva, Mi- 

khailovskoe, F. Buoholtz 6b, 7a, Aug. 25, 1910; E. Shereimetf (all Farlow). 

SWEDEN: Uppland, Upsala, Kaxolinaparken, Th. M. Fries, 1879, Aug. 11, 1883, 

Sept., 1883, Sept., 1885, Oct., 1885; Botaniska Triidghrd, Th. M. Fries, 1851, E. P. 

Fries, 1851 (sub Octaiviamia Pisomyces n. sp.,? all Upsala). 

GERMANY: ex herb. Kupka, without locality (Berlin); Bayern, Miinchen, F. 

Soehner 945, 995, 1025, 1924- (Soehner); Hessen-Nassau, Kirehditmold, B. Hesse, 

Apr., 1890 (Hesse). 

AUSTRIA: Wien, Soehner 1601 (Soehner). 

ITALY: Trentino, G. Bresadola, July, 1879 (Upsala); Liombardia, Milano, 

C. littadini (Brit. Mus., Upsala, and Paris); without locality, Ferrari (sub 

Melaiowgaster Ferrarianus, corm. De Notaris, Curtis Herb. at Farlow). 

FRANcE: Seine, Vincennes, Tulasne (Paris); without locality, eastern France, 

L. Qu6e1t (Upsala). 

ENGLAND: Wiltshire, Westbury, G. H. K. Thwaites (sub. H. olivacewm); Rudloe, 

C. E. Broome, 11/10, 1842; Sussex, Reigate, C. E. Broome, Nov., 1879 (all Kew). 

Nnw YORKc: Ithaca, lower Forest Home path, H. S. Jackson (N. Y. State Coll. 

Agr., Cornell Univ. 9920, det H. tener by H. M. Fitzpatrick and H. H. Whetzel). 

13a. var PALLENS Soehner, Krypt. Forsch. 1: 397. 1924. 

Type: in Soehiner Herb. but not seen by us. 

Differs from the typical form in fructifications being light 

yellow and spores sometimes almost spherical, with a long 

pedicel up to 12 ,u, along with typical H. citrinus spores; spores 

including pedicel 25-55 x 7-14 /A. 

Vicinity of Minchen. Rare. 

14. HYMENOGASTER PRUINATUS Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 

113. 1891; Sace. Syll. Fung. 11: 170. 1895. 

Illustrations: Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: pl. 7, f. 31. 

Type: location unknown'to us. 

Fructifications the size of a hazel-nut and larger, very ir- 

regular, light yellow at first, finally becoming dark yellow and 

brownish; peridium 0.5 mm. thick, composed of loosely woven 

pseudoparenchyma of large thin-walled cells surrounded by a 

few hyphae, somewhat as in H. decorus Tul.; gleba firm, dark 

brown, cavities small; septa brown, fairly thick, composed of 

closely woven, richly septate hyphae; basidia slender, mostly 

2-spored, projecting beyond the paraphyses; spores citriform, 

appendiculate, with short (2 A), sharp papilla, 21-27 x 10-14 A, 

exospore thin, bright, becoming dark brown, sometimes sur- 

rounded by a sheath.

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELLBR-HYMENOGASTBR AND RELATED GENERA 649 

In old beech woods. Hessen-Nassau, Germany. August and 

September. 

15. HYMENOGASTER Gilkeyae Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes depresso-globosae vel irregulares, 1-2.5 cm. diametro metientes, 

albae vel albidae, "cartridge-buff" vel "cream-buff" siccatae, laeves, sericeae; 

basis .sterilis pulvinata vel conica; peridium hyalinum, prosenchymaticum, 130-200 A 

crassitudine, superficie stuposa; gleba nigro-umbrina recens, "snuff-brown" sic- 

cata; septa 37-56 ,u crassitudine, hyalina, prosenchymatica, cellulis vesiculosis, 

angulis scissilia; basidia 2- vel 4-spora, sterigmatibus brevibus, crassis; sporae 

ovoideo-citriformes, apiculo pedicelloque prominentibus, utriculo dilacerato 

evanescente, episporio verrucoso, 15-.22 x 10-11 1A. Odor Hamamelidis. 

Type: in Univ. Cal., Dodge, and Zeller Herbaria. 

Fructifications depressed-globose to irregular, 1-2.5 cm. in 

diameter, snow-white to grayish, drying cartridge-buff to 

cream-buff, smooth to silky; sterile base pulvinate to conical; 

peridium hyaline, homogeneous, prosenchymatous, 130-200 ,A 

thick with a very thin stupose surface; gleba dark umber 

when fresh, drying snuff-brown; septa 37-56 ju thick, of 

hyaline prosenchyma of vesicular cells, scissile at angles; 

basidia 2- and 4-spored, sterigmata short, stout; spores ovoid- 

citriform, with prominent apiculus and pedicel, at first with 

utricle which sloughs ragged, leaving verrucose surface, 15-22 

x 10-11 P. Odor of musty flowers and witch-hazel. 

In mixed woods and under Aesculus and Quercus. Oregon 

and California. November to April. 

OREGoN: Benton County, Corvallis, J. L. Mielice (Zeller 6897); Linn County, 

Peoria Road, H. M. Gilkey (Oregon State, and Zeller 2335); near Roaring River 

Fish Hatchery, S. M. Zeller 8201, 8203 (Zeller). 

CALIFORNIA: Alameda County, Berkeley, N. L. Gardner 57; Santa Clara County, 

H. B. Parks 983, type; Alma, H. B. Parks 162B (com. N. L. Gaxdner 546); Guadaloupe, 

H. B. Parks 433A, Apr. 22, 1921; Santa Cruz County, Felton, H. B. Parks 

501; Monterey County, Pacific Grove, N. L. Gardner 4 M. B. Nichols 303 (all 

Univ. Cal., Dodge, and Zeller); San Mateo County, Jasper Ridge in Palo Alto, 

James MoMurphy 274, 282, 298 (Stanford and Zeller). 

16. HYMENOGASTER Gardneri Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes 1-1.5 em. diametro metientes, irregulares, rimosae, firmissimae, 

sordide albidae brunhescentes, "buff-brownII siccatae, laeves vel floceosae; perid- 

ium 80-150 u crassitudine siccatum, hyalinum, prosenchymaticum, hyphis floccosis 

iii superficie; gleba brunnea, solida, aquosa, locellis parvis; septa hyalina, prosen-


[VOL. 2 1 

chymatica, 10-20 / crassitudine siceata; basidia anguste clavata, 2-4-spora; sporae 

nigro-brunneae, late ellipsoideae, subfusiformes, episporio laevi, crasso, utriculoque 

obseuro, aspero, lacerate, rugis longitudinalibus in sporis immaturis, pedicellato, 

18.5-26 x 11.5-14 A. 


Fructifications 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, irregular in shape, 

checking and cracking, very firm and compact, at first dirty 

white, becoming brown, drying buff-brown, surface smooth to 

flocculent; peridium of tough, hyaline, homogeneous prosen- 

chyma, with flocci of hyphae on the surface, drying 80-150 IA 

thick; gleba brown, firm, watery, cavities relatively small; 

septa of hyaline prosenchyma, drying 10-20 ,p thick; basidia 

narrowly clavate, 2- and 4-spored; spores very dark brown, 

broad-ellipsoid, tapering to both ends, epispore smooth, thick, 

but with a very dark, rough, torn utricle with more or less longi- 

tudinal folds as shown by immature spores, pedicellate, 18.5-26 

x 11.5-14 P. 

In clay soil under Quercus and Salix. California. March. 

The type of this species, although near to H. citrinus and H. 

olivaceus (H. decorus), is very distinct in the young spores, 

which approach the characters of H. lycoperdineus. Gard- 

ner's No. 279 is referred here with some doubt, since the ma- 

ture spores are quite similar to those in the type of H. 

Thwaitesii'. 

CIFoRNIA: Alameda County, Berkeley, N. L. Gardner 89 type, 279 (Univ. Cal., 

Dodge, and Zeller); San Mateo County, Palo Alto, James MoMurphy 290 (Stanford 


17. HYMENOGASTER MUTICUS Berkeley & Broome, Ann. & Mag. 

Nat. Hist. II. 2: 267. 1848; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 65. 1851; 

Cooke, Handbook Brit. Fung. 1: 360. 1871; DeToni in Sacc. 

Syll. Fung. 7: 172. 1888; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4:42-43. 1889 

[often cited as Monogr. Brit. Gast. 4243. 1889]; Hesse, 

Hypog. Deutsehl. 1: 118-119. 1891. 

Illustrations: Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: pl. 1, f. 20; Tulasne, 

Fung. Hypog. pl. 10, f. 7. 

Type: in Berkeley Herb. 4459, in Hooker, and in Cooke at 

Kew, Fries Herb. at Upsala, and fragment in Lloyd Mus.

1934] 

DODGE AND ZETLLR HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 651 

Fructifications usually spherical, occasionally irregular, 

smooth becoming rimose, about 1 cm. in diameter, white, be- 

coming dark brown; peridium 150-200 p thick, composed of 

homogeneous prosenchyma, distinct from the gleba, easily 

separable; gleba -reddish-brown to dark brown, cavities small 

near the peridium, larger within; septa thin, 20-40 p thick, 

fibrous; basidia rather large, 2-spored; spores 18-23 x 10-15 ,, 

appendiculus 2 x 2 ,u, usually not papillate but broadly obtuse, 

obovoid, deep red-brown, with a wavy-wrinkled surface. 

Hypogeous. Western Europe. Early spring. 

SwEDEN: Upsala, E. A. Th. Seth, 1891 (Upsala). 

FRANci: Alpes Maritimes, Nice, Barla (Farlow); L. Queffet, 1889 (Upsala). 

ITALY: Trentino, G. Bresadola, May, 1888 (Upsala). 

ENGLAND: Gloucestershire, Stapleton Grove, C. B. Broome, type (Kew, Upsala, 

Lloyd 0213). 

18. HYMENOGASTER PILosIuscuLus Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 

1: 127. 1891; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11: 171. 1895. 


Type: location unknown to us. 

Fructifications somewhat larger than a hazel-nut, irregular, 

often flattened, citron to dark yellow; peridium a strong line 

thick, composed of small-celled pseudoparenchyma loosely ar- 

ranged, with slender hyphae next the gleba; gleba citron-yel- 

low, cavities small and filled with spores; septa composed of 

slender hyphae; basidia 2-spored, fairly long and broad, pa- 

raphyses similar but septate; spores 16-26 x 4-8 ,p, rounded at 

the apex, without a papilla, with a short slender appendiculus, 

yellowish, exospore wrinkled. 

Under stands of Fagus. Hessen-Nassau, Germany. August 

to October. 

19. HYMENOGASTER GRISEUS Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 23. 

1831; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 69. 1851; Winter in Rabenhorst, 

Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 875. 1883; Do Toni in Sacc. Syll. 

Fung. 7: 170. 1888; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: 48. 1889 [often cited 

as Monogr. Brit. Gast. 48. 1889]; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 

131-132. 1891.


[VOL. 21 

Illustrations: Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: pl. 7, f. 36; Payer, 

Bot. Cryptog. 114. f. 258; Roumeguere, Cryptog. Ill. f. -372. 

Type: location unknown to us; however, material from Vittadini 

i so determined in Herb. E. Fries at Upsala. 

Fructifications small, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, subglobose, not 

shrinking much on drying, surface white at first, drying cinnamon-buff 

to snuff-brown, whitish-villous to innate-fibrillose; 

storile base scarcely visible; peridium 185 ,I thick, densely 

stupose; gleba gray, soon becoming dark, drying bister; septa 

of thin-walled hyphae, 30-40 fA thick; basidia long, cylindric, 

2-spored, sterigmata stout, 11-13 fA long; paraphyses slender, 

septate; spores ellipsoid, distal end obtuse and rounded, undulating 

surface with a clear wrinkled utricle, brown becoming 

black, 20-25 x 11-13 u, pedicel 2-3 ju long, 3-4 pt in diameter. 

Odor of Convallaria majaltis. 

Under Populus, Quercus, and Fagus. Italy, Oregon, and 

Argentina. 

ITALY: Trentino, G. Bresadola, Aug., 1886, (Upsala); Lombardia, Milano, C. 

Vittadini (Upsala). 

OnnooN: Benton County, Alsea Road along Greasy Creek, H. M. Gilkey (Oregon 

State, and Zeller 2802). 

ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, B. Thaxter, 1905, (Farlow). 

20. HYMENOGASTER CAERULESCENS Soehner, Zeitschr. f. Pilzk. 

1: 6-8. 1922; E. Fischer, Verofffentl. Geobot. Inst. Ruibel in 

Zuirich3: 578-581. 1925. 

Hyrnenogaster caespitosus Soehner, Krypt. Forsch. 1: 396- 

397. 1924. 

Type: in Soekner Herb. 

Fructifications spherical to subspherical, small, 1-2 cm. 

broad, white, becoming bluish-green when bruised or touched, 

drying grape-green to Andover green, surface even to ruptured, 

fibrillose to byssoid; peridium hyaline, thin, 90-130 ,L 

thick, of large-celled psieudoparenchyma., with a very few superficial 

large-celled, multi-septate hyphae; gleba white or brown 

when fresh, turning bluish-green when cut, drying light chalcedony 

with flecks of darker green or fuscous-black; septa 

hyaline, pseudoparenchymatous, 60-75 ,u thick; basidia nar-

1934] 


rowly clavate, mostly 4-spored; spores very dark brown,. 19-22 

x 12-15 /%, ellipsoid with very obtuse ends, utricle with 8 longitudinal 

folds, apiculus slight but often apparent, pedicel often 

adhering, hyaline. 

On wet ground or under moss in coniferous or deciduous 

woods. Germany and northern California. July to November. 

The spores of this species are similar to those of Gautieria, 

but H. caerulescens lacks a columella. 

GERMANY: Bayern, Miuhldorf, B. Soehner 497, type, 613 (Soehner). 

CALIFORNIA: Humboldt Co., Trinidad, H. E. Parks 4622 (Univ. Cal. and Zeller). 

21. HYMENOGASTER CINEREUS Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 132. 

1891; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11: 171. 1895. 



Fructifications the size of a horse-bean, somewhat ragged, 

irregular, snow-white becoming yellowish when touched; perid- 

ium scarcely a line thick, composed of long, slender, septate 

hyphae; gleba ashy; basidia narrow-cylindrical, 2-spored, pro- 

jecting beyond the septate paraphyses; spores fusiform, red- 

dish-yellow, 21-30 x 9-12 /L, with a short, hyaline papilla and an 

appendiculus 1 x 1 ,t. 

Under old trees of Fagus, and Querc'is. Hessen-Nassau, Ger- 

many. August to November. 

22. HYMENOGASTER Boozeri Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes 1-1.5 cm. diametro metientes, depresso-globosae, albidae tactu 

brunnescentes, "bister" siccatae, laeves; peridium homogeneum, hyalinum, pro- 

senchymaticum extero obscurius densiusque, 120-160 A crassitudine (100-130 u sic- 

catum); gleba subalbida vel griseo-brunnea, " cinnamon-buff " siccata, locellis 

magnis; septa 20-35 A crassitudine, prosenchymatica; basidia clavata, 18-25 x 

6-8 A, bispora, sterigmatibus brevissimis, 2-3 A longitudine, crassis; sporae maturae, 

24-30 x 13-15 A, obscure brunneae, ovoideo-ellipsoideae vel late fusiformes, epi- 

sporio, crasso, utriculo longitudinaliter rugoso, rimoso, sporae juniores elongatae, 

cylindricae, lanceolatae vel anguste fusiformes,.26-40 x 7.4-10.5 A, laeves. Odor 

caseosus. 

Type: in Oregon State, Dodge, and Zeller Herbaria. 

Fructifications 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, depressed-globose, 

whitish, staining brownish where touched, drying bister, sur-


[VOL. 21 

face smooth; peridium composed of homogeneous, hyaline 

prosenchyma with a darker rind of a more compact prosenchyma, 

120-160 /L thick when fresh, drying 100-130 ,p; gleba with 

large cavities, almost white to grayish-brown, drying cinnamon-buff; 

septa 20-35 p thick, prosenchymatous; basidia clavate, 

18-25 x 6-8 a%, 2-spored, sterile basidia common as figured 

by Tulasne for H. citrinus, sterigmata very short (about 2-3 /% 

long), stout; mature spores 24-30 x 13-15 /,f dark brown, ovoidellipsoid 

to broadly fusiform, thick epispore with a longitudinally 

wrinkled utricle which flakes off, immature spores longcylindrical 

to lanceolate or narrowly fusiform, 26-40 x 7.4- 

10.5 ,, smooth. Odor like cheese (fermentation). 

Under Quercus. Oregon. April. 

This species resembles H. vulgaris in color of the fructification 

and utricle of the spores, but differs in several other 

respects. 

OnemoN: Benton County, Corvallis, L. M. Boozer, type (Oregon State, Dodge, 

and Zeller 2286). 

23. HYMENOGASTER NIVEUS Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 24. 


Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 876. 1883; DeToni in Sace. Syll. 

Fung. 7: 172. 1888; Soehner, Hedwigia 64: 192-202. 1923. 

Illustrations: Fourquignon, Champ. Super. 123. f. 93; Soeh- 

ner, Hedwigia 64: 196; Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. p1. 4, f. 9. 

Type: material from Vittadini in Berk. Herb. at Kew, and 

in Lloyd Mus. 

Fructifications about 1 cm. in diameter, subspherical, dry- 

ing somewhat irregular, snow-white, reddening to the touch 

when fresh, drying ochraceous-tawny to buckthorn-brown or 

even darker, sterile base evident; peridium 300-320 ,u thick, 

drying 60-110 a, composed of compactly woven hyphae (pros- 

enchyma in islands) with larger varicose hyphae 5-6,u in diam- 

eter; gleba light fuliginous, becoming very dark brown, cavi- 

ties large; septa thin, 15-20 p thick, composed of slender, com- 

pact, gelified hyphae; basidia 2-spored, pyriform, 8-9 x 5-6 a, 

projecting above the septa, not numerous and early collapsing, 

so that the sterigmata appear to arise directly from the septal

19341 

DODGE AND ZETL R-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 655 

hlyphae; spores rather large, warted, short-pedicella-te, ovoid- 

to ellipsoid-citriform, with short, blunt, hyaline apiculus,. 

15-18.5 x 9.5-11.5 a. Odor of Pelargonium. 

Hypogeous under deciduous and coniferous trees. Europe 

and North America. May to- September. 

ITALY: Lombardia, Milano, C. Vittadini; Trentino, G. Bresadola (both Kew). 

GERMANY: Bayern, Mfinchen SUd, B. Soehner 843 (Soehner). 

ENGLAND: C. B. Broome (Lloyd Mus. 0222). 

CANADA: Quebec, Little M6tis,-E. C. Jeffrey (Farlow). 

MICHIGAN: Ann Arbor, C. H. Ka.uffmaan 21 (Univ. Mich. and Zeller). 

OREGON: Benton County, Corvallis, S. M. Zefler 8197 (Zeller). 

24. HyMENOGASTER SPICTENSIS Patouillard, Bull. Soc. Myc. 

France .30: 350-351. 1914; Trotter in Sace. Syll. Fung. 23: 

599. 1925. 

Type: no specimen cited as type by Patouillard, but all material 

so determined by him in his herbarium at the Farlow 

Herb. is this species. 

Fruotifieations from about the size of a. pea to that of a filbert, 

spherical, rarely irregular, always a little depressed at 

the base, pure white, becoming grayish or rufous when touched, 

brown in alcohol; peridium-thin, drying 90-100 u thick, composed 

of elongated cells, more! slender toward the periphery, 

from which is derived the granular hyphae (2-5 ,thick) ; gleba 

white, cream, rufous, and finally deep chestnut, sterile base absent; 

basidia cylindric, 25-35 x 4-10 ,i, with four short sterigmata; 

spores ferruginous-yellow, broadly fusiform to obovoid, 

narrow, obtuse at the apex and often appendiculate below, epispore 

verruculose and wrinkled, 15-22 x 7-10 ,/, occasionally as 

short as 12 /L or as long as 25 /, 2-3-guttulate. 

Under Quercus, Fagus, Betula. Central Europe. June to 

December. 

U. S. S. R. [RUSSIA]: Moskva, Mikhailovskoe, F. Bucholtz, Aug. 26, 1907; 

Sekirino, F. BJucholtz 4 N. Mossolot, Aug. 23, 1907; Senjkino, F. Busoholtz, July 

26, 1906; Shebaly forest near Mikhailovskoe, N. Mossolov, July 24, 1906; F. Bum- 

holtz, July 26, 1906; Voronovo, F. Bucholtz, Aug. 22, 1907 (all Farlow). 

GERMANY: Bayern, Mfinchen, B. Soehner 942 (sub H. Rehsteineri??, Soehner). 

ITALY: Trentino, G. Bresadola, July, 1880, Dec., 1888 (sub H. nivewa Vitt., 

Upsala). 

AusTRIA: Vorarlberg, Feldkirch, F. Theissen (Farlow).


[VOL. 21 

FmANCE: L. Quelet (Upsala); Barezian, N. Patouillard, Oct., 1913, (Farlow); 

Lepinay, N. Patouitlard, Aug., 1912, Aug., 1913 (Farlow); Doubs, H6rimoncourt, 

L. Que'let (sub H. nAiveu, Upsala); Belfort, Delle, L. Que'let (sub H. 1yooperdineuss, 

Upsala); Jura, Joye de Buron, N. Patouiidard, Oct., 1906 (Farlow). 

25. HYMENOGASTER reticulatus Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes subsphericae, ad 1 cm. diametro metientes, unibonatae, pallidae 

vel flavo-brunneae, superficie laevi spongiosa; peridium 70-120 , crassitudine sic- 

catum, hyphis tenuissimis, laxe implicatis, stuposis; gleba sordide brunneo-albida, 

"cinnamon-buff" vel "tawny-olive" siccata, fragilis, locellis parvis, irregularibus; 

septa scissilia, 25-30 A crassitudine, hyphis laxe implicatis; basidia anguste clavata, 

bispora, sterigmatibus tenuibus, brevibus; sporae obscure brunneae, late citri- 

formes, apiculo prominente, laevi, episporio reticulate foveolato, 14.5-16 (-18.5) x 

9.6-11 (-11.5) y. 

Type: in Cleland, Dodge, and Zeller Herbaria. 

Fructifications subspherical, about 1 cm. ih diameter, with a 

small umbo, pallid with yellowish-brown tints, drying cinnamon-buff 

to tawny-olive, surface smooth but spongy; peridium 

about 70-120 /L thick (dry), of very slender loosely woven stupose 

hyphae, hyaline to citrine; gleba dirty brownish-white, 

drying cinnamon to tawny-olive, fragile, cavities irregular, 

relatively small; septa hyaline, scissile, 25-30 ,u thick, of rather 

loosely interwoven hyphae; basidia 2-spored, slender, clavate, 

sterigmata slender, short; spores dark brown, broadly citriform 

with a prominent smooth apiculus, 14.5-16 (-18.5) x 

9.6-11 (-11.5) /u, exospore reticulate-pitted, pits averaging 2 Z 

broad. 

Hypogeous. South Australia. April. 

The spores of this species are evenly and beautifully reticulate-pitted, 

the markings strikingly distinct from those of other 

species. 

In the type collection the surface of the peridium is overgrown 

by a mycelium of yellowish, clear hyphae about 4 /A in 

diameter, having clamp connections and clavate tips about 

7-8 /A broad. It could not be determined whether this mycelium 

is organically connected with H. reticulat us. 

AusnALIA: South Australia National Park, J. B. Cleland 6, Apr. 29, 1924, type 

(Dodge and Zeller). 

26. HYMENOGASTER 

atratus (Rodway) Zeller & Dodge, comb. 

nov.

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELLPR-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 657 

Hysterangtuim atratum Rodway, Papers & Proc. Roy. Soc. 

Tasmania 1919: 112. 1920. 

Type: A specimen without locality data but marked "cotype 

1265 " has been kindly communicated to us by Rodway. 

Fructifications subspherical, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, viscid, 

dark brown; peridium thin but tough, fleshy, 60-120 ,u thick, 

pseudoparenchymatous; gleba dark brown, cavities small; 

septa of hyaline prosenchyma, 15-20 u thick; spores dark 

brown, nearly spherical to broadly ellipsoidal, 11.5-15 x 10-11.5 

,M, minutely alveolate, short-pedicellate, the utricle or alveolae 

almost hyaline. 

Hypogeous. Australia and Tasmania. July. 

AUSTRIA: S. Australia National Park, J. B. Cleland 16 (Dodge and Zeller); 

Queensland, Rockhampton, A. Thozet (sub. H. Klotz0chii, Kew). 

TASMANIA: [Mt. Nelson Range], L. Rodway 1123, 1965 (Dodge and Zeller). 

27. HYMENOGASTER mutabilis (Soehner) Zeller & Dodge, 

comb. nov. 

Hymenogaster tener var. muntabilis Soehner, Hedwigia 64: 

200. 1923. 

Illustrations: Soehner, Hedwigia 64: 196. 

Type: in Soehner Herb. 

Fructifications 1-3 cm. in diameter, subglobose, whitish to 

yellowish when fresh, drying fuscous, surface smooth to soft- 

silky; peridium 75-100 ,u thick, loose-stupose with inclusions of 

many hyaline, diamond-shaped crystals; sterile base distinct 

in young specimens, pulvinate; gleba yellowish, with reddish, 

violet, red-brown to ochraceous tones, drying Verona brown, 

cavities small; septa prosenchymatous, 15-25 u thick; basidia 

2-spored; spores dark brown, broadly ellipsoid to citriform, 

short-pedicellate, mostly with very small apiculus, wrinkled to 

verrucose surface with a closely applied utricle, 12-15 x 9-11 U. 

Hypogeous in rich soil in deciduous woods. Germany and 

North America, July to September. 

GERMANY: Bayern, Miinehen, Englische Girten, B. Soehner 703, type (Soelhner). 

CANADA: Manitoba, G. B. Bisby (Zeller 7462). 

NEW YORK: Onandaga County, Syracuse, A. H. Povah 83f (Farlow).


28. HIYMENOGASTER McMurphyi Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

(VoL. 21 

Fructificationes oblate sphaeroideae vel irregulares, 1-1.5 cm. diametro 

metientes, luteae, obscuriores siccatae, superficie fibrosa, subaspera; basis sterilis 

parva, pulvinata; peridium 120-180 ,u (55-100 1A siceatum) crassitudine, luteum, 

extus stuposum, intus laxe prosenehymaticum; gleba lutea vel "snuff-brown" 

("bone-brown" siccata post conservationem); septa 24-32 ,u inter hymenia, 

hyphis luteis laxe contexta, scissilia in angulis; basidia late clavata, tri- vel tetra- 

spora, sterigmatibus tenuissimis, 5-7 1A longitudine, hyalina; sporae luteae, late 

ovoideae, insuper rotundatae, saepe pedicellatae, episporio crasso, tenuibus cum 

rugis brevibus, uniguttulatae, 12-13 (-14.5) x 9.5-11 (-14) ,u. 

Type: in Dudley Herb. at Stanford, Zeller and Dodge 

Herbaria. 

Fructifications oblate-spheroidal to irregular, about 1-1.5 

cm. in diameter, yellow, drying darker, surface fibrousroughened; 

sterile base slight, pulvinate; peridium 120-180 j 

(drying 55-100 /) thick, yellow, stupose without, loosely prosenchymatous 

within; gleba yellow, then snuff-brown (drying 

bone-brown after preservation); septa 24-32 , between hymenia, 

of loosely interwoven yellowish hyphae, scissile at the 

angles; basidia hyaline, broadly clavate, 3-4-spored with very 

slender sterigmata 5-7 /A long; spores yellow, broadly ovoid, 

rounded above, often pedicellate, exospore thick, sculptured by 

small, short ridges, uniguttulate, 12-13 (-14.5) x 9.5-11(-14) . 

In sandy soil, 7-10 cm. beneath the surface, under Fraxvinus 

oreganc and Quercus agrifolia. California. February and 

March. 

CALFroRNIA: San Mateo County, Palo Alto, banks of Los Trancos Creek, near 

Stanford University, Jaqmes MoMurphy 284, 292 type (Stanford, Zeller, and Dodge). 

29. HYMENOGASTER DISCIFORMIS Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 

128. 1891; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11: 171. 1895. 


Fructifications disciform, the size of a Bohemian "Heller- 

linse "lentil, yellowish-white to cream-color; peridium thin, 

composed of floccose, swollen hyphae as in. septa; gleba gray- 

white, becoming cream-color; basidia short, narrow-cylindrical, 

2-spored; spores 12-16 x 5-7 ,/, not apiculate, with a very short 

but fairly broad pedicel, ellipsoid, exospore wrinkled, brown- 

yellow.

1934] 

DODGE AND ZETLLR-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 659 

In young woods of Fagups and Quercus. Hessen-Nassau, 

Germany. August to -October. 

30. HYMENOGASTER MINUSOULUS Soehner, Krypt. Forsch. 1: 

397. 1924. 


Fructifications snow-white, becoming subfuscous, smooth, 

scarcely tuberous, up to 1 cm. in diameter, compact; peridium 

120 ,f thick; gleba at first, white, then bay and inclining to reddish 

or lurid, cavities very small; basidia 2-4-spored, clavate, 

20 x 9 jp; spores grayish-yellow, fusiform, 12-16 p (rarely up 

to 20-25 /) long, smaller spores 10 x 4-5 p, not rare, exospore at 

first smooth, later slightly roughened by small furrows, utricle 

[ ? second membrane] absent. 

Near Mu-nchen, Schleissheimer Schlosspark, Gruinwald and 

Kaufbeuren in Schwaben. 

Spores may vary between 7 and 25 , in length in same 

fructifikation. 

31. HYMENOGASTER ~vRR-ucosus Bucholtz, Hedwigia 40: 319. 

1901; MaTepuaJIbi 1CR MopDoajOiHE E CHCTeMaTHKJ' IOJ3eMHMIXM 

rpE6OBB ... H3AaH. ECTeCTB. HCT. My3ea rpanHHE E.. IH. lepe- 

MeTeBOR B'b C. M:axaitIoBCKOMW MOCROBCIKOR Py6. 158. 1902 [sometimes 

cited as Beitr. Moph. Syst. Hypog. ]; Ann. Myc. 1: 171. 

1903; Sace. & D. Sacw. in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 17: 240. 1905. 

IHymenogaster Rehsteineri Bucholtz, Hedwigia 40: 318-319. 

1901; 1. c. 156. 1902; Ann. Myc. 1: 171. 1903; Sace. & D. Sacc. 

Syll. Fung. 17: 239-240. 1905. 

?Hymenogaster decorus Rehsteiner, Bot. Zeit. 50: 764-771. 

1892.--not H. decorus Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: 374. 

1843. 

Hymenogaster olivacews f. montacna Soehner, herb. nom. 

Illustrations: Bucholtz, MaTepuaabi ir MOp4OpIOriiH E CEICTe- 

MaTH1I6n lOA3eMHbiX'b rpiaOBB ... Hiaia. ECTeCTB. HCT. My3ea 

rpa?1iEr E. II. mepeMeTeBOll B& C. MnxafJIoBCRCoM' MOCROBCROiR 

ry6. 1: pl. 3, f. 18,19; Ann. Myc. 1: pl. 5, f. 18-20; ?Rehsteiner, 

Bot. Zeit. 50: pl. 10, f. 1-6. 

Type: of H. verrucosus and of H. Rehsteineri in Farlow 

Herb. at Harvard Univ., and in Berlin. The type of H. olivaceus 

f. montana in Soehner Herb. and Dodge Herb.


[VOL. 21 

Fructifications irregular, spherical to subelavate, about 1.2 

cm. in diameter, drying to 3-4 mnm., light gray, then yellowish, 

drying drab, very hard; sterile base present; peridium 80-130 a 

thick, composed of septate, compact hyphae which simulate 

prosenchyma; gleba brown, drying fuscous-black, cavities irregular, 

radiating from the base; septa yellowish, composed of 

loosely woven, parallel hyphae, with some vascular hyphae 

which stain blue with iodine; basidia 2-spored; spores ellipsoidal, 

broad at the ends, young spores obovoid to cylindrical, 

slightly apiculate, appendiculate, guttulate, 17-23 x 10-12.5 it, 

epispore irregularly rugose-sinuose, yellow-brown, watts 0.5 / 

high. 

Under Fagus, Tilia, and Picea. Russia and mountains of 

Central Europe. April to August. 

U. S. S. R. [RuSSIA]: Moskva, Mikhailovskoe, F. Bucholtz, Aug. 8, 1899, Aug. 

11, 1899, type of H. Rehsteineri, Aug., 1899, type of H. verrucosuqs, June 27, 

1906, Aug. 25, 1907, July 22, 1910, Aug. 25, 1910, 4a, 4b, 5b in part; N. Mossolov, 

Aug. 9, 1906; Senjkino, F. Bucholtz, July 28, 1906; Jasovka, F. Bucholtz, Apr. 24, 

1907; Krasnaia Pachra, F. Bucholtz, July 29, 1907 (all Farlow). 

ITALY: Trentino, G. Bresadola (Upsala). 

GERMANY: ?Bayern, Eddenberg Tusabeth, E. Soehner 1035 (sub. H. olivaceus f. 

,montana Soehuer, herb. nom., Soehner). 

FRANcio: Belfort, Delle, L. Qu&et (sub. H. pallidus, Upsala). 

32. HYMENOGASTER LILACINUS Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 

19: 374. 1843; DeToni in Sace. Syll. Fung. 7: 170-171. 1888; 

Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 116-117. 1891; Hollos, Magyar. 

Fbldalatti Gombai, 92-93, 205. 1911; Soehner, Zeitschr. f. 

Pilzk. 2: 158. 1923; WVerwoerd, S. Afr. Jour. Sci. 22: 166. 

1925.-not Berkeley, Brit. Fung. no. 305. 

Illustrations: Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: pl. 7, f. 33; 

Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. pl. 1, f. 2; pt. 10, f. 8. 

Type: in Tulasne Herb. at Paris and a fragment in Lloyd 

Mus. labeled "ex Tul. at Kew." 

Fructifications spherical to irregular, silky, shining white, 

becoming dark gray; sterile base small, dirty white, branching; 

peridium thin, silky, shining white, becoming brown in air, 

drying submembranaceous, composed of thin-walled prosenchyma, 

fibrous next gleba, not separable; gleba lilac-colored,

1934] 


becoming fuliginous; septa golden-yellow, composed of slender 

hyphae; basidia 2-spored, sterigmata. 11 p long; spores broadly 

ovoid to subacute ovoid-ellipsoid, obtuse or obtusely apic- 

ulate, nearly smooth but with somewhat wrinkled utricle, 

18-24 x 12-14 ,u, guttulate. 

Known to us only from the type locality. 

FRANCE: Seine, Vincennes, Tulas-ne, Oct., 1843 (Paris, and fragment Lloyd Mus.). 

33. HYMENOGASTER EURYSPORUS Soehner, Krypt. Forsch. 1: 

296. 1924. 


Fructifications ashy, later subfuscous and blackening, ovoid 

to spherical, floccose, the size of a chestnut; peridium very thin, 

composed of gelatinous hyphae; gleba whitish, yellowish, then 

fuscous on a cadmium-yellow background, deeper yellow in 

places, cavities very small; basidia clavate, 1-4-, mostly 2-3- 

spored, 30-40 x 10-12 ,; spores spherical at first, then broadly 

ovoid, without apiculus; exospore saccate, at first distended, 

later collapsed in transverse section, irregularly 3-6-angled, 

sculpturing 2-4 j thick, pedicel 2.5-5 ,/ long; spores 18-25 , long, 

with exospore 20-30 x15-20 a; ratio of length to breadth 4/3, at 

first deep bay then almost black. 

In oak woods. Planegg-Gauting, Germany. 

34. HYMENOGASTER OLIVAcEUs Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 

24. 1831; Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: 374. 1843; Fung. 

Hypog. 69. 1851; Winter in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. 

ed. 2. 1: 876. 1883; DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 172. 1888; 

Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: 45-46. 1889 [often cited as Monogr. Brit. 

Gast. 4546. 1889]; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 126-127. 1891. 

Splanchnomyces Cordaeanus Zobel in Corda, Icones Fung. 

6: . 42.- 1854. 

Splanchnomyces olivaceuws Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 44. 1854. 

Splanchnomyces Broomeanus Corda, Icones Fung. 6: pl. 13, 

f. 107. 1854 (nomen nudnm). 

Hymenogaster olivacems var. modesttus Berkeley & Broome, 

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. I. 18: 74. 1846; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 

71. 1851.


[VoL. 21 

Hymenogaster decorus Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: 

374. 1843; Fung. Hypog. 65. 1851; Cooke, Handbook Brit. 

Fung. 1: 360-361. 1871; Winter in :Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. 

Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 876. 1883; DeT'oni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 

169-170. 1888; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: 43-44. 1889 [often cited 

as Monogr. Brit. Gast. 43-44. 1889]; Hesse, Hypog. IDeutschl. 

1: 115-116. 1891; Hollos, Magyar. Foldalatti Gombai, 92, 205. 

1911; Soehner, Zeitschr. f. Pilzk. 2: 158. 1923. 

Hymenogaster pallidu's Berkeley & Broome, Ann. & Mag. 

Nat. Hist. I. 18: 74. 1846; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 68. 1851; 

Cooke, Handbook Brit. Fung. 1: 361. 1871; DeToni in Sacc. 

Syll. Fung. 7: 173. 1888; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 1131. 

1891. 

Hymenogaster calosporus Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 70. 1851; 

-DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 169. 1888; Hesse, Hypog. 

Deutschl. 1: 129-130. 1891; Th. M. Fries, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 

3: 278-279. 1909; Th. C. E. Fries, Ark. f. Bot. 179: 14. 1921; 

Soehlner, Zeitschr. f. Pilzk. 2: 158. 1923. 

Illustrations: Bucholtz, Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 15: pl. 6, f. 

10-13; Corda, Icones Fung. 6: pl. 8, f. 80; pl. 13, f. 107; Hesse, 

Hypog. Deutschl. 1: pl. 7, f. 32,34; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: pl. 1, f. 

15-18; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. pl. 10, f. 4, 9; Vittadini, Monogr. 

Tuberac. pl. 3, f. 5; pl.5, f. 5, f. 9c. 

Type: material in Broome Herb., Berkeley Herb., and Fries 

Herb. Type of H. decorus was not found, but " France, Seine, 

Vincennes, Tulasne, Oct., 1845" is in Tulasne Herb., Berkeley 

Herb., and Broome Herb. and represents very mature speci- 

mens. The type of H. pallidus (England, Northamptonshire, 

-Cotterstock, M. J. Berkeley) is found at Kew, with a small frag- 

ment showing spores only, in Paris, and in Lloyd Mus. The 

type of H. calosporus (France: Seine, Vincennes, Coteau de 

Beaute, Tulasne, Oct., 1845) is found in Paris, with one small 

specimen in Berkeley Herb. at Kew,- and represents very young 

specimens. 

Fructifications up to 4 cm. in diameter, subglobose to irreg- 

ular, pallid, becoming dirty brown, drying bister to fuscous, 

surface smooth to innate-fibrillose, often rupturing deep into

1934] 


the gleba.; peridium 75-150 /% thick, homogeneous, of large, thinwalled, 

varicose hyphae; gleba mottled tawny and white, becoming 

dirty brown, drying snuff-brown to bone-brown, 

cavities irregular, medium small; septa 20-30 /% thick, hyaline, 

of gelified interwoven hyphae; basidia slender, cylindrical, 

2-spored; spores smooth when young, covered with a clear, 

more or less closely applied utricle, obovoid-lanceolate with a 

cylindrical or capitate apiculus, prominent claw-like pedicel, 

29-42 x 11-14 j,, light yellowish-brown, guttulate with prominent 

epispore, mature spores dark ellipsoid with rounded ends, 

with a loose, much-wrinkled utricle, guttulate with a prominent 

epispore, 19-29 x 12-14 a%. 

Hypogeous under deciduous. or coniferous trees. Europe 

and the Pacific Coast of the United States. April to January. 

The long-standing concept of lanceolate spores in H. olivaceus, 

:H. calosporus, and H. pallidus represents the immature 

stage of spores of H. olivaceus, and the broad, oblong spores of 

H. decorus as illustrated by Tulasne represent the mature stage 

of spores of H. olivaceus. In several cases from widely distributed 

localities, typical spores of H. calosporus were observed 

to be associated with typical spores of H. decorus in 

the same fructification, even in the same glebal cavities. As 

the spores mature they become shorter, the apiculus shrivels 

and disappears, while the utricle becomes roughly wrinkled 

and darker as the spore contracts. 

U. S. S. R. [RUSSIA]: Moskva, Mikhailovskoe, F. Buwholtz, July 22, 1906, Aug. 

21, 1907, 64, Aug. 25, 1910; K. P. Sheremetev, Aug. 24, 1906 (all sub H. verrucosa, 

Farlow); Ukraine [near Kharkov], B. M. Czernaiev (sub H. vulgaris, Kew). 

LITHUANIA: Kaunas [Kovno], Domradsky, Aug., 1904 (Farlow). 

SWEDEN: Uppland, Upsala, E. Fries (sub Octaviania Pisomryces, Kew); Karo- 

linaparken, Th. M. Fries, Aug., 1883, Aug. 19, 1883; Botaniska Triidghrd, Th. C. B. 

Fries, Aug., 1889, Jan. 20, 1906 (all Upsala). 

GEIMANY: Bayern, Miinehen, E. Soehner 1025 (Soehner); Hessen-Nassau, 

Kirchditmold, B. Hesse, Apr., 1890 (Hesse). 

ITALY: Trentino, G. Bresadola, Aug., 1882 (Upsala); Lombardia, Milano, C. 

Vittadini (Brit. Mus. and Upsala). 

FRANeE: Seine, Vincennes, Coteau de Beaut6, Tulasne, type of H. calosporus 

and type of H. decorus (Brit. Mus. and Paris). 

ENGLAND: Essex, Audley End, G. E. Leafe (Kew); Epping Forest, [C. B. 

Broome?, ex Broome Hb. in Currey Hb., Brit. Mus.]; Norfolk, [Kings Lynn?],


[VOL. 21 

C. B. Plowright, Nov., 1879, (Brit. Mus.); Northampton, Cotterstock, M. J. Berke- 

ley, type of H. pallidus (Kew); Rushton, M. J. Berkeley, Aug. 19, 1848 (Kew); 

Wiltshire, Bowood, C. E. Broome, Oct. 4, 1843 (Brit. Mus.); Hartham Park, C. B. 

Broome, 1845, type of H. eitrinus var. modestus (Brit. Mus.); Oct. 29, 1845 (Kew); 

Rudloe, C. B. Broome, May 17, 1843 (dist. as H. citrinus Berkeley, Brit. Fung., 284), 

May, 1843 (dist. as H. popuqletorum, Ibid., 304 [or perhaps these came from Luck- 

nam, May, 1843, as this set was issued without localities] Brit. Mus., etc.); C. B. 

Broome, May, 1848 (Brit. Mus.); Castle Coombe, C. B. Broomne, Nov., 1843 (Brit. 

Mus); ?Gloucester, Blaize Castle [C. E. Broome], Nov. 17, 1867 (Brit. Mus.); 

Bedminster Diown near Bristol, C. B. Broome 309 (J. W. Bailey Herb. at Brown 

Univ.); near Wootton under Edge, C. E. Broome, Oct. 26, 1882 (Brit. Mus.); South- 

mead near Bristol, G. H. K. Thwaites, Sept. 4, 1845 (Brit. Mus.); Tan Pits near 

Bristol, C. B. Broome, Oct. 14, 1847 (Brit. Mus.); near Bristol, C. B. Broome, 

Sept. 11, 1845 (J. W. Bailey Herb. at Brown Univ.); Somerset, Batheaston, C. B. 

Broome, Dec., 1858 (sub H. citrinus var. modestus, Brit. Mus.); N. Wootton, C. E. 

Broome, Aug., 1880 (Brit. Mus). 

OREGoN: Benton County, Corvallis, L. ML. Boozer 37 (Oregon State 5829); Linn 

County, S. M. Zeller 2589 (Zeller). 

CALIFORNIA: Alameda County, Berkeley, N. L. Gardner 222, 253; Marin County, 

Ross Valley, toward base of Eldredge Grade on Mt. Tamalpais, W. A. Setchell 4 

C. C. Dobie (com. N. L. Gardner 9); Santa Cruz County, Felton Big Trees, H. B. 

Parks 503 (all Univ. Cal. and Zeller). 

35. HYMENOGASTER VULGARIS Tulasne in Berkeley & Broome, 

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. I. 18: 74. 1846; Fung. Hypog. 67. 

1851; DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 175. 1888; Massee, Ann. 

Bot. 4: 44. 1889 [often cited as Monogr. Brit. Gast. 44. 1889]; 

Th. M. Fries, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 3: 276-278. 1909; Hollos, 

Magyar. Foldalatti Gombai, 91-92, 204-205. 1911; Th. C. E. 

Fries, Ark. f. Bot. 179: 14. 1921; Soehner, Zeitschr. f. Pilzk. 

2: 158. 1923.-not Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 114-115. 1891. 

Rhizopogon albus Fries, Syst. Myc. 2: 293-294. 1823, excl. 

syn. 

Hymenogaster albus Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 436. 

1849.-not Berk. & Broome, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. I. 13: 349. 

1844. 

Hymenogaster griseuts Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: 

374. 1843.-not Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 23. 1831. 

Splawnchnomyces Tulasneanus Zobel in Corda, Icones Fung. 

6: 43. 1854. 

Hymenogaster P camnpester Becker, Natur 35: 355. 1886. 

Hysteranginm australe Spegazzini, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg.

19341 


11: 242-243. 1881 [often cited as Fung. Arg. 4: 94. 1881]; 

DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 157-158. 1888. 

Hymenogaster australis Spegazzini, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg. 

29: -. 1887 [reprinted as Truf. Arg. 6-8. 1887]; Rev. Myc. 

10: 107. 1888; Lloyd, Myc. Notes 66: 1120. 1922. 

Hymenogaster limoswss Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 133. 

1891;- Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11: 171. 1895. 

Hymenogaster tener var. arbuqticola P. Hennings, Verh. Bot. 

Ver. Prov. Brandenburg 40: 146. 1898; Sacc. & Sydow in Sacc. 

Syll. Fung. 16: 254. 1902; Soehner, Hedwigia 64: 200. 1923. 

Hymenogaster arenarius forma acwstriacus Bucholtz, herb. 

nom. 

Illustrations: Bucholtz, MaTepuaJiu IcL MopqoJIoriH HE CCTe- 

MaTHIIr noJm3bMHHxrb rpoH60BL ... HaaH. ECTeCTB. HCT. My3ea 

rpaqmrn E. i. ilepeMeTeBOll BEb C. MxaiHIOBCROMw MocK- 

OBsC]OH ry6. 1: pl. 4, f. 26; Corda, Icones Fung. 6: pl. 13, f. 108; 

pl. 8, f. 84; Hennings, Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenburg 40: 

pl. 1, f. 19; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: pl. 7, f. 42; Tulasne, 

Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: pl. 17, f. 1-3; Fung. Hypog. pl. 10, 

f. 10. 

Type: no; specimen designated by Tulasne. "France, Seine, 

Bois de Boulogne, Tulasne " in Paris and in Broome Herb. may 

be considered the type. Hymenogaster ca'mpester based on 

"Pilsnitz near Breslau, L. Becker, 18 Mai, 1893 "in Bot. Mus. 

Berlin. Hysterangium australe and Hymenogaster australis 

based on "Boca de Riachuelo, Argentina, C. Spegazzini, May 

and July, 1881, " fragment in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb. 

The type of H. limosus Hesse has not been seen by us but is 

stated by E. Soehner to be the same as H. campester. No speci- 

men of H. tener var. arbuticola has been designated as the type, 

there being eight specimens in Berlin which were all in Hen- 

nings ' collection before he described the variety. Five of these 

were studied, and all seem to be stages in the development of 

H. vulgaris. The only possible specimen which could be con- 

sidered the type of Rhizopogon albus Fr. is " SkAne, E. Fries" 

at Upsala and in Berkeley Herb. which may not have been 

collected until years after the description was written, as 

Fries states that it was described from living material.


LYOL. 21 

Fructifications spherical to costate-sulcate and irregular, 

about the size of a filbert, white, becoming dirty white; sterile 

base often prominent; peridium about 1/2 mm. thick, drying 

85-120 /a, separable. with difficulty, smooth, silky, composed of 

compact hyphae; gleba white, becoming lilac, fuscous, dark 

brown, and often black, cavities variable in shape, empty; 

septa 40-45 /A thick, highly gelified; basidia cylindrical, 2- 

spored; spores oblong to fusiform, acute at apex, attenuate 

toward base, pale fuscous-yellow, slightly roughened, utricle 

longitudinally diagonally wrinkled, 22-33 x 9-14.8 L. 

Under moss in woods. Europe and North and South Amer- 

ica. Spring and summer. 

U. S. 5. R. [RussIA]: Moskva, Mikhailovskoe, K. P. Sheremetev, Aug. 9, 1906; 

E. Sheremetew, Aug. 12; F. -Bucholtz, 8a, Aug. 23, 1907, Aug. 25, 1910; road to 

Pleskovo, F. Bucholtz, July 29, 1906, Aug. 20,- 1907, Aug. 28, 1907; Binderwirt 

b. d. Rasalpi, F. Bucholtz, June 23, 1905 (all Farlow). 

FINLAND: Mustiala, P. A. Karsten 484, 1866-1867, distributed as Fung. Fenn., 

484. 

SWEDN: Uppland, Enkoping, Lidehbill, C. J. Cederstrim, Sept. 9, 1889 (Upsala); 

E. Nyman, Sept. 10, 1891, Skkne, E. Fries (Upsala, Kew). 

AUSTRIA: between Prein and Simmering over the Eselbaehsgrabern, F. Bueholtz, 

49, 50 (sub H. arenarius f. austriaos Bueholtz, von Hoehnel Herb. at Farlow). 

GERMANY: Berlin, Botaniseher Garten, P. Hennings, May 15, 1889, April 13, 

1891, May 22, 1891, April 5, 1893 (all sub H. tener var. arbuticola Hennings, type 

not designated in Berlin); Bayern, Minelhen, E. Soehner, July 6, 1925 (Soehner); 

Sendling, E. Soehner, 1020, 1021, 1028, 1023 (Soehner); Pilsnitz near Breslau, 

L. Becker, type of H. camnpester (Berlin). 

FRNCE: Jura Sept., Montagne du Lomont, L. Quelet (Upsala); Seine, Bois 

de Boulogne, Tulasne, Mar. 16, 1846, type, Apr. 17, 1846 (Paris). 

ENGLAND: ]KENT: Darenth Wood, C. F. Broome, Nov., 1869 (Brit. Mus.); C. B. 

Bro'olne, Oct. 29, 1845 (Brit. Mus.); GLOUCESTESHIIRE: Tan Pits near Bristol, Oct. 

14, 1847, C. E. Broome (Berk. Herb., Broome Herb., and two collections in Brown 

Univ. sub H. tener, one N. Y. Bot. Gard. sub H. mnutious); Bentham Wood Hill, 

Oct. 6-10, 1859 (Currey Herb. at Brit. Mus.); Leigh Wood near Bristol, C. B. 

Broome, Oct. 30, 1879 (Brit. Mus.); Kingsweston near Bristol, Sept. 11, 1845 (Brit. 

Mus.); Stapleton Grove near Bristol, C. F. Broome (Brit. Mus.); WILTSHIRE: 

Hartham Park, Rudloe, 'C. B. Broome, distributed in Berkeley, Brit. Fungi, 305 pro 

parte nzajore (type distribution of H. tener, originally sub H. lilacinus, most of 

the material being H. vulgaris, but one specimen seen was true H. tener); Corsham 

House, C. E. Broome, Nov. 9, 1843; Lucknam, C. F. Broomne, Sept. 20, 1859; SOMER- 

SET: Batheaston, C. E. Broome, Nov., 1859 (all Brit. Mus.). 

NEW YORK: near Ithaca, H. M. Fitzpatrick 1119 (Cornell and Zeller). 

OREGON: Linn County, Foster, S. M. Zeller 8185 (Zeller). 

ARGENTINA: Boca Riachuelo, C. Spegaozini, type of H. australis (N. Y. Bot. 

Gard.).

19.34] 


;36. HYMENOGASTER GILVUS Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 117. 

-1891; Sace. Syll. Fung. 11: 170-171. 1895. 


Fructifications scarcely the size of a hazelnut, irregular, 

often with a deep furrow at the base, whitish to faded yellow; 

peridium scarcely a line thick, fibrous without and within, with 

a middle layer of small-celled pseudoparenchyma; gleba green- 

ish-yellow, cavities narrow and not very long but still visible 

without a lens; septa yellowish; basidia brownish, 2-spored, 

projecting beyond the septate paraphyses; spores 18-21 x 10-12 

a, similar to H. Hessei but narrower and longer; appendiculus 

2-2.5,t long, apiculate, exospore wrinkled and dark brown. 

Under Quercus and Faggus. Hessen-Nassau, Germany. 

August to October. 

37. HYMENOGASTER POPULETORUM Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. 

Bot. II. 19: 375. 1843; Fung. Hypog. 66. 1851; DeToni in 

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 173. 1888; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 119. 

1891; Hollos, Magyar. F6ldalatti Gombai, 93-94, 205. 1911.not 

Berkeley, Brit. Fung. 304. 

Splanchnomyces populetorum Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 42. 

1854. 

Illustrations: Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. pl. 10, f. 10; Corda, 

Icones Fung. 6: pl. 8, f. 83; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: p1l. 5, 

f.12. 

Type: in Berkeley Herb., fragment of type in Lloyd Mus. 

Fructifications irregular, the size of a small walnut or filbert, 

smooth to innate-fibrillose, white, becoming dirty yellow and 

finally dark brown; sterile base scarcely visible; peridium. thin, 

75-100 fL, not separable but frequently eaten off, loosely stupose, 

hyaline with very thin darker rind; gleba brown, sometimes 

becoming almost black, fragile; septa 30-40 /L thick, 

composed of slender, hyaline, compact hyphae; basidia 2- 

spored, quickly gelifying; spores -18.5-26 x 10-18.5 /f, usually 

obtuse at the apex, ellipsoid, obovoid or ovoid, slightly appendiculate, 

utricle slightly roughened at maturity, brown. 

In beech forest. France. Summer and autumn. 

FRANCE: Doubs, Hrimoncourt, L. Qu6'et, June, July, 1880 (Upsala); Vienne, 

Loudun, Sablieres de Cond6, Tlwosne, Oct., 1841, type (Kew and Paris).

668 ANNALS OF; THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 

[VOL. 21 

38. HYMENOGASTER RENIFORMIS Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 

119. 1891; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11: 171. 1895. 


Fructifications the size of a pea or smaller, reniform, amberyellow, 

smooth above; peridium scarcely a line thick, composed 

of very slender, gelified hyphae; gleba somewhat fleshy and 

yellowish, cavities small but visible to the naked eye; septa 

yellow, composed of thin-walled, slender hyphae; basidia narrow, 

2-spored, not projecting much beyond the paraphyses; 

spores 16-20 x 8-10,ff, with a short, blunt apiculus, appendiculus 

1 x 1 L, exospore wrinkled, dark yellow. 

In sandy soil under Fagus. Hessen-Nassau, Germany. 


IThe spores are near those of H. lilacinus' Tul. but are narrower, 

-and the appendiculus is thinner. 

39. HYMENOGASTER occidentalis Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes laeves, 1-2 cm. diametro metientes, subsphericae, rugosae vel sul- 

catae, "pale tan" rubro-maculatae recens, "pinkish buff" vel "clay color" sicca- 

tae; peridium byssoideum, stuposum, fibrillosum, hyalinum, 50-100 ,u crassitudine; 

gleba grisea, "snuff-brown " siccata, locellis magnis; septa fragilia, tenuia, 15-19 ,u 

(ad 74 /A hymeniis inclusis) crassitudine, prosenchymatica, sublutea siccata; basidia 

cylindrica, angusta, 30-34 x 4-5 A, 2- vel 4-spora; sporae ellipsoideae, sublatae, apic- 

ulatae vel rotundatae in aliquantulis sporis maturis, pedicello brevi, utriculo laevi, 

episporio verrucoso, 20-26 x 12-15 A; odor terreus. 

Type: in Zeller and Dodge Herbaria. 

Fructifications smooth to silky, 1-2 cm. in diameter, sulcate- 

rugose to subglobose, pale tan, flecked with small patches of 

pink, or red, drying pinkish-buff to clay-colored; peridium of 

a byssoid, stupose, or meshy fibrillose texture, hyaline, 50-100 u 

thick; gleba grayish, drying snuff-brown, cavities relatively 

large; septa brittle, thin, papery, 15-19 ,f thick (74 ,t including 

hymenia), prosenchymatous, hyaline to yellowish when dry; 

basidia cylindrical, narrow, 30-34 x 4-5 ,/, 2- or 4-spored; spores 

mostly ellipsoid, slightly broad-apiculate, sometimes maturing 

with a broad rounded tip, pedicel notched, short, surface warted 

(warts mostly retrorse) and covered by a smooth utricle, 

20-26 x 12-15 u. Odor earthy.

1934] 


Scattered through loose moist soil under Quercus or Abies. 

Oregon and California. March to May. 

Type: in Dodge and Zeller Herbaria. 

OREGON: Benton County, Corvallis, S. M. Zeller 6814, type (Dodge and Zeller); 

Linn County, Foster, S. M. Zeller 8186 (Zeller). 

CALIFORNIA: Santa Clara County, Guadaloupe Mines, H. E. Parks 431 (Dodge); 

Humboldt County, Trinidad, H. B. Parks 4127 (Zeller). 

40. HYMENOGASTER THWAITESII Berkeley & Broome, Ann. & 

Mag. Nat. Hist. I. 18: 75. 1846; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 71. 

1851; Berkeley, Outlines Brit. Fungol. 297. 1860; DeToni in 

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 174-175. 1888; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: 47- 

48. 1889 [often cited as Monogr. Brit. Gast. 47-48. 1889]; 

Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 125-126. 1891. 

Illustrations: Berkeley, Rept. & Trans. Birmingham Nat. 

Hist. Soc. 1881: pl. 3, f. 14; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: pl. 1, f. 25 

[Monogr. Brit. Gast. pl. 1, f. 25]; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. pl. 10, 

Type: in Berkeley Herb. at Kew. 

Fructifications small, about the size of a pea, firm, dirty 

white, stained brown; peridium thin, 110-120 /A thick, smooth, 

composed of hyaline, very slender hyphae; gleba whitish, becoming 

brown, cavities elongated; septa thin and white; basidia 

slender, cylindrical, 2-spored; paraphyses broad, septate, hyaline; 

spores dark reddish-brown, rarely with a very small, 

blunt apiculus, obovoid or nearly spherical, 22 x 14 ,/A, rather 

rough or undulating-veirrucose, often slightly appendiculate. 

IRare under Quercus and Fagus. England. September to 

November. 

ENGLAND: Portbury, G. H. K. Thwaites, Sept. 6, 1845, type (Berk. Herb., not 

Hooker Herb., at Kew); Kent, Tunbridge Wells, Oct., 1859 (sub H. Klotzschii at 

Kew). 

41. HYMENOGASTER ALBELLUS Massee & Rodway, Kew Bull. 

Misc. Inf. 1898: 126. 1898; SacC. & Sydow in SacC. Syll. Fung. 

16: 253-254. 1902; Rodway, Papers & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas- 

mania 1911: 28. 1912; 1923: 152. 1924. 

Hymenogaster luteus Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bot. 

III. 1: 247. 1899-not Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 22. 1831. 

Type: in Kew Herb.


[VOL. 21 

Frmetifications subspherical, 2-3 cm. in diameter, white, 

turning yellowish to light. buff, drying yellow-ochre or ochraceoaus-buff, 

surface innate-fibrous, drying rtgose; peridium 

thin, 18-30 l thick, hyaline, the outer part composed of loosely 

applied, yellowish hyphaei, the inner portion of more compact, 

stupose hyphae; gleba becoming fragile, Sudan brown to Argus 

brown, cavities irregular; septa thin, fragile, 12-25 P thick, 

composed of hyaline, thin-walled, parallel hyphae; basidia 2- 

spored, broad-eylindric, 11-13 x 15-18 ,a, sterigmata. short, 

about 2-3 JA long;' spores ellipsoid-citriform, apiculate, roughened 

by an evenly applied, alveolate utricie which extends to 

the base of the apiculus, dark brown (the young spores smooth, 

ellipsoid), 9.6-11.1 x 14.5-17 ,/f, including utricle. 

Common in the southern hemisphere, also in California and 

Oregon. Under Quercuqs. October, in Oregon. 

The young spores, where no utricle is developed, are smooth, 

ellipsoid, with no apiculus but usually with a pedicel attached. 

In some apparently semi-mature spores the utricle is less 

closely applied above, having a flaring tendency. 

CALIroRNIA: H. E. Parks 1063, 1929; Humboldt Co., Eureka, Joseph P. Tracy 

(com. H. E. Parks 4621); Alameda County, Berkeley, N. L. Gardner 61, 69, 90, 119, 

120, 238, G. Hahn (com. N. L. Gardner 460); Oakland, H. W. Harkness 12 (all 

sub H. luteus, Stanford); San Francisco, Parnassus Heights, B. H. Kelley (com. 

N. L. Gardner 23); W. A. Setchell & C. C. Dabie (com. N. L. Gardner 24); Santa 

Clara County, Alma, H. B. Parks 1030 (all, except.Harkness 12, Univ. Cal. and 

Zeller). 

OREGoN: Benton County, Corvallis, S. M. Zeller 2563, 2565 (Zeller); H. M. 

Gilkey (Oregon State 5590, Zeller 8130); Linn County, S. M. Zeiler 2587; Foster, 

S. M. Zeller 7954 (both Zeller). 

BRAZIL: F. Rick 327 (Lloyd Mus.). 

URUGUAY: Montevideo, Sayago, 30 m., G. Herter 3340, 3348a (Berlin). 

CHILE: Magellanes, Punta Arenas, B. Thaxter, Hymenogast., 1 (Farlow). 

TASMANIA: L. Rodway 117, type (Kew), 585, 1285 (Dodge); Cascades, L. Rod- 

way, July, 1920 (Dodge). 

NEW ZEALAND: Wellington, Palmerston North, G. H. Cunningham 1141 (Dodge). 

SOUTH APRICA: Stellenbosch, A. V. Duthie 209 (Lloyd Mus.). 

42. HYMENOGASTEE JAVANICUS Hoehnel, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. 

Wien 1171: 1017. 1908; Sacc. & Trotter in Sace. Syll. Fung. 21: 

495. 1912. 

Illustrations: Hoehnel, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien 1171: 

1018.

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELT R-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 671 

Type: location unknown to us, probably non-existent. 

Fructifications spherical or depressed, 0.7 x 0.9 cm., ochraceous; 

sterile base 2.5 x 1.5 mm. thick; peridium not separable, 

350400 f thick, duplex, the outer layer loosely woven, of thickwalled, 

yellow-brown, septate hyphae, 5-11 ,/ in diameter, withswollen 

tips, the inner layer about 80 ,/ thick, pseudoparenchymatous, 

composed of thin-walled, hyaline cells 16 /L in diameter; 

gleba chocolate-color, cavities radially arranged from the 

base, up to 1.2 mm. long, about 0.4 mm. in diameter; septa about 

120 /, thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae 4-6 /L in diameter, 

with pseudoparenchymatous subhymenial layer; basidia 26-28 

x 10-14 /L, cylindrical, sterigmata 20 x 4 j&; spores brown, almost 

citriform, with a short hyaline apiculus, 17-18 x 10-12 Lq epispore 

fine-warted, covered by a smooth utricle. 

In the forest at Tjibodas, Java. 

This species is very close to H. albellus, from which it differs 

in its much larger dimensions. However, the fact that this description 

may have been drawn up from fresh specimens or 

from those preserved in alcohol, while we have seen largely 

dry material in H. albellus, may be sufficient to account for the 

discrepancy. The specimen, "Magellanes, Chile, R. Thaxter," 

which has been preserved in alcohol and which we unhesitatingly 

referred to H. albellus shows measurements very closely 

approximating Hoehnel's measurements of H. javarncus. 

43. HYMENOGASTER SULCATUS Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 111. 

1891; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11: 170. 1895; Soehner, Zeitschr. f. 

Pilzk. 2: 157. 1923. 


Type: in Bot. Inst. Univ. Marburg. 

Fructifications under 1 cm. in diameter, very irregular, at 

first yellow, then dark red-brown, becoming blue-gray in alco- 

hol, with a characteristic deep groove at the base, along which 

the portions of the fructification easily separate, and grooves 

also traverse the surface; peridium 80-100,f thick (dry), the 

outer part composed of loosely woven hyphae, the middle part 

of compact prosenchyma; gleba brownish-yellow, cavities 

small, nearly filled with spores; septa 25-37 ,u thick, composed


(VOL. 21 

of loosely woven hyphae; basidia long and slender, 2-, rarely 

3-,spored, much longer than the paraphyses, brown; paraphyses 

broad; spores 24-36 x 10-16 jm, with a short, blunt apiculus, 

long-appendiculate, exospore very thin, covered with small 

flakes. 

In the humus layer under Quercus and Fagus, along with 

Hysterangium calcareum. Central Europe and Oregon. April 

to October. 

U. S. S. R. [RUSSIA]: Moskva, Mikhailovskoe, and road to Sekirino, F. Bucholtz, 

Aug. 25, 1907 (sub H. vulgairiU a and H. tener a, Farlow); Ukraine [near Khar- 

kov], B. M. Czernaiev (sub H. vulgaris, det. Berkeley, Upsala). 

GERMANY: Kirehditmold, B. Hesse, V, 1889, type, and IV, 1890; Stadtwald, B. 

Hesse, VIII, 1890 (both Hesse); Bad Vorisshofen, E. Soehner 488 (Soehner). 

WALES: Nant y Glyn, C. B. Broolne, Oct., 1880 (Brit. Mus.). 

OREGoN: Benton County, Corvallis, S. M. Zeller 2485 (Zeller). 

44. HYMENOGASTER HEssEI Soehner, Zeitschr. f. Pilzk. 2: 158. 

1923. 

Hymenogaster vulgaris Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 114-115. 

1891-not H. vulgaris Tulasne, 

Illustrations: Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: pl. 2, f. 14-15; pt. 

7, f. 30. 

Type: in Bot. Inst. Univ. Marburg. 

Fructifications the size of a hazel-nut, irregular, base re- 

maining sterile for a long time, white to dirty gray; peridium 

shining, papery, drying 18-26 / thick, not separable, composed 

of pseudoparenchyma in the middle and a fibrous layer next the 

gleba; gleba white, becoming brown to blackish, cavities irreg- 

ular; septa 18-20 a thick, composed of loosely woven hyphae; 

basidia of medium size, cylindric, surpassing the paraphyses in 

length, 2-spored; spores broad obovoid-citriform with a very 

roughly wrinkled utricle, golden-yellow when young, then 

darker, 16-22 x 10-15 a, appendiculus 1.5 m long and 2.5 mu broad, 

like a pair of claws, apiculus short, blunt. 

Under Quercus and Fagus. Hessen-Nassau, Germany. 


The young spores of H. verrucosa Bucholtz are of the same 

magnitude and shape as mature spores of H. Hessei, and might 

be mistaken for the latter. However, the spores of H. verru-

-1934] 


cosa are provided with a finely verrucose epispore covered 

with a rather closely applied utriele, so that the young spores 

appear finely beaded, while in H. Hessei the utricle is dark and 

roughly wrinkled. 

GERMANY: Hessen-Nassau, Marburg, Caldernesstrasse, B. Hesse, Oct. 6, 1886, 

type (Hesse). 

45. HYMENOGASTER fusisporus (Massee & Rodway) Zeller & 

Dodge, comb. nov. 

Hysterangium fusisporu-m Massee & Rodway, Kew Bull. 

Misc. Inf. 1898: 127. 1898; Sacw. & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 

16: 247. 1902; Rodway, Papers & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 

1911: 26. 1912; 1923: 155. 1924. 

Hymenogaster Barnacrdi Rodway, Papers & Proc. Roy. Soc. 

Tasmania 1920: 157. 1921; fide Rodway, Ibid. 1923: 161. 1924. 

Type: inKew Herb. 

-Fructifications. 0.5-2 cm. in diameter, subglobose to irregillar, 

surface cottony to innate-stupose, white to straw-color, 

drying cream-buff; peridium thin, 25-80 f thick, continuous 

with the septa and not easily separable, hyaline, cottony-stupose; 

slight,.sterile base; gleba rather dense, with small sinuous 

cavities, pallid, drying maize-yellow to apricot-yellow; septa 

thin, 8-15 ,u thick, fragile, hyaline, stupose; basidia 2-spored, 

sterigmata short; spores hyaline or dilute yellowish, fusiform, 

acute at both ends, 20-22 x 8-9 F, smooth, with slight apiculus, 

epispore inconspicuous. 

Hypogeous. Tasmania. 

TASMANIA: L. Rodway 276 type (Kew), 1113, 1271 (as H. Barnardi Rodway, 

Dodge and Zeller); Hobart, L. Rodway (Lloyd Mus. 084); Cascades, L. Rodway 

1119 (Lloyd Mus.). 

46. HYMENOGASTER TOMENTELLUS Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 

112. 1891; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11: 170. 1891. 


Fructifications the size of a. hazel-nut, irregular, yellowishwhite 

when young, becoming brownish, finally golden-yellow 

and somewhat shining; peridium very thin., fibrous, composed 

of very slender hyphae, not separable; gleba red-brown, cavities 

small; septa thin and whitish-yellow, composed of septate,


(VoL. 21 

branched, somewhat gelified hyphae; basidia narrow-cylindric, 

2-spored, extending slightly above the pa-raphyses, brownish;. 

spores citriform, with long, blunt, hyaline apiculus, and 

wrinkled exospore, golden-yellow to dark red-brown, usually 

appendiculate, 27-29 x 11-13,p. 

In calcareous earth under Faguqs and Quercus. Hessen-Nas- 

sau, Germany. August to October. 

47. HYMENOGASTER Parksui Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes spongiosae, laeves, subsphericae, 0.5-1.5 cm. diametro metientes, 

sordide albidae vel griseae, "cinnamon buff" vel "clay color " siccatae; peridium 

35-75 , crassitudine, byssoideum, stuposum, facile laceratum; gleba grisea, "Natal 

brown" siccata; septa 18-25 A erassitudine, stuposum, compactum; basidia 4-spora, 

cylindrica; sporae maturae nigerrimae, verrucosae, obovoideae vel late ellipsoideo- 

citriformes, 18.5-26 x 12.2-17 /, sporae immaturae laeves, flavae ut in H. citrino 

aut in H. Bulliardi, 22-24 x 11-14 /A, apiculatae pedicellataeque. 


Fructifications soft, spongy, smooth, subspherical, 0.5- 

1.5 cm. in diameter, dirty white to gray, becoming cinnamon- 

buff to clay-color on drying; peridium 35-75 ,u thick, cottony- 

stupose, hyaline, easily torn; gleba grayish, drying Natal 

brown, cavities first developing above; septa 18-25 /, thick, 

coarse-stupose, compact; basidia. 4-spored, cylindrical; spores 

very dark, verrucose at maturity, obovoid- or broadly ellipsoid- 

citriform, young spores smooth, clear yellowish, and resem- 

bling H. citrinus when narrow or H. Bulliardi when broad, ma- 

ture spores 18.5-26 x 12.2-17 tf young spores 22-24 x 11-14 ,, 

apiculate and pedicellate. 

Scattered just under leaves and through the soil about 5 cm. 

deep under Quercus and Heteromeles arbutifolia. California. 

November to April. 

CALiror.NIA: Santa Clara County, Guadaloupe Mines, H. E. Park.s 432, 950 type 

(Univ. Cal., Dodge and Zeller); San Mateo County, Lower Los Trancos Creek, Palo 

Alto, James McMurphy 276, Jasper Ridge, Palo Alto, J. MeMurphy 300 (Stanford 


48. HYMENOGASTER ARENARIUS Tulasne, Giorn. Bot. Ital. 12: 

55. 1844; Fung. Hypog. 73. 1851; DeToni in Sace. Syll. Fung. 

7: 168. 1888; Soehner, Hedwigia. 64: 192-202. 1923.

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELLTE-RHYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 675 

Hymenogaster pusillus Berkeley & Broome, Ann. & Mag. 

Nat. Hist. I. 18: 75. 1846; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 73. 1851; 

Cooke, Handbook Brit. Fung. 1: 363. 1871; De Toni in Saco. 

Syll. Fung. 7: 173. 1888; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4:-4849. 1889 

[often cited as Monogr. Brit. Gast. 48-49. 1889]; Hesse, 

Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 125. 1891; Hollos, Magyar. Foldalatti 

Gombai, 94-95, 206. 1911; Soehner, Hedwigia 64: 192-202. 

1923. 

Hymenogaster Suzukianus Hennings, Bot. Jahrb. [Engler] 

32: 41. 1902; Sacc. & D. Sacc. in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 17: 240. 

1905. 

Illustrations: Soehner,. Hedwigia 64: 196; Tulasne, Fung. 

Hypog. pl. 10, f. 2; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: p1. 1, f. 21. 

Type: France, Seine, Bois de Boulogne, Tulasne. Original 

collection not found but material from the same locality collected 

a little later is abundant in Paris and agrees closely with 

the description and figures. Type of H. pusillus, "England, 

Rushton, Berkeley, Oct. 8, 1845," at Kew, mostly eaten by insects. 

Judging from the size of the glue spots, about 2 mm. in 

diameter, one specimen shows trace of a sterile base and one of 

the peridium, while! one slice seems intact. Type of H. Suzukianus, 

" Japan, Komaba, F. Suzuki 45, April, 1900," is in Botanisches 

Museum at Berlin-Dahlem. 

Fructifications spherical to obovate, about 1 cm. in diameter, 

white, unchanging, smoke-gray in alcohol, drying Brussels 

brown; sterile base slight; peridium 200-320 ,u thick when fresh, 

composed of large, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae 7-8 u in diameter, 

drying to about 35-40 , thick (in the type) ; gleba white, becoming 

smoke-gray, cavities more or less spherical, radiating 

from the base; septa 70-100 / thick, with trama proper about 

22-35jA thick, of large thin-walled compact prosenchyma, the 

cells of which are 3-5 K in diameter, with a pseudoparenchymatous 

subhymenium; basidia 30-35 x 5-7 i, cylindrical, sterigmata 

long; spores ovoid- to ellipsoid-citriform, coarsely verrucos(e 

(6-8 warts to a spore length), apiculate, pedicellate, 

11-18 x 8.5-11 iL, rufous-brown. 

In sandy or gravelly soil in woods. Cosmopolitan in the 

northern hemisphere. September to November.


[VOL. 21 

The type of H. puqsillus is very young material which may ac- 

count for the small size of the fructifications. For this reason 

the septa are very broad and the peridium is thick, but new 

cavities are being formed in the fundamental tissue of its inner 

portion which doubtless should be considered as glebal tissue. 

U. S. S. R. [RUSSIA]: Moskva, Mikhailovskoe, N. Mossolov, Aug. 5, 1906 (sub. 

H. aerrucosa p, Bueholtz Herb. at Farlow). 

FINLAND: Mustiala, P. A. Karsten (2 coll.). 

GERMANY: Bayern, Miinehen, Englisehe Garten, B. Soehner 205, May 20, 1923 

(Soehner); Hessen, Caldernesstrasse near Marburg, R. Hesse, 1901, Saxe Weimar, 

Eisenach, B. Hesse, 1899 (both Hesse). 

FRANaD: Seine, Bois de Boulogne, Tuslasne, 1845 (Paris); 

H. pusillus, Upsala). 

Jura?, L. Quqelet (sub 

ENGLAND: Portbury, G. H. K. Thwaites, 1845 (Hooker Herb. at Kew); Rushton, 

M. J. Berkeley (type of H. pusitlls, 

decorus, N. Y. Bot. Gard.). 

Kew); Bristol, C. B. Broome (sub H. 

MANE: York County, Kittery Point, Cutts Island, B. Thaxter, Aug. 9, 1921, 

Sept. 10, 1903, Sept. 15, 1902, Apr. 18, 1903 (immature) 

JAPAN: Komaba, F. Suzuwki 45 (Berlin). 

(all Farlow). 

NEW YORK: Onondaga County, Jamesville, A. H. Povah 909 (Farlow). 

CALIFORNIA: Alameda County, San Francisco, N. L. Gardner 88 (Univ. Cal. and 

Zeller); Santa Cruz County, Felton, H. B. Parkcs 502, 512 (Univ. Cal. and Zeller). 

49. HYMENOGASTER ZEYLANICUS Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. 

Peradeniya 6: 207-208. 1917; Trotter in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 23: 

599-600. 1925. 

Type: in Herb. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya, a portion in 

Dodge Herb. and Zeller Herb. 

Fructifications subglobose or depressed, up to 2 cm. in diam- 

eter, drying to 1.2 cm., brownish-yellow, drying pinkish- 

cinnamon or darker, sterile base absent; peridium thin, 

25-40 u thick when dry, composed of loosely woven, large, 

thin-walled hyplhae 3-4 p in diameter; gleba Argus brown 

when dry, cavities small, irregularly polygonal in the center, 

tending to rectangular and elongate toward the periphery, 

empty; septa 10-15 p thick, compact, composed of highly geli- 

fled hyphae; basidia not seen; spores yellow-brown, ovoid- 

citriform, sometimes with a very slight apiculus, sometimes 

pedicellate, mostly acutely rounded above, exospore very 

slightly verrucose and covered with a closely applied utricle 

which appears somewhat beaded or alveolate, especially be-

1934] 


low, utricle sloughing above and below, causing considerable 

roughening below, 13-15 x 8-10 ,(. 

Hypogeous. Ceylon. March to May. 

CEYLoN: Peradeniya, 0. Beccari, May 10, 1885 (Brit. Mus.); Hakgala, T. Petch 

4603 type, 5478, 5.479, 64,37 (Peradeniya and Kew). 

50. HYMENOGASTER CEREUS Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 128. 

1891; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11: 171. 1895. 



Fructifications the size of a pea or bean, spherical, oicca- 

sionally subovoid, white, becoming dull yellow; peridium un- 

usually thin, dry, without fibrils, yellowish, composed of 

richly septate hyphae; gleba wax-like or fleshy, white, dull, 

cavities long, easily visible; basidia short, slender, 2-spored, 

not projecting beyond the septate paraphyses; spores broad- 

ellipsoid, rounded at the apex, without papilla, with a short, 

broad appendiculus, 16-19 x 6-10 ,-f, yellowish-brown, exospore 

wrinkled. 

Under the leaf -cover in forest of Quercus and Fagus. Hes- 

sen-Nassau, Germany. August and September. 

51. HYMENOGASTER LUTEUS Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 22. 

1831; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 65. 1851; Quelet, Mem. Soc. 

d'Imulation de Montbeliard-: 377. 1873 [often cited as 

Champ. du Jura et des Vosges 2: 369. 1873]; Winter in Rabenhorst, 

Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 875. 1883; DeToni in Sace. 

Syll. Fung. 7: 171. 1888; Massee, Ann. Bot. 4: 43. 1889 [often 

cited- as Monogr. Brit. Gast. 43. 1889]; Hesse, Hypog. 

Deutschl. 1: 130-131. 1891; Soehner, Zeitschr. f. Pilzk. 2: 157. 

1923. 

Splanchnomyces luteus Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 40. 1854. 

Splanchnomyces Berkeleyamnus Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 43. 

1854. 

Illustrations: Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. pl. 3, f. 9; 

Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 19: pl. 17, f. 11-13; Fung. 

Hypog. pl. 1, f. 3; Corda, Iconesi Fung. 6: pl. 8, f. 76, 85; Massee, 

Ann. Bot. 4: pl. 1, f. 18; Quelet, Mem. Soc. d' mulation de


[VOL. 21 

Montbeliard [often cited as Champ. du Jura et des, Vosges 2: 

pl. 4,f. 1]. 

Type: location unknown to us, although material so deter- 

mined by Vittadini in Kew, Paris, and Upsala. 

Fructifications depressed-globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter, dry- 

ing 1.0-1.2 cm., snow-white, becoming yellow, drying bay, soft, 

cottony, fibrils not evident, sterile base narrowly conical; pe- 

ridium 40-45 I, thick, composed of slender, thick-walled, hyaline 

hyphae with many white, diamond-shaped crystal inclusions; 

gleba yellow, drying Sudan brown, cavities small, filled with 

spores; septa thin, 11-18 jA thick, composed of very slender, 

closely interwoven hyphae, with crystal inclusions, scissile at 

the angles; basidia not seen; spores smooth, ovoid-fusiform, 

tapering to a short point, often not symmetrical, 18-22 (-28) x 

9-11 P. 

Hypogeous in forest duff. Europe. September to January. 

U. S. S. R. [RUSSIA: Ukraine], near Kharkov, B. M. Czernsaiev (as H. Klotzschii, 

det. Berkeley, Upsala). 

GERMANY: Bayern, Planegg bei Milnehen, E. Soehner 688 (Soehner). 

ITALY: Lombardia, Milano, C. Vittadini (Kew, Paris, and Upsala); M-attirolo 9 

(Lloyd Mus.). 

FRANCE: Vaucluse, L. Quelet (Upsala). 

ENGLAND: Norfolk, King's Lynn, C. B. Plowright (Berlin); Wiltshire, C. E. 

Broome (Brown Univ.). 

51a. var. SUBFUSCUS Soehner, Krypt. Forsch. 1: 394-395. 

1924. 

This variety differs in that the surface of the fructification 

is never pure white, but dirty white with gray tones; gleba not 

sulphur-yellow but gray-white tending toward brownish and 

becoming Vandyke brown in age. 

Martinsried, Planegg, Germany. Rare. 

52. HYMENOGASTBR LEVISPORUS Massee & Rodway in Rod- 

way, Papers & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1911: 30. 1912. 

Type: in Kew. 

Fructifications irregularly spherical, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, 

white'; peridium very thin, 45-75 /u thick, subfloccose, stupose, 

continuous with the surrounding mycelium; large hemispher-

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELLBR-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GEENERA 679 

ical base drying warm buff, with radius of 3 mm. becoming 

obsolete; gleba rather dense, pale brown, drying Argus brown, 

cavities small; septa hyaline, 37-45 ,. thick, of interwoven 

hyphae; spores pale brown, obovoid-ellipsoid to subspherical, 

,smooth but very slightly roughened on the distal end, slightly 

pedicellate, 8-9 x 5.5-6 /L. 

South Australia and Tasmania. May. 

SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Encounter Bay, J. B. Cleland 20 (Dodge and Zeller). 

TASMANIA: L. Rodway 653, type (Kew). 

53. HYMENOGASTER Remyi Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes subspherieae, reniformes, depressae, 2.5 x 1.5 cm. siccatae, 

albidae vel isabellinae, laeves vel innato-fibrillosae, basis sterilis non visa; peridium 

-laxe stuposum, hyphis contextis, 60-75 ,u crassitudine, hyalinum; gleba "Argus 

brown" vel "Brussels brown," cavitatibus mediocribus; septa stuposa, 30-35 , 

crassitudine, hyalina, gelificata; basidia clavata, tetraspora; sporae obovoideae vel 

ellipsoideae, inferne attenuatae, brunneae, minute verrucosae, 8-11 x 5.5-7.5 C. 

Type: in Patouillard Herb. at the Farlow Herbarium of 

Harvard University. 

Fructifications subspherical, reniform or depressed, 2.5 x 

1.5 cm. when dry, whitish or isabelline when dry, no sterile 

base; peridium loosely stupose, of interwoven hyphae, 60-75 t& 

thick, lhyaline; gleba Argus brown to Brussels brown, with 

medium cavities; septa stupose', 30-35 , thick, hyaline, some- 

what gelified; basidia clavate, 4-spored; spores obovoid or 

ellipsoid, attenuated below, brown, minutely verrucose with 

distal end quite warted, 8-11 x 5.5-7.5 t&. 

The young spores have an extremely attenuated base. This 

species differs from the other species of the H. albus group in 

the attenuated obovoid spores. 

FRANCE: Hautes Alpes, Brianaon, M. Remy, type (Farlow). 

54. HYMENOGASTER MADENI Rodway, Papers & Proc. Roy. 

Soc. Tasmania 1920: 157. 1921; 1923: 152. 1924; Trotter in 

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 24: 1327-1328. 1928. 

Type: in Rodway Herb. but not seen by us. 

Fructifications globose', 2 cm. in diameter; pferidium very 

thin, white or slightly ochraceous when exposed; sterile base


[VOL. 21 

obsolete; gleba white, becoming pale ochre when dry, tough, 

canals numerous, small, contorted; spores ovoid to oblong, 

yellow-brown, smooth, 10-12 x 6 ju, one or both ends subacute. 

MeRobie 's Gully, Tasmania. 

Rare. Differing from H. albellus in paler gleba and spores. 

-Rodway. 

DOUBTFUL SPECIES 

1. HYMENOGASTER AROMATICUS Velenovsky, Cesky Houby, 

800. 1922. 

Fructifications the size of a walnut, rounded, but with rhiz- 

omorphous stripe at base with coarse grooves. without any fi- 

brils, at first pure white, smooth, then dirty yellowish, quite 

strong, hard, and only somewhat peeling; gleba elastic, like a 

mushroom, composed of quite large, yellowish-brown cham- 

bers with light walls; spores copper-yellow, ovoid-ellipsoid, 

with truncate narrowed base, rough, 12-14 p long, apex 2 ,z 

long. 

In dark humus in woods of young pine, deep under the sur- 

face, on warm southern slopes at Jilovist, first of May, 1915. 

This species has a very agreeable, strong odor of fruit. It is 

related to H. muticus, H. luteus, etc., but is distinguished by its 

small spores. 

2. HYMENOGASTER AUREUS Rodway, Papers & Proc. Roy. Soc. 

Tasmania 1923: 152-153. 1924. 

Type: in Rodway Herb. but not seen by us. 

Irregularly subglobose, mostly 1-2 cm. in diameter, bright 

golden-yellow, surface rugose; peridium tough, yellow, about 

0.5 mm. thick; gleba compact, pale brown, canals small, numer- 

ous, contorted; spores ellipsoid-fusiform, quite smooth, allan- 

toid, pale yellow, 15-21 x 6 JL. 

Mt. Wellington, 3,000 feet. 

Differs from H. albellus in color, thickness of peridium, and 

glabrous allantoid spores. 

3. HYMENOGASTER FLAVIDUS Bonorden, Hedwigia 15: 49-50. 

1876: DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 491. 1888. 

Type: location unknown to us.

1934] 

DODGE AND ZETLER-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 681 

Fructifications various, mostly globose, bright yellow when 

young with rose-colored and white spots on the base (at least 

when exposed to the air), becoming dark yellow on ripening; 

peridium thin, papery, composed of branching, anastomosing, 

septate hyphae; gleba white, horn-like, cavities irregular; 

septa composed of short, articulated, inflated hyphae [pseudo- 

parenchyma 6?]; basidia ovoid; spores sessile, oblong, hyaline. 

Schwetzinger forest, near Heidelberg, Germany. 

There is little in the above description to suggest Hymeno- 

gaster, but we prefer to wait until further study before 

transferring it (cf. Hysterangium Petri or H. Rickeni var. 

pinetorum). 

4. HYMENOGASTER RUFUS Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 23. 


Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 874. 1883; DeToni in Sace. Syll. 

FuPg. 7: 174. 1888. 

Illustrations: Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. pl. 3, f. 17. 

Fructifications subglobose, the size of a filbert; peridium 

whitish, rufescent, sub-silky, thin, subtomentose, with a minute 

sterile base; gleba reddish, fuscous, cavities a little larger and 

irregular; septa whitish, homogeneous; spores obovoid, sub- 

sessile, rufous; odor weak. 

With Hymenogaster Bulliardi. Transpadane Province, 

Italy. Winter. 

Similar in appearance to a fructification of Gautieria mor- 

chelliformis. Easily mistaken for Hymenogaster iycoper- 

dineus, from which it may be distinguished by the color of the 

gleba, odor and shape of the spores. 

5. HYMENOGASTER SETCHELLII Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. 

Sci. Bot. III. 1: 246. 1899; Sace. & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 

16: 254. 1902. 

Type: location unknown to us, not among the cotypes in 

Dudley Herb. at Stanford Univ. 

Minute, 1.5 cm. in diameter, white, turning to brown, sub- 

globose, smooth; gleba buff, elastic; cells large, sinuous; sterig- 

mata elongated; spores citriform, guttulate, 7 x 9 j.


(VOL,. 21 

Under Vaccinium, beneath vegetable humus. Mt. Tamal- 

pais, Marin County, California. April. 

EXCLUDED SPECIES 

1. HYMENOGASTER FULVUS Rodway, Papers & Proc. Roy. Soc. 

Tasmania 1917: 109. 1918; 1919: 112. 1920; Lloyd, Myc. 

Notes 65: 1088. 1921; Trotter in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 24: 1327. 

1928, is Rhizopogon rubescens Tulasne. 

2. HYMENOGASTER MICROSPORUS Berkeley, Jour. Linn. Soc. 

[London] Bot. 9: 423. 1867; DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 

171. 1888, is Lycoperdon microsporus (Berkeley) Zeller & 

Dodge, comb. nov. 

3. HYMENOGASTER PUMILIONUM Ade, Mitt. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 

2: 219. 1909; Sacc. & Trotter in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 21: 496. 

1912, is Rhizopogon Pum.I'lionum Bataille, Bull. Soc. Myc. 

France 39: 170. 1923, or Rhizopogon rubescens Soehner, 

Krypt. Forsch. 1: 393. 1924. Soehner studied the type, which 

seemed to him to be an alpine form of the latter species. 

4. HYSTERANGIUM Moselei (Berk. & Br.) Zeller & Dodge, 

comb. nov. 

Hymenangtum Moselei Berkeley & Broome, Jour. Linn. Soc. 

[London] Bot. 16: 40. 1877. 

Hymenogaster Moselei DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 172. 

1888. 

Type: in Broome Herb. at Brit. Mus. and in Berk. Herb. at 

Kew. 

Fructifications about 1.2 cm. in diameter, subspherical, attenuate 

at the base, citrine-yellow, smooth, becoming wrinkled 

on drying; peridium variable in thickness, up to 320 ,u thick, 

of loosely woven subparallel gelified hyphae 8-9 IA in diameter, 

columella inconspicuous, branching near the white base; gleba 

ochraceous, drying raw sienna to antique brown; septa 14-20 I 

thick, of very slender parallel, gelified hyphae; basidia pyriform, 

7-9 x 5-6 IA, sterigmata short; spores smooth, ellipsoid, 

light yellow, about 10-11 x 4-5 ,u.

1934] 


Now SOutIH WALES: Pennant Hills near Parramatta, Challenger EXp., type 

(Brit. Mus. and Kew). 

RICHONIELLA 

Richoniella Costantin & Dufour, Fl. Champ. 203; Bataille, 

Bull. Soc. Myc. France 39: 179. 1923. 

Nigropogon Coker & Couch, Gasteromycetes Eastern U. S. 

& Canada, 37-38. 1928. 

The type species is Hymenogaster leptonii'sporus Richon. 

The type species of Nigropogon is N. asterosporus Coker & 

Couch. 

Fructifications subglobose to irregular; fibrils lacking or 

merely rudimentary below; peridium prosenchymatous, en- 

tirely enclosing a gleba; gleba white, becoming colored like the 

spores, cavities sinuous, empty or nearly filled with spores; 

septa prosenchymatous, continuous with the peridium; basidia 

2-4-spored; spores angular as in Leptonia, russet or rosy. 

KEY TO SPECIES OF RIcHONIELLA 

Spores 12-15 /A long, angles of spores acute-rounded.... R. asterospora (p. 683). 

Spores 8-11 1A long, angles of spores obtuse-rounded .... 1. leptonispora (p. 684). 

1. RICHOMIELLAasterospora (Coker& Couch) Zeller & Dodge, 

comb. nov. 

Nigropogon asterosporus Coker & Couch, Gasteromycetes 

Eastern U. S. & Canada 37-38. 1928. 

Illustrations: Coker & Couch, Gasteromycetes Eastern 

U. S. & Canada, pl. 108, f. 3-7. 

Type: in Univ. N. Car. Herb. 

Fructifications hypogeous, 1 cm. thick, drying about 1/2 the 

diameter, subglobose, surface smooth, nearly pure white, drying 

tawny or Sanford's brown, attached by fibrils at the base; 

peridium 100-220 /u thick, drying 18-37 /A thick, of hyaline, 

homogeneous prosenchyma; gleba pure white, becoming pale 

vinaceous-russet or pecan-brown, drying Sayal brown, cavities 

sinuous, empty; septa 80-100 ' 

thick, drying 20-30 A, of 

hyaline, compact prosenchyma, continuous with the peridium; 

basidia 7.5-9 ,z thick below, 5.5-6.5 ,u thick above, 26-38 , long, 4- 

spored (rarely 2-), distal half collapsing after spore maturity;


[VOL. 21 

spores nearly sessile, pale russet en masse, angular as in Lep- 

tonia, angles acute, usually 4-angled in optical section, attenu- 

ated below, 12-15 x 8-11.5 a.I "Odor when fresh slightly like 

an old Irish potato but not unpleasant; on drying becoming like 

that of ham, faintly nitrous or phosphorous. " 

Slightly buried in soil under deep layer of decayed leaves of 

Qulercus and Corneus. North Carolina. October. 

NORTH CAROLINA: Orange County, Chapel Hill, J. N. 4o Else B. Couch, type 

(Univ. N. Car. 8271). 

2. RICHONETLLA LEPTONIISPORA (Richon) Costantin & Dufour, 

Fl. Champ. 203; Bataille, Bull. Soc. Myc. France 39: 179. 1923. 

Hymenogaster leptoniisporus Richon, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 

34: 59-60. 1887; Catal. Champ. Marne, 518. 1889; DeToni in 

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 172-173. 1888; Sacc. & Fautrey, Bull. Soc. 

Myc. France 16: 25. 1900. 

Illustrations: Richon, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 34: pl. 2, f. 1; 

Catal. Champ. Marne, 518; Costantin & Dufour, Fl. Champ. pl. 

68, f. 25; Sacc. & Fautrey, Bull. Soc. Myc. France 16: pl. 2, f. 1. 

Type: France, Marne, Luzernie'res, C. Richon, not seen 

by us. 

Fructifications 5-6 cm. high, 1.54.5 cm. in diameter, fleshy 

but firm, spherical to pyriform or irregularly lobed, white at 

first, then ochraceous, smooth, depressed below and usually 

without fibrils but rarely with a fascicle of brown fibrils below; 

peridium 18-30 p thick, of hyaline prosenchyma with a darker 

surface with soil inclusions; gleba white at first, then rufescent, 

cavities irregular; septa 20-30 p thick, of hyaline prosenehyma; 

sterigmata short, basidia crowded, obovoid, 24-spored; spores 

angular as in Leptonia, angles obtuse-rounded, smooth, at first 

hyaline then pink or rosy, guttulate, 8-11 x 7-9 P. Odor none. 

Solitary or gregarious; hypogeous, in cultivated fields or 

grassy locations. France. August to October. 

FRANcE: Meuse, Verdun, M. Paneau (Paris and Patouillard ex Herb. Boudier). 

DENDROGASTER 

.Dendrogaster Bucholtz, Hedwigia 40: 316-318. 1901; MaTe- 

pnanui irb MOpoJIforil E1 CIaCTeMaTHI6 IIOAll3eMHbixh rpI60B? *...

1934) 


IMgaH. ECTeCTB. HCT. Mypea rpaqnHH E. i. mepeMeTeBOH' BT C. 

MlxaitHIo0BcKowB MocCKOcBciKO ry6. 1: 148-151. 1902 [often cited 

as Beitr. Morph. Syst. Hypog.] ; Sace. & D. Sace. in Sace. Syll. 

Fung. 17: 240-241. 1905. 

The type species of the genus is Dendrogaster connectens 

Bucholtz. 

Fructifications spherical to reniform; columella dendroid, 

sometimes prolonged into a short stipe-like rooting base; peridium 

varying from simple to duplex and from slender hyphae to 

pseudoparenchyma, always well developed; gleba usually some 

shade of brown; septa of slender hyphae; basidia mostly 4-2spored; 

spores ellipsoid to fusiform, occasionally obovoid, 

sculptured as in Hymenogaster, but with a conspicuous utricle, 

or nearly smooth in other species. 

This genus is intermediate between species of Gautieria, with 

a well-developed peridium and Hymenogaster. It differs. from 

Gautieria in the conspicuous utricle, and from Hymenogaster 

in the well-developed columella, the utricle being more conspicuous 

than in most species of Hymrenogaster as well. 

While the genus is widespread, the individuals are rather 

rare and the species are known only from a. very limited area, 

several only from the type collection. 

KEY TO SPECIES OF DENDROGASTER 

1. Spores covered by a loose, saccate utricle . . 3 

1. Spores not covered by a loose, saccate utricle .......... ................... 2 

2. Spores 14-18 x 9.5-12 /,, obovoid-ellipsoid, brown ......... D. major (p. 686) 

2. Spores 20-25 x 11-16.5 A, obovoid to subeitriform; peridium glabrous, thin 

............................................... D. megasporus (p. 686) 

2. Spores 9-12 x 6-7 A, ovoid; peridium villose with tufts of erect hyphae.... 

............................ D. cambodgensis (p. 687) 

2. Spores 10-13.5 x 7-9 /,, ellipsoid, minutely striate-verrueose; peridium 

flaking off, leaving patches ......................... D. candidus (p. 688) 

2. Spores 12.5-15 x 8-10 /,, ellipsoid, broadly truncate below, minutely ver- 

rucose on sides, coarsely so above, covered by a utricle, pinkish........ 

............................ D. radiatus (p. 688) 

3. Spores large, smooth, 20 x 10.7 /i ...................... D. connectens (p. 689) 

3. Spores about half as long as above .................. 4 

4. Peridium 220 /, or more thick; septa 70-80 /, thiek; spores smooth, with 

conspicuous utricle, 10-13.5 x 6-7.5 g ............... D. utriculatus (p. 689) 

4. Peridium thinner, less than 175 /, thick; septa less than 60 g thick ....... 5

686 ANNAIS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 

[VOL. 2 1 

5. Peridium 80-140 ,u thick; spores slightly verrucose, 8-11 x 5-6 ,u........... 

...................................................D. globosus (p. 690) 

5. Peridium 100-175 ,u thick; spores smooth, 10.5-11 x 6-7 ,u.. .D. foetidus (p. 691) 

1. Dendrogaster major Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes oblate spheroideae, 2-3.5 cm. diametro, 1.5-2 cm. altitudine 

metientes, colore (recentium) ignota, superficie laevi, sericea; basis sterilis 

prominens, pulvinata (immatura); columella ramosa, crassa, percurrens, ramis 

tenuibus, planatis; peridium 240-300 ,u crassitudine servatum, hyphis tenuissimis 

contextum; gleba brunnea, locellis ab columella radiantibus; septa 140-160 ,u 

crassitudine, hyphis hyalinis tenuibus contexta; basidia 16-18 x 6-7 /,u hyalina, 

tetraspora; sporae obovoideo-ellipsoideae, brunneae, guttulatae, episporio verrucoso, 

14-18 x 9.5-12 A, 

Type: in Dudley Herb. at Stanford, Zeller Herb., and Dodge 

Herb. 

Fructifications oblate-spheroidal, 2-3.5 cm. in diameter, 1.5-2 

cm. high, becoming muddy color in preservative, surface 

smooth, silky; sterile base prominent, pulvinate (in young 

specimens), leading upward into a stout branched, percurrent 

columella with thin, flattened branches; peridium 240-300 P 

thick (in preservative), of very slender, hyaline, interwoven 

hyphae; gleba brown, cavities radiating from the columella 

and its branches; septa 140-160 fA thick, of very slender, hyaline, 

interwoven hyphae; basidia 16-18 x 6-7 u, hyaline, 4- 

spored; spores obovoid-ellipsoid, brown, guttulate, epispore 

verrucose, 14-18 x 9.5-12 P. 

Under Quercus agrifolia. San Mateo County, California. 

March. 

The type material of Dendrogaster major is in a preservative 

and overgrown by a Phycomycete, the large hyphae of which 

have penetrated the peridium and portions of the septa of the 

large fructification. 

CALIFORNIA: San Mateo. County, Palo Alto, on Jasper Ridge near Stanford 

University, Jaimes MoMurphy 281, type (Stanford, Zeller, and Dodge). 

2. DENDROGASTER megasporus Zeller & Dodge, spt. nov. 

Fructificationes 1-2 cm. diametro metientes, griseae vel sordide brunnescentes; 

columella parce ramosa; peridium 250-350 u crassitudine, laxe fibrosum recens, 

35-85 A siccatum, prosenchymaticum vel stuposum; gleba "pale tan" vel lutescens 

brunnescensque, "cinnamon-brown " vel "mummy-brown " siccata, locellis magnis;

19g34] 

DODGE AND ZETLAR-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 687 

septa 30-35 a crassitudine, stuposa; basidia 1-2-spora, hyalina, clavata vel cylin- 

drica, 20-25 x 7-8 a; sporae obscure brunneae, obovoideae vel subeitriformes, 

20-25 x 11-16.5 a; episporio leviter rugosa. 

Type: in Univ. Cal. Herb. 

Fructifications 1-2 cm. in diameter, from a scant mycelium, 

becoming gray or dirty brown at maturity; columella slightly 

branched, extending from one-half to two-thirds of the distance 

through the gleba; peridium 250-350 u thick, loosely fibrous 

when fresh, drying 35-85 ,A, closely stupose to almost prosenchymatous; 

gleba pale tan or yellowish, becoming brown, drying 

cinnamon-brown to mummy-brown, cavities large, shrinking 

greatly on drying; septa 30-35j thick, stupose; basidia 1-2spored, 

hyaline, clavate to cylindrical, 7-8 x 20-25 A; spores 

dark brown, obovoid to slightly citriform, 20-25 x 11-16.5 u, 

epispore slightly wrinkled. 

In soil under Qulercus and Laurus. California. January. 

CALIFO1RNIA: Santa Clara County, Saratoga, H. E. Parks 967, 977 type (Univ. 

Cal.). 

3. DENDROGASTER CAMBODGENSIS Patouillard, Bull. Soc. Myc. 

France 39: 55-56. 1923. 

Illustrations: Patouillard, Bull. Soc. Myc. France 39: 56. 

f. 1. 

Type: in Patouillard Herb. at Farlow Herb. 

Fructifications subglobose to ovoid, citrine-yellow or ochra- 

deous, 1-3 cm. in diameter, rounded above, depressed and con- 

cave below, with a slight tubercle-like sterile base in the center 

of the depression; sterile base yellow, firm, small; peridium 

thin, minutely furfuraceous, caused by simple groups of cylin- 

drical, yellow hyphae, 25-60 x 4-6 a; columella arising from the 

sterile base, irregular, more or less branched, grayish, some- 

what gelatinous; gleba chocolate-color, cavities 100-250 x100 ,U, 

radiating from the columella to the periphery, separated by 

narrow septa; basidia mostly 2-spored, 18-25 ,u long; spores 

ochraceous-brownish, ovoid, attenuate in a short beak toward 

the summit, rounded at the base, 9-12 x 6-7 ,u, very finely ver- 

rucose and surrounded by a very closely fitting utricle which


[VoL. 21 

often becomes ragged at maturity, with a large oil globule, 

often appendiculate. 

Cambodia. 

The citrine color of the fungus is due to a resinous matter 

which dissolves in alcohol; and the surface becomes brown. 

CAMBODIA: Kompong Chnang, M. Pcetlot, type (Patouillard Herb. at Farlow).. 

4. DENDROGASTER candidus (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge, comb. 

nov. 

Hymenogaster candidus Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bot. 

III. 1: 247. 1899; Sacc. & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16: 253. 

1902. 

Type: cotype in Dudley Herb. at Stanford. 

Fructifications not over 2 cm. in diameter, white, becoming 

ferruginous in alcohol; sterile base prominent, columella very 

reduced; peridium flaking off, leaving only a few patches, the 

portion left being pseudoparenchymatous, thin; gleba ferruginous, 

cavities comparatively large, empty; septa 250-275 p. 

thick, composed of compactly interwoven branched hyphae; 

paraphyses clavate, 25-30 x 4-6 ap; basidia clavate, 45-60 x 7-8 p., 

projecting beyond the paraphyses, sterigmata 4-5 p. long; 

spores ellipsoid, minutely striate-verrucose, with a closely applied 

utricle, 10-13.5 x 7-9 ,p, 1-guttulate. 

Under Pseeudotsuga. California. May. 

CALIFORNIA: Placer County, Towle, H. W. Harkness 49, cotype (Stanford). 

5. DENDROGASTER radiatus (Lloyd) Zeller & Dodge, comb. 

nov. 

Hymenogaster radiatus Lloyd, Myc. Notes 73: 1304. 1925; 

Verwoerd, S. Afr. Jour. Sci. 22: 166. 1925. 

Illustrations: Lloyd, Myc. Notes 73: f. 2908-2909. 

Type: in Lloyd Museum and in Union of South Africa, Dept. 

Agr. Myc. Herb. 

Fructifications 1-2.5 cm. in diameter, subglobose, rubbery- 

tough, surface smooth, dirty white, drying rugulose, chamois to 

fawn-color; peridium simple, of homogeneous hyaline pseudo- 

parenchyma of large vesiculose cells, tough, easily separable 

and distinct from the gleba, 185-260 p thick; gleba gelified, rub-

1934] 

DODGE AND ZET ER-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 689 

bery, drying avellaneous to wood-brown, hard, flinty, opalescent 

because of the gelified septa which radiate from the head ( ) of 

a capitate columella; septa opalescent, of very fine interwoven 

hyphae immersed in a, gel, distinct from the peridium, 35-100 ,u 

thick; basidia not seen; spores sessile, broadly ellipsoid, 

broadly truncate below, finely verrucose (coarsely above), 

covered by a gelified sheath (utricle-), 12.5-15 x 8-10 ,, pinkish. 

Hypogeous in leaf-mould at foot of trees. Rhodesia, South 

Africa. March. 

UNON 0FT SOUTHE Arwa: S. Rhodesia, Salisbury, F. EPyles 2f530, type (Lloyd 

Mus. 30493, and Union of S. Africa, Dept. Agr. Mye. Herb. 17795). 

6. DENDROGASTER CONNECTENs Bucholtz, Hedwigia 40: 316- 

318. 1901; MaTepiaaai iST Mopqoorioi H CHCTemaTHlCI IIno.3eM- 

HbmliX rpia6OB'b ... Haiaiia. ECTeCTB. HCT. Myaea Ppaqinm E. II. 

fllepeMeTeBoil Bl C. MXalMIOBCROMl MOCROBCROA ry6. 1: 148- 

151. 1902 [often cited as Beitr. Morph. Syst. Hypog.]; Sace. 

& D. Sace. in Sace. Syll. Fung. 17: 241. 1905. 

Illustrations: Bucholtz, 1. c. pl. 3, f. 15-16. 

Type: portion in Patouillard Herb. at Farlow Herb., and 

in Berlin. 

Fructifications globose, the size of a filbert, rufous; peridium 

thin, composed of loosely stretched and woven hyphae, more 

closely woven next the gleba; sterile base present, columella 

branching, dendroid; gleba light ochraceous-brown; septa composed 

of slender hyphae sometimes morel highly refractive and 

irregular in the middle; basidia 2-spored, not projecting much 

beyond the paraphyses, long sterigmata; spores brownishrufous, 

oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, with irregular, wrinkled, saccate 

utricle, short-appendiculate, short-apiculate, 20 x 10.7 u. 

Mikhailovskoe, near Moscow, Russia. August. 

The young spores of this species are very similar in shape 

and markings to those of Hymenogaster olivaceus. 

U. S. S. R. [RussiA]: Moskva, Mikhailovskoe, F. Buodw'ltz, Aug. 14, 1899, type 

(Fa:rlow and Berlin). 

7. DENDROGASTER utriculatus (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge, 

com. nov.


[VOL. 21 

Hymenogaster utriculatus Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 

Bot. III. 1: 246. 1899; Sacc. & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16: 

254. 1902. 

Illustrations: Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bot. III. 1: 

pV. 42, f. 6a-6f; Rev. Myc. 22: pl. 204, f. 1-5. 


Fructifications large, irregular, white when fresh, becoming 

chocolate-brown, enveloped in white mycelium, sterile base 

slight; columella dendroid, reaching the middle of the fructi- 

fication; peridium 220-240 , thick, the outer portion brownish, 

shading to white within, composed of gelified, parallel hyphae; 

gleba marbled brown and white when fresh, becoming chocolate- 

brown, cavities partially filled with spores radiating from 

the columella; septa 70-80 , thick between hymenial layers, 

composed of gelified hyphae; basidia broadly clavate, 25-30 x 

7-8 a, sterigmata 3 p long; spores ellipsoid to obovoid, smooth, 

lemon-yellow,- enclosed in a utricle which shrinks, appearing 

alveolate at times, but very irregular, 10-13.5 x 6-7.5 j (without 

utricle). 

Under Sequoia, Quercus, and Eucalyptus'. California. De- 

cember to February. 

Part of Harkness 244 is Hydnangium sp. 

CALIFORNIA: Alameda County, Berkeley, N. L. Gardner 68, 230 (Univ. Cal. and 

Zeller); Maxin County, Mill Valley, H. W. Harkness 244 in part, cotype (Stanford); 

Muir Woods, H. 1. Parks 1165, C. W. Dodge' (Univ. Cal., Dodge, and Zeller); 

Santa Clara County, Aldercroft Creek, near Los Gatos, H. B. Parks 1162, 

1163, C. W. Dodge 2126 (Dodge and Zeller); Saratoga, H. E. Parks 1128 (Univ. 

Cal.). 

8. DENDROGASTER globosus (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge, comb. 

not. 

Hymenogaster globosus Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bot. 

III. 1: 246. 1899; Sacc. & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16: 255. 

1902. 


Fructifications small, globose, 0.6-0.9 cm. in diameter, dirty 

white, becoming brownish; sterile base broadly conical; colu- 

mella erect, stout to the center of the fructification, branches 

radiating in all directions from head of columella; peridium

1934] 


variable, 80-140 u thick, composed of pseudoparenchyma of 

hyaline cells up to 10ju 'in diameter; gleba fuscous to cinnamon, 

cavities filled with spores; septa composed of medium-sized 

gelified hyphae, 20-40 / between hymenial layers; basidia so 

gelified in type that structure not certain; spores ellipsoid, 

finely verrucose, surrounded by a loose utricle, 8-11 x 5-6 ja 

without utricle, light brown. 

In damp ground. California. July. 

Harkness 245 without locality, determined as this species, 

has the outer portion of the peridium brown, the inner portion 

nearly hyaline; basidia linear to narrowly clavate, inconspic- 

uous, with rather large sterigmata. 

OALIPORNIA: H. W. Harkness 245; Marin County, Mill Valley, H. W. Harkness 

246, cotype (both Stanford). 

9. DENDROGASTER foetidus (Coker & Couch) Zeller & Dodge, 

comb. nov. 

Hymenogaster foetidus Coker & Couch, Gasteromycetes 

Eastern U. S. & Canada, 45-47. 1928. 

Illustrations: Coker & Couch, Gasteromycetes Eastern U. S. 

& Canada, pl. 17, 18, 110. 

Type: in Univ. N. Car. Herb. 

Fructifications 0.7 cm. in diameter or less, spherical, white 

at first, becoming light ochraceous-buff on drying; radiating 

mycelium at base with pale ochraceous fibres, 1 cm. or more 

long; columella reaching the center of the fructification, ending 

in an irregular head, cartilaginous, at least shrinking on preser- 

vation in alcohol; peridium simple, appearing duplex by the 

outgrowth of mycelial threads which bind humus particles to 

the surface, simulating patches, true peridium 100-175 IL thick 

(usually 100-130 4), composed of olivaceous-yellow, thick, 

tough-walled hyphae 5-7 Iu in diameter; gleba brownish-olive, 

cavities irregular, partially filled; septa 45-60 , thick, com- 

posed of thin-walled, slender, closely woven, hyaline hyphae; 

basidia pyriform, 4 spored, 7 x 25 a, sterigmata short; spores 

smooth, ovoid to ellipsoid, surrounded by a gelified, saccate 

sheath, 10.5-11 x 6-7 ,.


[VoL. 21 

Under Abies' and Fag&s. Tennessee and North Carolina. 

Summer. 

NORTH CARLINA: Old Hillsboro Road, 4 miles from Chapel Hill, J. N. Couch, 

type (Univ. N. Car. 7467). 

TENNEssEE:: Burbank, B. Thaxter B1 1r (Farlow). 

GAUTIBRIA 

Gaiutieria Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 25-27. 1831; Tulasne, 

Fung. Hypog. 62-63. 1851; Zobel in Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 

33-34. 1854; Winter in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 

1: 873-874. 1883; DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 177-179. 

1888; .Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 105-110. 1891. 

Gautiera Endlicher, Gen. P1. 30. 1836; Corda, Anleit. z. Stud. 

Myc. 114. 1842; Icones Fung. 5: 28. 1842; Rabenhorst, 

Deutschl. Krypt.-Fl. 1: 252. 1844; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 

435. 1849.-not Gautiera Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 1: 202. 1828. 

Chamnonixia Rolland, Soc. Myc. France Bull. 15: 76. 1899. 

The type species of the genus is Gautieria morchelliformis 

Vittadini. 

Fructifications spherical to somewhat irregular or flattened, 

with a simple or branched rhizomorph sometimes persisting as 

a short stipe; columella variable in size and shape, often 

branching at the base; peridium thin, fugacious or persistent, 

in some species scarcely more than sterile outer septa but well 

differentiated in others; gleba white at first, becoming colored 

by the masses of spores, cavities variable in size, often elongated, 

labyrinthiform; septa homogeneous, composed of 

closely interwoven hyphae; basidia clavate, usually 2-3-spored, 

with long sterigmata; spores lanceolate, fusiform, ellipsoidal 

(rarely citriform), with longitudinal striae usually highly developed 

on the epispore. 

KEY TO SPECIES OFGAUTIERIA 

1. Peridium early evanescent or lacking ................................. 2 

1. Peridium persistent ................................................ 12 

2. Spores averaging 15 , or more long ................................. 3 

2. Spores averaging less than 15 , long ................................ 9 

3. Gleba slate-colored; septa about 300 g thick, opalescent.... G. plwmbea (p. 694) 

3. Gleba some shade of brown; septa mostly less than 300 , thick, whitish.... 4

19343 

DODGE AND ZELLERB-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 693 

4. Spores narrowly lanceolate or fusiform, 18-27 x 7-10 ,. . G. chilenis (p. 694) 

4. Spores ellipsoid, ovoid, or obovoid, diameter more than 1/2 the length... 5 

5. Cystidia numerous and prominent ..................... 6 

5. Cystidia not numerous and prominent, if present only in upper cavities.... 

6. Spores obovoid, 18-19 x 11-12 ,, with 7-10 almost smooth striations.... 

7 

............................................. 

G. grnveolems (p. 695) 

6. Spores ellipsoid, 16-21 x 8-10 g, with 5-9 rather warted striations...... 

............................................. G. gawtierioides (p. 697) 

7. Stipe short or absent, spores ellipsoid to obovoid with 8 slightly warted 

striae, 15-18 x 9-11 ................................ G. retirugosa (p. 697) 

7. Stipe rather well developed .......................................... 8 

8. Spores narrowly ellipsoid or obovoid, with 6-8 slightly warted and 

branched striae, 13-17.6 x 7-10 g; septa 200-300 g thick............ 

.................................................. G. caudata (p. 698) 

8. Spores broadly ellipsoid, with 8-10 rather sinuous striae, 12-24 x 8-12.5 

,u; septa about 75 , thick ....C G. morheZifoermis . 

(p. 698) 

8. Spores ellipsoid, with 8-9 striae with conical warts, 12-18 x 8-10 I; 

septa 225-275 , thick .............................. G. Trabuti (p. 700) 

9. Gleba slate-colored; septa about 300 g thick ............. G. plumbea (p. 694) 

9. Gleba brown; septa mostly less than 300 g thick ...................... 

10. Spores averaging less than 12 g long, ellipsoid to obovoid, with 7-10 

10 

slightly warted striae; septa 120-400 , thick ........ G. mnonticoZa (p. 700) 

10. Spores averaging more than 12 g long ............................. 

11. Spores 12-18 x 8-10 g, ellipsoid, with 8-9 striae with conical warts; septa 

11 

225-275 g thick ...................................... G. Trabuti (p. 700) 

11. Spores 11-15 x 7-8 ,, with 8-10 sinuous, rather warted striae; septa about 

150 g thick ........................................ G. mexicana (p. 701) 

11. Spores 12-16 x 6-8 g, with 10 smooth striae, septa about 90-180 g thick 

........................................ G. gravteoZens var. Otthii (p. 696) 

12. Peridium very thin, early evauescent, cystidia prominent............. 

.............................................. G. graveoaens (p. 695) 

12. Peridium thick, persistent, cystidia not prominent ................... 13 

13. Peridium distinctly duplex ......................... 14 

13. Peridiuim distinctly simplex ............... ................. 15 

14. Spores lanceolate, narrowly ellipsoid or obovoid, striae smooth, branched 

or anastomosing, 17-21 x 7-11l .................... G. Roduayi (p. 702) 

14. Spores ovoid or ellipsoid, striae smooth, 12-14 x 7-8 . G C. paflida (p. 702) 

15. Spores with 4 (sometimes 5) striae as viewed from the end, 15-17 G. x 8-10 h 

..................................................... 

(p. 

Guaosa 703) 

15. Spores with 6 or more striae, as viewed from the end . . 16 

16. Spores averaging less than 12 A long .............. G. mnontioola (p. 700) 

16. Spores averaging more than 12 , long ............................... 

17. Spores broadly ellipsoid, 19-21 x 11-15 A, with 6-10 slightly warted striae. . 

17 

.................. :G. albida (p. 704) 

17. Spores narrowly ellipsoid or obovoid, 12-20 x 7-10 g, with 8-10 smooth 

striae; septa 200-300 1A thick; peridium 600 , thick ..... G. Harknessi'i (p. 704) 

17. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 14-19. x 7-11 u, with 9-11 smooth striae; septa 

65-100 ,u thick; peridium 240-420 ,u thick .............. G. Paorksia (p. 705)


[VOL. 21 

1. GAUTIERIA PLUMBEA Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 

5: 138-139. 1918. 

Illustrations: Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5: pl. 9, f. 4. 

Type: in Weir, Dodge, and Zeller Herbaria. 

Fructifications ovoid, 4 cm. in diameter, cordate, surface 

convoluted, light brownish-olive to mummy-brown; stipe 2 mm. 

thick; columella branched, percurrent, gelified; gleba plum- 

beous-black, slate-color in preservative, drying fuscous-black, 

gelified, cavities irregular, mostly radiating from the columella, 

empty; septa about 300 , thick, composed of highly gelified, 

hyaline hyphae; subhymenial layer pseudoparenchymatous, 

of large angular cells; cystidia large, 52-61 x 25-35,U, hyaline, 

guttulate, obovoid, often somewhat apiculate; paraphyses narrowly 

clavate, hyaline, guttulate, septate, 4-5 u in diameter, 

some knobbed at the tip, some filiform; basidia hyaline, clavate, 

20-26 x 9-10,u, 1-4-spored, sterigmata less than half the length 

of the spores; spores 11-16 x 6.5-8 ,u, short-pedicellate, English 

red to burnt sienna, striae 7-10, wavy, young spores ovoid to 

'ellipsoid, smooth, becoming striate. 

Under conifers. British Columbia and Idaho. September to 

October. 

BRITSH COLUMBIA: Quartz Creek above Beavermouth, C. W. Dodge 1536 

(Dodge). 

IDAHO: Priest River, J. B. Weir, type (Weir, Zeller 1458, and Dodge 859). 

2. GAUTIERIA chilensis Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Fructificationes pyriformes, 1-2 cm. diametro metientes, obscure brunneae; 

columella dendroidea; peridium non visum; gleba compacta, ochracea; septa albida, 

40-50 a crassitudine, tramate prosenchymatico stratis subhymenialibus pseudo- 

parenchymaticis; basidia clavata vel cylindrica, 2-4-spora; sporae fusiformes vel 

anguste obovoideae, lanceolatae immaturitate, 6-8 striis longitudinalibus sub- 

irregularibus verrucosis, 18-27 x 7-10 a. 

Type: in Farlow Herb. at Harvard University. 

Fructifications pyriform, 1-2 cm. -in diameter, dark brown; 

columella dendroid; peridium not present in specimen exam- 

ined; gleba firm, dense, ochraceous; septa white, 40-50 u thick, 

of a central plate of prosenchyma with pseudoparenchymatous 

subhymenial layers; basidia clavate to cylindrical, 2-4-spored;

1984J 

DODGE AND ZEILER-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 695 

spores fusiform to narrowly obovoid, young spores lanceolate, 

18-27 x 7-10 ,f, with 6-8 longitudinal ribs somewhat irregular. 

and warted. 

Chile. February and March. 

CHILE: Magellanes, Punta Arenas, R. Thaxter F. H. 14, type (Farlow). 

3. GAUTIERIA GRAVEOLENS Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 27. 

1831; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 63. 1851; Corda, Icones Fung. 6: 

34. 1854; Winter in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 1: 

873-874. 1883; Quelet, Ench. Fung. 250. 1886; DeToni in Sace. 

Syll. Fung. 7: 178. 1888; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 106-108. 

1891; Bucholtz, MaTepllajnb 1vb MOpqOMJOriU H CICTeMaTHICt 

IIOJA3eMHlIX?B 

rpH60Bb... H3JiaH. ECTeCTB. HCT. My3ea IPpaqunm 

E. II.1mepeMeTeBoli B'B C. MIaxaiJIOBCROWb MOCROBcUoR ry6. 

1: 146. 1902 [often cited as Beitr, Morph. Syst. Hypog.]. 

Illustrations: Bucholtz, 1. c. pl. 3, f. 14; pl. 4, f. 21; Corda, 

Icones Fung. 6: pl. 7, f. 63; Fitzpatrick, Ann. Myc. 11: pl. 4, 

f. 11; pl. 7, f. 30-37; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: pl. 2, f. 5-9; 

p1. 7, f. 4-6; Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. pl. 4, f. 3. 

Type: in Saccardo Herb. at Padua, also in Tulasne Herb. in 

Paris. 

Fructifications spherical, 1-2 cm. in diameter, light ochra- 

ceous-buff to Prout's brown; stipe slender and fragile, up to 

1 cm. long, 1 mm. thick; columella frequently reaching the 

center of the fructification, fruticose; odor very strong, as of 

decaying onions; peridium thin, composed of delicate, thin- 

walled, loosely woven hyphae, soon rupturing and disappear- 

ing; gleba ochraceous-tawny to cinnamon-brown, cavities 

spherical or elongated, minute, empty; septa 40-80,f/ thick, com- 

posed of small hyphae, compact; cystidia clavate to subfusi- 

form, hyaline, often obscured by the spores; paraphyses 

linear, septate; basidia broadly clavate, 2-spored, 12-16 x 8-9 ,f, 

with long, filiform sterigmata; spores ochraceous-tawny, apex 

rounded, mostly obovoid, pedicellate, 18-19 x 11-12 pF, often 

with a large oil globule, usually with 7-10 prominent, smooth 

stria.e. 

Deeply buried under leaf mould. Europe and North 

America.


(VoL. 21 

EXsicoATI: Saccardo, D., Mycoth. Ital., 427; de Thiimen, Mycoth. Univ., 12. 

CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Vysoky, Chluniec ad Selcany, F. Bubak (Lloyd Mus. 05859). 

AusmrIA: Tyrol, Cavelonte, G. Bresadola, in D. Sacc., Mycoth. Ital., 427. 

GERMANY: Sachsen, Eisleben, J. Kunze (Lloyd Mus. 05916, and Mo. Bot. Gard. 

5637); G. Winter in de Thuimen, Mycoth. Univ., 12 (ex herb. Fuckel, Farlow, 

Lloyd Mus., Mo. Bot. Gard., ete.); Bayern, Erharting, E. Soehner 866 (Soehner). 

SwEDFN: Upplaud, Flottsund i granskog, Th. C. E. Fries, July 20, 1902; Grane- 

bergskog, Th. M. Fries, Aug., 1904; Elfkarleby Laxin, A. Zathelius, Aug., 1891 

(all in Upsala). 

GRANOE: Alpes Maritimes, Claus G. Poirault (Paris). 

ITALY: Piemonte, C. Vittadini (Paris). 

NEW YORK: Ithaca, H. M. Fitzpatrick (N. Y. Coll. Agr. Cornell Univ. 8450, 

Zeller 1535). 

MICHIGAN: Isle Royale, Rock Harbor, C. A. Brown Fp. 301, C. A. Brown 4 A. H. 

Povah 289 (both Univ. Mich. and Zeller). 

3a. var. Otthii (Trog) Zeller & Dodge, comb. nov. 

Gautieria Otthii Trog, Naturforsch. Ges. Bern Mitt. 1857: 

43. 1857 (in Nos. 388-390) [sometimes cited as Verzeichnis 

Schweiz. Schwimme Nachtrag 3: 43. 1857]; Sace. & Sydow in 

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14: 268. 1899; Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. 

Gard. 5: 141. 1918. 

Type: in Trog Herb. at the Bot. Inst. Bern. 

Fructifications depressed-globose, up to 3 cm. in diameter 

when fresh, drying 1 x 2 cm., cinnamon to Sayal brown or 

tawny-olive when dry; stipe 2 mm. in diameter, broken off 

short in specimen available; columella unbranched, reaching 

at least one-third the height of the fructification (specimen 

insect-eaten at the upper portion of the columella); odor weak, 

unpleasant; peridium not seen; gleba cinnamon to Sayal brown, 

cavities labyrinthiform, empty, minute; septa 90-180 /L thick, 

composed of slender, highly gelified hyphae; basidia clavate, 

10-14 x 6-8 /L, sterigmata short, 4-spored; spores ochraceous- 

tawny, apex rounded, short-pedicellate, 12-16 x 6-8 FL, with 

about 10 smooth striations. 

Switzerland. June. 

Differs from G. graveolens in narrower spores and un- 

branched columella. It may be only an immature specimen of 

G. graveolens, as in that species the immature spores Are some- 

what longer and narrower than mature spores. 

SwITzmLAND: Hardlisberg, G. Otth, type (in Trog Herb. at Bot. Inst. Bern).

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELLER-HYMENOGASTER AND BELATED GFENERA 697 

4. GAUTIERIA gautierioides (Lloyd) Zeller & Dodge, comb. 

nov. 

Hymenogaster Trabusti Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 

5: 137-138. 1918. 

Hymenogaster gautierioides Lloyd, Myc. Notes 7: 1117. 

1922. 

Type. in Univ. Cal. Herb. 493, Dodge Herb. 858, and Zeller 

Herb. 1455. 

Fructifications subspherical, about 3 cm. in diameter, surface 

convoluted, Verona brown in preserved material; stipe slightly 

developed, arising from very fine, brown rhizomorphs composed 

of septate hyphae with prominent clamp connections; 

columella dendroid; peridium composed of loosely woven, 

large, septate hyphae with swollen cells, soon evanescent; gleba 

Brussels brown, cavities irregular, empty; septa hyaline, 

180-240p, thick, composed of a pseudoparenchyma of large, subspherical 

to polyhedral cells; cystidia subeylindric, thin-walled, 

8 e in diameter; paraphyses filiform, septate, guttulate, 3-4 p, 

in diameter; basidia hyaline, multi-guttulate, 25-30 x 10-16 ,a, 

obovoid to clavate, mostly 4-spored, sterigmata stout, 5-8 e 

long; spores 1-3-guttulate, cinnamon to cinnamon-buff, shortpedicellate, 

spherical when young, becoming ellipsoid, 16-21 x 

8-10p,f, with 5-9 striations usually prominently warted. 

Under Acer, Arbut'us, Quercus, and Sequoia. Oregon and 

California. April to October. 

OREON: Benton County, Corvallis, S. M. Zeller 2567, 2568 (Zeller). 

OALIroinu: Santa Clara County, Aldereroft, H. B. Parks 275, Z251 (Zeller); 

Call of the Wild, H. B. Parks 274 (Zeller); Guadaloupe Mines, H. B. Parks (oom. 

N. L. Gardner 493) type, 911, 952 (all Univ. Cal., Zeller, and Dodge). 

GAUTIERIA IETIRUGOSA Th. M. Fries, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 3: 

271-272. 1909; Th. C. E. Fries, Ark. f. Bot. 179: 18. 1921. 

Illustrations: Th. C. E. Fries, Ark. f. Bot. 179: f. 8. 

Type: atUpsala. 

Fructifications irregular, 4-5 cm. in diameter, brownish; 

stipe short.or none; fibrils abundant, large, prominent, reddish; 

columella well developed, forking; peridium absent; gleba 

brownish, cavities large, angled or elongated, irregular, 0.5-1.5


EVoL. 21 

mm. broad, empty; septa thin, 90-120 /, thick, composed of 

loosely woven, slender hyphae; basidia cylindrical, 2-spored;- 

spores 15-18 x 9-11 ,, ellipsoid to obovoid with 8 striae. which 

are less regular, being sinuous and slightly warted. 

Under moss in coniferous forest. Sweden. July and 

August. 

SwEDEN: Gotland, Vallstena, Alvenparken, T. Vestergren, Aug., 1897, type; 

Uppland, Flattsund, Th. C. B. Fries, July 20, 1902, Elias Aug. Fries, July 20, 

1905 (all Upsala). 

5. GAUTIERIA caudata (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge, comb. nov. 

Ilymenogaster caudatuqs Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bot. 

III. 1: 248. 1899. 


Fructifications subspherical, roughly convoluted, up to 5 cm. 

in diameter, fuscous, blackish-brown in preservative, cordate, 

base fleshy, with a caudal appendage 1-2 cm. long and 2 mm. 

thick, leading from rhizomorphs; columella nearly percurrent, 

2 mm. in diameter, narrow, with plate-like; branches; peridium 

formed by gelification of what would otherwise be the hymenial 

layer of the external septa; gleba Benzo brown to fuscous (dry 

after preservative), cavities irregular, empty; septa white, 

broader than the cavities, 200-300 / thick, of gelified, compact 

prosenchyma and rather indistinct cylindric basidia, with 2 

sterigmata as long as the spores; spores narrowly ellipsoid or 

obovoid, 13-17.6 x 7-10 j, pedicellate, russet, with 6-8 slightly 

warted, somewhat branched striations often with a spiral 

tendency. 

Under Sequoia and Quercus, California. March to April. 

The type collection consists of 31/2 specimens, the largest being 

24 x 32 x 37 mm. in preservative. 

CALIFORNIA: Maxin County, Mill Valley, H. W. Harkness 240 cotype (Stan- 

ford); Saratoga, Boy's Outing Farm, H. B. Parks 969; Santa Cruz County, Brook- 

dale, H. E. Parks 2162 (both Univ. Cal.). 

6. GAUTIERIA MORCHELLIFORMIS 

Vittadini, Monogr. Tubera. 

26. 1831; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 62. 1851; Corda, Icones 

Fung. 6: 34. 1854; Winter in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl.

1934] 


ed. 2. 1: 873. 1883; DeToni in Sace. Syll. Fung. 7: 177-178. 

1888; Hesse., Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 109-110. 1891; Bucholtz, 

MaTepilaJIbi xb Mopq)oZorill ii CHCTeMaTIEKh 

. . . 3Ra. ECTeCTB. ICT. My3ea IPpaHiia E. II. IMepeMeTeso1 BS 

c. MHxaiAMOBCEOMI MOCEOBCIOE Pry6. 1: 147. 1902 [often cited 

as Beitr. Morph. Syst. Hypog.]. 

Gaxutieria morillaeformis Quelet, Ench. Fung. 250. 1886. 

Gautieria villosa Queleit, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 25: 290. 

1878 [often cited as Champ. Jura Vosges Suppl. 6: 290. 1878]; 

Ench. Fung. 250. 1886; Winter in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. 

Deutschl. ed. 2, 1: 873. 1883; DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 

178. 1888. 

Illustrations: Bucholtz, 1. c. pl. 3, f. 14; Corda, Icones Fung. 

6: pl. 7, f. 62; Bail. in Nees v. Esenbeck, Th. F. L. & A. Henry, 

Syst. d. Pilze 2: pl. 27, f. 1-4; Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. pl. 

3, f. 6. 

Type: location unknown to us but abundant material from 

Vittadini in Tulasne Herb. in Paris. 

Fructifications spherical to oblong, 1-3 cm. in diameter, with 

a basal stalk-like, usually much-branched rhizomorph; columella 

rudimentary, merely a subspherical summit of the rhizomorph, 

from which rather thick septal plates radiate into the 

gleba; peridium thin in the early stages, soon evanescent; 

gleba ochraceous-tawny to hazel, cavities 1-6 mm. in diameter, 

-subspherical to irregular, mostly radiating from the base; 

septa white when broken, stupose, about 75 u thick; basidia 

about as large as the spores, hyaline, granular, 2-3-spored, 

sterigmata filiform, as long as the spores; cystidia in the upper 

cavities of the fructification, not prominent; paraphyses 

clavate, septate, hyaline; spores 12-24 x 8-12.5 u, pedicellate, 

1-2-guttulate, with 8-10 rather sinuous striae. 

In clay soil, under hardwood trees and shrubs. Europe and 

United States. Spring, summer, and autumn. 

flO3emHbixh rp6OBMB 

ExsIccATI: Roumegubre, Fung. Gall. Exsiee., 2218, under the name G. villosa. 

CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Tabor, F. Bubak (Lloyd Mus. 05860). 

AusmunA: Tyrol, near Magras, G. Bresadola, in Roumegubre, Fung. Gall. Exsiee., 

2218 (N. Y. Bot. Gard.); without locality, G. Bresadola, Aug., 1881, Oct., 1882 

(Upsala).


[VOL. 21 

F"NCna: Jura, Lepinay, N. PatouWiard, Aug. 16 (Farlow and Lloyd Mus. 08-53); 

Alpes Maritimes, 1500 m., Ckat G. Poira4ult (Paris); Vosges and Jura, L. Que'let 

(Cooke Herb. at Kew appearing typical but not sectioned); Doubs, H6rimoneourt, 

L. Quelet, type of G. villosa (Upsala). 

SWITZFaLAND: Bern, Faulenseewald, Trog (Bot. Inst. Univ. Bern). 

ITALY: Trentino, Milano, C. Vittadunm (Paris and Kew). 

NEW YORK: Washington County, Hudson Falls, S. H. Burnham (Dodge and 

Zeller). 

OREGoN: Benton County, Corvallis, S. M. Zeller 1969; Hood River County, near 

Parkdale, S. M. Zeller 8209 (both Zeller). 

CALIFORNIA: Mariposa County, Big Tree Grove, H. W. Harkness 113, in part 

(Stanford); Santa Clara County, Guadaloupe Mines, H. B. Parks 314, 903 (Zel- 

ler); near San Jose, H. E. Parks (com. N. L. Gardner 541, Zeller); Saratoga, H. B. 

Parlcs (Zeller 1646); Los Angeles County, Claremont, Lois M. Clency (com. C. G. 

Lloyd, Pomona Coll., Lloyd Mus. 1759, Zeller 1532). 

7. GAUTIERIA TRABUTI (Chatin) Patouillard, Bull. Soc. Mye. 

France 13: 203-204. 1897. 

Hymenogaster Trabuti Chatin, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 38: 64. 

1891. 

Illustrations: Patouillard, Bull. Soc. Myc. France 13: pl. 13, 

f.2. 

Type: in Dodge and Zeller Herbaria, com. Mattirolo, and 

Patouillard Herb. at Harvard University. 

Fructifications 2 cm. in diameter, spherical, convoluted, pale 

gray--drab in dried material, mummy-brown when moistened; 

stipe slightly developed, radiciform; peridium evanescent, 

outer hymenial layer with large spherical cells, 15-25 P in diameter, 

scattered over its surface; gleba concolorous; septa hyaline, 

225-275 ,j, composed of small, gelified, hyaline hyphae; 

basidia short-clavate, 2-spored; spores ellipsoid, obtuse above, 

mucronate below, 12-18 x 8-10 ,1, with 8-9 longitudinal striae 

having conical warts, especially toward the distal end. 

Algeria, and Jura Mountains, France. 

AIERIA: Sidi abd el Kader, prbs de Blida, Trabu*t, type (Farlow, Dodge, and 

Zeller). 

F-RAwcE: Jura septentrionale, montagne du Lomont, L. Quelet (Upsala). 

8. GAUTIERIA MONTICOLA Harkness, Cal. Acad. Sci. Bull. 1: 

30. 1884; De Toni in Sace. Syll. Fung. 7: 178-179. 1888. 

Hymenogaster monticolus Harkness, Cal. Acad. Scd. Proc. 

Bot. III. 1: 249. 1899.

1934] 

DODGE AND ZETL LER-HYMENOGASTER AND RELATED GENERA 701 

Type: cotype in Dudley Herb. at Stanford and in N. Y. Bot, 

Gard. Herb. 

Fructifications irregularly lobed, nearly plane above and below, 

10 cm. in diameter and about 3 cm. tall, Dresden brown to 

mummy-brown; sterile base not prominent, coluxnella very 

slender, branching; peridium or rather the outer portion of the 

gleba 140-160, jthick, composed of hyphae with greatly gelified 

walls enclosing dirt in the outer portion; gleba ochraceoustawny 

to grayish-brown, cavities small, empty; septa 120-400 , 

thick, hyaline, composed of more or less gelified hyphae parallel 

with-the hymenial surface'; basidia arising from erect, septate 

hyphae 16 x 6-7 IL, ovoid, mostly 2-spored, sterigmata filiform, 

7-10 p long; spores 1-several-guttulate, ochraceoustawny, 

ellipsoid to obovoid, 9-13 x 6.5-8 aL, with 7-10 longitudinal 

or oblique striations, sometimes slightly warted. 

On the ground under conifers. California. July. 

The cotype, H. W. Harkness 113, contains a mixture of two 

distinct types of fructifications: one with large empty cavities 

with large.spores seems to be G. morchelliformis; the other 

type which has been taken as the type of this. species has small 

cavities and spores. 

CAIFOwmA: Mariposa County, Big Meadow, W. A. Setchell (Univ. Cal. 542, and. 

Zeller); Big Tree Grove, H1. W. JHtarkness 113 [3543] cotype (Stanford and N. Y. 

Bot. Gard.); Santa Clara County, Saratoga, Roland Bice (com. H. E. Parks 1097, 

Dodge); Aldereroft, H. E. Parks 209 (com. N. L. Gardner 544, Zeller). 

9. GAUTIERIA mexicana (Fischer) Zeller & Dodge, comb. nov. 

Ga utieria graveolens? Chatin, La Truffe, 82-83. 1892. 

Gautieria graveolens var. mexicawna Fischer in Engler & 

Prantl, Die Nat. Pflanzenfam. I. 1**: 305. 1899. 

Illustrations: Chatin, La Truffe pl. 15, f. 4; Fischer in 

Engler & Prantl, Die Nat. Pflanzenfam. I. 1**: 304. 

Type: exhibited at the; exposition in Paris, 1889, exhibits 

from Mexico, a portion in herb. Chatin in Patouillard Herb. at 

Harvard Univ. 

Fructifications 1-4 cm. in diameter, drying Prout 's brown; 

columella large, penetrating the center of the fructification; 

peridium absent; gleba ochraceous-tawny, cavities very small ;


[VOL. 21 

septa about 150 p thick, of slender gelified hyphae; spores 

11-15 x 7-8 /u, with 8-10 wavy, rather warted striae. 

CALIFORNIA: Guadaloupe Mines, H. E. Paorks 986 (Univ. Cal., Dodge, and Zeller). 

Mugxico: corm. Chatin, type (Farlow). 

10. GAUTIERIA Rodwayi (Massee) Zeller & Dodge, comb. nov. 

Hfymenogaster Rodwayi Massee, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1898: 

126. 1898; Sacc. & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16: 253. 1902; 

Rodway, Papers & Proc. Roy. Soo. Tasmania 1923: 153. 1924. 

Type: in Kew. 

Fructifications 2-3 cm. in diameter, irregular, white, becom- 

ing dingy yellow when dry; sterile base a more or less fruticose 

columella which becomes dark brown at maturity; peridium 

duplex, the outer 60 FL composed of thick-walled, p-ericlinal 

hyphae, rather loosely woven, the inner layer similar to the 

gleba, about 120 jp thick, of large-celled prosenchyma; gleba. 

firm, dark brown, cavities rather minute; septa. about 120 ,f be- 

tween hymenia, similar to the inner portion of the peridium but 

more completely gelified; basidia not seen, but spores in twos; 

spores lanceolate to narrowly obovoid-ellipsoid, acuminate to 

acute, the younger spores showing a short apiculus, brown, 

17-21 x 7-11 Iu; striae 10-12, somewhat irregular, forked and 

anastomosing, converging at the tip. 

Among buried twigs. Tasmania, and New South Wales, 

Australia. 

TASMANIA: L. Rodway 116, type (Kew); Mt. Nelson Range, L. Rodwaay 1104; 

McRobie's Gully, L. Rodway 1284 (both Dodge and Zeller). 

AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mt. Wilson, J. B. Cleland 7; Ryde, J. B. Cleland 

15 (both Dodge -and Zeller). 

11. GAUTIERIA pallida Harkness, sp. nov. 

Hymenogaster p-allidus Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bot. 

III. 1: 249. 1899; not Berkeley & Broome, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 

Hist..I. 18: 74. 1846. 

Fructificationes ad 1 em. diametro metientes, irregulariter sphericae, obscure 

brunneae conservata; basis sterilis pulvinata, columella non visa; peridium duplex,. 

strato extero- 160 u crassitudine, funiculis laxe implexis, strato intero 40 1A Cras- 

situdine, hyphis perielinalibus, brunneis, septatis; gleba obscure brunnea, locellig 

parvis, sinuosis, vacuis; septa 140 u crassitudine, hyphis tenuibus, gelificatis, dense 

eontextis; basidia clavata, 12-16 x 6-7 IA; sporae ovoideo-ellipsoideae, longitudi- 

:aliter striatae, striis sublaevibus, 12-14 x 7-8 ,u..

1934] 

DODGE AND ZELLER-HYMENOGASTER AND BELATED GENERA 703 

Type: in Dudley Herb. at Stanford. 

Fructifications about 1 cm. in diameter, irregularly spher- 

ical, very dark brown in alcohol; sterile base pulvinate, but 

columella not visible; peridium duplex, the outer layer about 

160 P thick, the inner 40 ,s, the outer of loosely woven strands 

of medium thin-walled hyphae with large air spaces, the inner 

of very dense strands of thick-walled, periclinal, brown, sep- 

tate hyphae; gleba very dark brown, cavities small, sinuous, 

empty; septa 140 JA thick, composed of three layers, the inner 

darker brown, the outer two nearly hyaline, composed of fine, 

compactly woven, very gelified hyphae; basidia clavate, 12-16 

x 6-7 J, granulate; spores ovoid-ellipsoid, with 10-12 nearly 

smooth longitudinal striations, 12-14 x 7-8 JL. 

CALIFORNIA: Santa Clara County, Saratoga, H. E. Parks 1003, 1098 (Univ. Cal.); 

Los Gatos Cafnon, H. E. Parks 53 (Univ. Cal.); Marin County, Camp Taylor, H. W. 

Harkness 81, type (Stanford.). 

CHINA: Su-tehuen Oriental, Tehen keou tin, 1800 m., B. P. Fargas 1566 (Farlow). 

12. GAUTIERIA mucosa (Petri) Zeller & Dodge, comb. nov. 

Hymenogaster mucosus Petri, Malpighia 14: 130. 1900; 

Sace. & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16: 253. 1902. 

Illustrations: Petri, Malpighia 14: pl. 2, f. 11, 13,14,,16. 

Type: in Ist. Bot. Univ. Firenze. 

Fructifications about 3 cm. in diameter, spherical to irregular, 

dark brown in alcohol, firm, surface felt-like, columella not 

evident in the slice available for study; peridium 280 JA thick, 

not separable, of large, swollen, granular hyphae 6-7 JA in diameter, 

more or less compact and periclinal on the outside, very 

loosely tangled within, imbedded in a gel; gleba very dark 

brown, gelified, cavities very small, labyrinthiform, radiating 

from the base; septa composed of colored, large, thin-walled, 

septate hyphae similar to the inner portion of the peridium; 

basidia pyriform, 2-spored, 10 x 11 ,p; spores fusiform to ellipsoidal, 

with 4, rarely 5, striae, appearing square in optical 

cross-section, appendiculate, 15-17 x 8-10,/. 

Sarawak, Borneo. 

The systematic position of this species is still somewhat in 

doubt, as we have not, observed a columella and the peridium


[VOL. 21 

does not seem separable. Beieari notes that the cavities ap- 

pear to radiate from the base. In texture and general appear- 

ance and in the shape of the spores, there seems little resem- 

blance to Hymenogaster. It is to be hoped that when more ma- 

terial is available from the mountains of Borneo and Java it 

will throw further light on this problem. 

BomNmo: Sarawak, 0. Beccari, 1867, type (Ist. Bot. Univ. Firenze). 

13. GAUTIERIA albida (Massee & Rodway) Zeller & Dodge, 

comb. nov. 

Hymenogaster albidus Massee & Rodway, Kew Bull. Misc. 

Inf. 1901: 158. 1901; Sacc. & D. Sacc. in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 17: 

239. 1905; Rodway, Papers and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 

1923: 153. 1924. 

Type: in Kew and N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herbaria. 

Fructifications 1-2 cm. in diameter, irregular, dirty white; 

sterile base very slight or absent; peridium of densely woven 

hyphae, homogeneous with the gleba, with an outer layer of 

loosely tangled, larger hyphae, including particles of soil; 

gleba pinkish, becoming ochraceous-tawny on drying, cavities 

tortuous; basidia broadly clavate, 2-4-spored (mostly 2- 

spored); spores broadly ellipsoid, with 6-10 ribs, somewhat 

verrucose (3-4 warts per rib), 19-21 x 11-15 /u. 

TASMANIA: L. Bodway 643, type (Kew and N. Y. Bot. Gard.), 1283 (Dodge and 

Zeller); Hobart, L. Rodway 1116, 085 (Lloyd Mus.). 

14. GAUTIERIA Harknessii Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. 

Hymenogaster Bulliardi Harkness, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bot. 

III. 1: 249. 1899-not Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 23. 1831. 

Fructificationes 2.5 x 2 x 2 am. metientes, "Prout's brown" vel "mummy- 

brown," pyriformes; stipites funieulique non visi; columella fruticosa, ramosa, 

1 mm. diametro metiens; peridium 600 ,. erassitudine, hyphis brunneis, ramosis, 

laxe implexis, 3-4 A diametro, luteis cum erystallis; sub peridio stratum glebae 

200 u erassitudine, hyphis hyalinis tenuibus, dense contextis; gleba "olivaceous- 

black (1) " conservata, locellis vacuis, parvis; septa 200-300 it crassitudine, hyphis 

tenuibus, gelificatis, dense contextis; sterigmata brevia; -sporae anguste ellipsoideae 

vel obovoideae, 12-20 x 7-8 ,u, striis 8-10, longitudinalibus, laevibus. 

Type: in Dudley Herb. at Stanford. 

Fructifications 2.5 x 2 x 2 cm., Prout's brown to mummy-

1934] 

DODGE AND ZETJEBR-HYMENOGASTER AND BELATED GENTERA 705 

brown, pyriform; stipe and fibrils not seen; columella fruti- 

cose, branching, 1 mm. in diameter; peridium 600 , thick, com- 

posed of very loosely woven, branched, brown, thin-walled 

hyphae 3-4 A in diameter, occasionally encrusted with yellow- 

ish crystals; below the peridium usually a thick layer of glebal 

tissue 200 i thick, composed of very slender, hyaline, compactly 

woven hyphae; gleba olivaceous-black (1) in alcohol, cavities 

empty, small; septa 200-300 j, thick, composed of slender, hya- 

line, gelified,. closely woven hyphae; sterigmata short; spores 

narrowly.ellipsoid or obovoid, 12-20 x 7-10 /L, longitudinally 

striate with 8-10 smooth ribs. 

OREGON: Linn County, Roaring River Fish Hatchery, S. M. Zefler 7793 (Zeller). 

CALIFORNIA: Marin County, Mt. Tamalpais, H. W. Harkness 233, type 

(Stanford). 

15. GAUTIERIA PARKSIANA Zeller & Dodge in Zeller, Mycologia 

14: 196-197. 1922. 

Illustrations: Zeller, Mycologia 14: 197. f. 5-6. 1922. 

Type: in Zeller Heirb. and in Dodge Herb. 

Fructffications gregarious, subspherical to irregular, 1-5 cm. 

in diameter, some specimens drying light ochraceous-buff to 

ochraceous-tawny, others drying buckthorn-brown to mummy- 

.brown; rhizomorphs white, 1-2 mm. in diameter, usually 

branching from a distinct radicle; columella branched; peridium 

persistent, 240-420 ,u thick, stupose, of very fine hyphae; 

gleba pinkish-brown, drying ochraceous-tawny to Dresden 

brown, cavities 3-4 per mm., empty, spherical to irregular; 

septa 65-100p j thick, hyaline, of interwoven hyphae generally 

extending longitudinally; basidia clavate, arising from the 

tramna obliquely, usually two-spored, 28-38 x 7-10 /L, hyaline,. 

sterignata 5-14 /, long; spores ovoid-ellipsoid, buckthornbrown 

in mass, pale olivaceous under microscope, with 9-11, 

usually 10, striations, 7-11 x 14-19 /,. 

In soil under Heteromeles, Pseudotsuga, and Quercus. Oregon 

and California. March to June. 

OREGON: Benton County, Corvallis, S. M. Zeller 1970, 7057 (Zeller). 

CAIrPO1.NLA: Santa Clara County, Saratoga, Boy's Outing Farm, H, E. Parks 

441 type, 352, 1004; Guadaloupe Mines, H. B. Parks 415 (Z5); also without locality 

and one unnumbered specimen, H. E. Parks 593 (all Univ. Cal.).

[VOL. 21, 1934] 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 

PLATE 18 

Illustrations of spores of Hymenogasrter, Riohoniiela, Dendrogaster, and Ga4& 

tieria. In parenthesis are given briefly the material from which the drawings were 

made. All drawings are on the same scale (x 500). 

Fig. 1. Hymenogaster ahbellus Massee & Rodway (Type, Rodway 117). 

Fig. 2. H. albus (Klotz.) Berkeley & Broome (Type, J. D. Hooker). 

Fig. 3. H. arenairius Tulasne (Tulasne, July, 1845). 

Fig. 4. H. atratus (Rodway) Zeller & Dodge (Type, Rodway 1265). 

Fig. 5. H. Boozeri Zeller & Dodge (Type, Boozer, in Zeller 2286). 

Fig. 6. H. Bnitirdi Vitt. (C. Vittadini, Milano, Italy). 

Fig. 7. H. caerutescens Soehner (Soehner 613). 

Fig. 8. H. cerebellum Cavara (Type, Cavara, Fung. Longobard., 109). 

Fig. 9. H. oitrinus Vitt. (C. Vittadzin, Milano, Italy). 

Fig. 10. H. fragiois Zeller & Dodge (Type, Thaxter, Chile). 

Fig. 11. H. fusisporus (Massee & Rodway) Zeller & Dodge (Type, Bodway 276). 

Fig. 12. H. Gairdneri Zeller & Dodge (Type, Gardner 89). 

Fig. 13. H. Gilkeyae Zeller & Dodge (Type, Parks 983). 

Fig. 14. H. griseus Vitt. (C. Vittadini, Milano, Italy). 

Fig. 15. H. Hessei Soehner (Type, Hesse, Oct. 6, 1886). 

Fig. 16. H. levisporus Massee & Rodway (Type, Bodway 653). 

Fig. 17. H. l-llaoinu Tulasne (Type, Tulasne, Oct., 1843). 

Fig. 18. H. luteiss Vitt. (C. Vittadini, Milano, Italy). 

Fig. 19. H. Iycoperdineus Vitt. (C. Vittadini, Milano, Italy). 

Fig. 20. Gautieria mucosa (Petri) Zeller & Dodge (Type, 0. Beccairi, Borneo). 

Fig. 21. Hymenogaster nutabilis (Soehner) Zeller & Dodge (Type, Soehuer 

703). 

Fig. 22. H. muticus Berkeley & Broome (Barla, Nice, France). 

Fig. 23. H. nsveus Vitt. (C. Vittadini, Milano, Italy). 

Pig. 24. H. ocoidentalis Zeller & Dodge (Type, Zeller 6814). 

Fig. 25. H. olivaceus Vitt. (C. Vittadini, Lombardia, Italy). 

Fig. 26. H. Parksii Zeller & Dodge (Type, Parks 950). 

Fig. 27. H. pachydermis Zeller & Dodge (Type, J. C. Neill, Nelson, New Zea- 

land). 

Fig. 28. H. popjuletorum Tulasne (Type, Tulasne, Oct., 1841). 

Fig. 29. H. pyriformis Zeller & Dodge (Type, Parks 2262). 

Fig. 30. H. Bemyi Zeller & Dodge (Type, M. Bemy, Brianqon, France). 

Fig. 31. H. retioulatus Zeller & Dodge (Type, J. B. Cleland 6, South Australia). 

Fig. 32. H. ruber Harkness (Cotype, Harirness 248 ). 

Fig. 33. H. spictensis Patouillard (Patouillard, Jura, France, Oct., 1906). 

Fig. 34. H. sulcatus Hesse (B. Hesse, Stadtwald, Germany, August, 1890). 

Fig. 35. H. tener Berkeley & Broome (Tulasne, Sept., 1844, type of H. argen- 

teas). 

Fig. 36. H. Thwaitesii Berkeley & Broome (Type, G. H. H. Thwaites, Port- 

bury, England). 

Fig. 37. H. verrucosus Bucholtz (Type, Buoholtz 1283). 

Fig. 38. H. visoidus Massee & Rodway (Type, Rodway 270, Hobart, Tasmania).

(VOL. 21, 1934] 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 

PLATE 18 (Continued) 

Fig. 39. H. vulgaris Tulasne (Type, Tulamne, Apr. 17, 1846). 

Fig. 40. H. zeylanious Petch (Type, Petch 4603, Hakgala, Ceylon). 

Fig. 41. H. MoMurphyi Zeller & Dodge (Type, McMurphy 292). 

Fig. 42. Bichoniella asterospora (Coker & Couch ) Zeller & Dodge (Type, J. N. 

4 Elae B. Couch, Univ. N. Car. Herb. 8271). 

Fig. 43. B. leptoniispora (Richon) Costantin & Dufour (M. Panea'u, Verdun, 

France). 

Fig. 44. Dendrogaster cambodgensis Patouillard (Type, M. Petelot, Cambodia). 

Fig. 45. D. connectens Bueholtz (Type, Bucholtz, Mikhailovskoe, U. S. S. R.). 

Fig. 46. D. foetidus (Coker & Couch) Zeller & Dodge (Type, Couch, Univ. 

N. Oar. Herb. 7467). 

Fig. 47. D. major Zeller & Dodge (Type, J. McMurphy 281). 

Fig. 48. D. megasporus Zeller & Dodge (Type, H. E. Parks 977). 

Fig. 49. D. radiatus (Lloyd) Zeller & Dodge (Type, F. Eyles 2530, Union S. 

Africa Dept. Agr. Myc. Herb.). 

Fig. 50. D. utriculatus (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge (Cotype, Harkness 244). 

Fig. 51. Gautieria albida (Massee & Rodway) Zeller & Dodge (Type, Roduway 

643, Tasmania). 

Fig. 52. G. casudata (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge (Cotype, Harkness 240). 

Fig. 53. G. gaustieriotd6s (Lloyd) Zeller & Dodge (Type, H. B. Parks, Univ. 

Cal. 493). 

Fig. 54. G. graveolens Vittadini (Type, 0. Vittadini, Piemonte, Italy). 

Fig. 55. G. graveolenw var. Otthii (Trog) Zeller & Dodge (Type, G. Otth, Hardlisberg, 

Switzerland). 

Fig. 56. G. chilensis Zeller & Dodge (Type, Thaxter F. H. 14, Punta Arenas, 

Chile). 

Fig. 57. G. mexicana (Fischer) Zeller & Dodge (Type, Chatin, Mexico). 

Fig. 58. G. nmonticola Harkness (Cotype, Harkness 113). 

Fig. 59. G. morchelliformis Vittadini (C. Vittadini, Milano, Italy). 

Fig. 60. G. patida Harkness (Type, Harkness 81). 

Fig. 61. G. Parksiana Zeller & Dodge (Type, H. B. Parks 441). 

Pig. 62. G. plumbea Zeller & Dodge (Type, J. R. Weir, Priest River, Id.). 

Fig. 63. G. retirugosa Th. M. Fries (Type, T. Vestergren, Valistena, Sweden). 

Fig. 64. G. Rodwayi (Massee) Zeller & Dodge (Type, Rodway 116, Tasmania). 

Fig. 65. G. Trabuti (COhatin) Patouillard (Type, Trabut, Algeria). 

Fig. 66. G. Harknessii Zeller & Dodge (Type, Harkness 233). 

Fig. 67. Dendrogaster candidus (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge (Cotype, Harkness 

9) 

Pig. 68. D. globosus (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge (Cotype, Harkness 246).

52 

3 9 

ANN. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 21, 1934 

59 

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