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Vo[- z rrn, y oktolre- 7959<br />
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Forsiden viser ?e.loschistes puber (Ach.) Alnb'. de1' u1f Arup'<br />
Dette h.efte tileglnes ove Alnborn i anledning af hans 75 Ars dag'<br />
HcO- trYk<br />
rssN 090L-7593
OveAlmbornTS6r<br />
ove och jag triiffades ftirsta gangen under hostterminen 1970. Ett stort<br />
luga priiglade ove's rum och jag frck ta piats i besdksstolen bakom clet till<br />
siJta- kvadratcentimetern med boktravar och handlingar belamrade<br />
skrivbordet. Sedan jag framfiirt mitt drende om eventuella<br />
trebetygsstudier 6ver lavar minns jag att vi talade iiver min bakgrund<br />
samt dflvarande sysselsdttning. Bakgrunden var minst sagt lika viktig som<br />
ftrutsiittningaraa att kunna genomftira trebetygsstudier. Eft'er en trevlig<br />
pratstund grck vi upp tilt fidrde viningen ddr j?g nir ftirsta gAngen fick<br />
Itifta bekantskap med Ove's omfattande lavbibliotek samt fiirstAs even<br />
lavherbariet. .fag hade svArt att ftirest?illa mig att en person hade l6st sA<br />
mycket biicker, varav mdnga var utgivna pd exotiska- sprAk som<br />
bulgariska, japanska, ukrainska eller serbokroatiska. Fran detta tillf?ille<br />
minns jag nog andA Galloe's vackra bokverk btist. Budskapet med vackra<br />
bilder ocrr ute text gick lattare hem hos en 6nnu mycket oinitierad och p{<br />
japanska eller ukrainska ej tillriickligt viil pAliist }ng stulggt: Jag ftl1s-t-ocl<br />
iite ttelte" dA siirskilt vdl finessersa med att en bok som vid inkOpstillftillet<br />
1939 kostat ? kr, trettio ar senare var vdrd ca. 7000 kronor eller att nagon<br />
bok i Ove's bibliotek faktiskt saknades i andra kollegors bokhyllor.<br />
vid samma tillfalle visade mig ove dven materialet ftir en liimlig<br />
arbetsuppgift eller ndrmare bestdmt systematiken inom davarande<br />
Lecidea-oliuaceae gntppen. Redan efter ftirsta anblicken pd eliindet blev<br />
jag fttga entusiastisk och jag hade nog inte heller skrivit de hiir raderna om<br />
jag fttisitkt litsa den uppgiften. Efter ett andra besiik hade Ove emellertid<br />
plockat fram nAgra islandslavar som biittre fiill mig -i<br />
smaken och<br />
problemet med alt skilja ut olika morfotyper aeil hjalp av kemiska<br />
ieagens fdrefiill dd mycket enklare. Min gode ldromdstare- B-fv -<strong>ry</strong>ig<br />
endast diffisa instruktioner i hanteringen av den alkolhaltiga<br />
parafenyleudiaminldsningen, "mJilertid vilket resulterade i att storre delen av min<br />
-omgivniug,<br />
under slitet med att urskilja Cetraria ericetorum 6ven blev<br />
PD positiv. Trots en och annan PD-ad bok ur ove's bibliotek blev det i<br />
allafall en trea 6ver islandslavarnas systematik. Ove var emellertid dA som<br />
nu svar att overtyga om nagon annans uppfattning, vilket i detta speciglla<br />
fallet giillde beratligandet av Cetraria ericetorutn Gamla visdomoord har<br />
autid vagt hrngt f
124<br />
med lagerkrans, trots att jag rdkade gtira samma kardinalfel som Hult6n i<br />
stavningen av det svira ordet quaterna<strong>ry</strong>.<br />
Trots den trettioariga alderskillnaden har ove ochjag blivitriktigt goda<br />
vdnner under irenJ lopp. Det finns dven mAnga goda och roliga minnen<br />
frAn Aren med Ove och bland de goda tiinker jag kanske frdmst pd alla de<br />
middagar ove frikostigt bjudit pa, ofta i samband med besiik av utldndska<br />
giister. Ett mycket roligt minne i detta sammanhanget iir ndr vi fcirsdkte<br />
lura i sndlle Ernie Brodo griskiitt. I sista stund avsldjades emellertid<br />
,,komplotten" (=kompotten) av Ernie, som istdllet ftr den delikata fl6skfil6n<br />
frck Mlla tillgodo med fiskpinnar.<br />
MAnga av tnina trevligaste minnen dr emellertid frAn vAr gemensamma<br />
resa hU s6dra Afrika under vintern 1984. Det bdr pApekas i sanmanhanget<br />
att varken ove eller jag sj€ilvfallet dr nagra supportrar av det egendomliga<br />
"separationssystem" som rader i detta annarsi si vackra och floristiskt rika<br />
laq-d. Endast Ove och jag kuude med glimten i 6gat bo lika bra pA hotell fiir<br />
fdrgade, tita middag pA restauranger ftir svarta eller gi in i fel i-ngAng i<br />
affe.er, vilket inte allticl uppskattades lika viil av vira bleknosiga \oqegol<br />
som brukar kalla sig sjiiiva "afrikaaner". Klimatet i detta m6rka land<br />
maste anDars anses som nycket behagligt {iir ftiltarbete eller som ove<br />
ut<strong>ry</strong>drte det "att eqdast en t1p av vdder lnrnde registreras"._En gAng klev<br />
stor och reslig giraffbokstavligen ut iiver var ftsrdvdg, vilket giorde en<br />
"n entusiastiskt gestikulerade ove plotsligt 30 ar yngre. Mitt grundtips dr nog<br />
dtirfiir att vi ithnil skulle behiiva lite mer giraffer i de ibland sa nnnars lite<br />
grA eller kritstreckrandiga akademiska korridoreraa.<br />
vi kom hem v6l efter resan och det har viil blivit ett odr an-at giort sedan<br />
dess. Materialet iir i varje fall etiketterat och uppordnat pA sliikten samt i<br />
minga fall utskickat till specialister. F6r min sggn del har det blivit nagra<br />
r""oifl"t sedan dess son naturligtvis resulterat i nya travar av lavar och<br />
htigar av arbetsuppgrfter. Men jag har ocksa liirt mig 9tt _och annat<br />
vislomsord av min gode vdn. Om man siktar pA ett lAngt liv framftir ett<br />
kammarflimmer i 50-6rs Aldern, kan man ju alltid. ta itu med dessa<br />
uppgifter i morgon. Men dessftirinnan hoppas jag att *t aE: skall bli<br />
UUAI" att dela Jn Griinberger Stein med min gode vdn i Clanwilliam.<br />
Ove, Dina elever i Lund, samt iivriga. kollegor frAn ndr och fidlran ber att<br />
nu lite i efterhand fA lyckdnska Dig pA 75-Arsdagen-<br />
Ingvar Kdrnefelt
125<br />
Graphis Scripta 22125-127, 1989.<br />
The production of rhodocladonic acid in Cladonia bacillifurmis and<br />
C. norvegica triggered by the presence of a lichenicolous mite<br />
Einar Timdal<br />
Botanical Museum, University of <strong>Oslo</strong>, Trondheimsveien 23 B, N-0562 <strong>Oslo</strong> 5, Norway<br />
Abstract Rhodocladonic acid is produced in the thallus of Cladonia<br />
bacilliformis md C. norttegica around cavities made by a lichenicolous mite,<br />
possibly as a defence against further grazing. This is apparently the frst<br />
report of the production of a lichen substance riggered by an ecological<br />
factor, and the taxonomic implications are briefly discussed. Cladonia<br />
norvegica is reported from Madeira, the frst record from outside Europe.<br />
Introduction<br />
In 1981, I started collecting some lichens belonging in cladonia sect cocciferae<br />
subsect. Ochroleucae with deep red spos on the thallus. Some specimens clearly<br />
belonged in c. bacillifonzr.r (Nyl.) Gliick, but the major part of the material apparently<br />
in an undescribed species. At the same time Tgnsberg & Holien (1984) discovered<br />
1ld described C. nomegtca Tgnsberg & Holien from Cenral Norway. Tgnsberg &<br />
Holien (1984) gave no indication of red pigments in c. nomegica, but it later became<br />
clear that our material was conspecific.<br />
Results<br />
Jhe red spots occurred mainly on the basal squamules, more rarely on the podetia.<br />
Young spots were first visible on the underside of the squamules, but later often<br />
penetrated it. In c. nomegica, specimens with large red spots on the basal squamules<br />
produced fcw, small, and often deformed podetia and large, densely proliferating basal<br />
squamules, whereas specimens lacking red spots produced larger, more regular podetia<br />
and smaller basal squamules. ln c. bacilliformis, the spots were usually more<br />
inconspicious and no distinct modification of the thallus was observed. The red spots<br />
were K+ purple-black, and the compound identified by TLC as rhodocladonic acid.<br />
Inside eve<strong>ry</strong> examined spor was a little cavity, frequently containing a single,<br />
approximately 0.1 mm long, colourless mite. In cavities lacking the mite, there was<br />
usually a little hole leading out from the cavity to the underside, and often brownish<br />
black grains (excremens?) left in the cavity. It appeared that the mite fed on the<br />
hlphae of the lichen, and made the hole when leaving the cavity. c<strong>ry</strong>stals of rhodocladonic<br />
acid were deposited on the surrounding hlphae up to I mm from the cavity.<br />
Lichenicolous mites are common n Cladonia species growing in old spruCe<br />
forests in southeast Norway, and specimens of C. nonegica that are-not infested are<br />
rarely found in this area. Mites living in similar cavities in the thallus of c.<br />
bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaerer, C- cenotea (Ach.) Schaerer, C. coniocraea auct.. C.
126<br />
digitata (L.) Hoffm., ffid C. squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. were observed, but in these<br />
species no additional lichen compound occurred.<br />
Discussion<br />
Rhodocladonic acid is restricted to areas infested by mites in C. bacilliformis and C.<br />
nomegica. From this follows some assumptions:<br />
. The genetic material needed for the synthesis of a particular lichen compound may<br />
Ue presint in a specimen without being expressed in the phen_otype. Hence, a.chemical<br />
difference between two specimens may not neccessarily rcflect a genetic difference.<br />
This contradics a general assumption in lichenology rccently explessed, e.g., by Brodo<br />
(1986: 137) as 'th-e presence oiabsence of chemical compounds is an expression of<br />
the genotype'.<br />
. The production of some lichen substances may sometimes be qiggereq by ecological<br />
facton- There are apparently no previous reports of ecological factors influencing the<br />
presence or absence'of a iictreri compound., although it is well.known that light<br />
intensity may influence the amount of cortical pigment g_odlced in many lichens<br />
Geview'ed by Rundel l9?8, Lawrcy 1986). Carlil-(1986, 1987) has suggested from a<br />
Uio"tr"-i""Lpoint of view that ctrimicat strains differing in the.degree of oxidation of<br />
fhe tichen co'mpound only, such as norstictic and salazinic acid in some Uszea species,<br />
might be due io differerit metabolic activities in plants of the same genoqrpe caused<br />
Ui?ffo*t energy supplies of the plans. Carlin gave no evidence supporting his<br />
theo<strong>ry</strong>, however.<br />
. Ctadonia bacilliformis and C. rurttegrica are chemically more closely relate/ to the<br />
other species of sect. Cocciferae than previously realizcd, and this suPports the current<br />
U*ono-i" arrangement of rhe nvo species. The genetic material necded for producing<br />
rhodocladonic aIiC occun in at least two species of subsecl Ochroleucae' although<br />
utoUfy not expressed. The absence of rhodocladonic acid from the hymenium in this<br />
subsection is probably the result of a rpduction.<br />
. If so, absence of a particulal lichen compound may be a derived chafacter state'<br />
. In this particular instance, it is temp'$ng to regard the production of rhodocladonic<br />
acid as a iefence mechanism against furttrer grazing of the mite. The biological roles<br />
oflichen substances have been-much debated, and an antiherbivore.role has often been<br />
assumed @undel 1978, Lawrey 1986). It is.known that feeding and development -of<br />
some artt[opodes, including -mites, on lichens , may_ result in formation of e3{s<br />
(reviewed by Genon 1973). See Seyd & seaward (1984) for a comPrehensrve revrew<br />
of the known associations of oribatid mitcs and lichens.<br />
The distribution of Cladonia norvegica *<br />
Ctdonia nontegica was known mainly from the humid spruce forests in 'Cenral<br />
No"""t by Tgniberg & Holien (1934).- It was reported as new to.Sweden by Muhr<br />
ifSSOi'-d to West-Germany by Wirth (1987I bo$ 1eporu *9t" pTd on material<br />
;;;*1ff"id tl"dociaaonic oiA ina mites in the thallui (examined by me, but not<br />
*See also the following PaPer by Kuusinen et a1' ' ed'
127<br />
previously reported). It was later reported from Austria by Rouss et<br />
material was- said to have red spots on the basal squamules, but<br />
comrnents.<br />
Under this circumscription, C. nort,egicc should be regarded as a<br />
lichen in ttre old spruce forests throughout southern Fennoscandia.<br />
scattered in Centrat Europe, and is here reported from Madeira<br />
rhodocladonic acid and mites in the thallus)-<br />
Specimens examined<br />
(fi O unless othenpise stated; specimens containing rhodocladonic acid only):<br />
al. (1987); this<br />
without further<br />
rather common<br />
It also occurs<br />
(with spots of<br />
Cladonia bacillifurmis: Norway: Oppland (Holtan-Hartwig & Timdal 2653), Buskerud Gimdal 3065'<br />
3066, 3357), Tltemart Cfimdal gjtiO), Nord-TrFndelag Cfimdal 2999); Sweden: Dalarne Cfimdal<br />
21g4),.A,neermanland (timdal 2836), Jiimtland Ctimdal 2848), Vlisterbonen (fimdal 28Ol), Nonbonen<br />
cfimdal 2787); Finland: Kuusamo climdzl 2756ub, 2768).<br />
Ctadonia romegica: Nonray: Ostfold (Iimdal 2924, 3339, 3Y2, 3345), Akershus Climdat 2493,<br />
250g, 25l3a,b,i X20,2933,3405), <strong>Oslo</strong> Climdal 249/4,2500, 2501, ?5C/.,25A7,2518a'b,c,2519,<br />
iszt, xi+,''*is, zsz6, 2sz7a,b,c, zsz8, 2s31, 2959), oppland (Holta<strong>ry</strong>Hartwig & Timdar 25Y,<br />
2659, 2662, ZffiS, 26116, Timdal 3878), Buskerud (Holtan-Harnvig & Timdal 2669,2671, Timdal 2929'<br />
2931,2g32a,b,3063, 3090, 3150, 3i52,3385, 3396), Telemark (timdal 33u,35n,3745,376),<br />
nurt-AgOer (ttorOnes l8f-1982), Nord-Trpndelag Cfimdal 2963); Sweden: Bohusliin (fimdal 3795),<br />
Datslanl (rimdal 37sg), vaste*ottand (timdal i752,38?5), verdand (Muhr 57a, Sundell 15169'<br />
Timdal 2672, Zgtt), Ne*e Cfi*Oat 2674), Stidermanland Cfimdal 3038), UPPla,( _Cfimdal 3051)'<br />
Vdstmanland (Cartin 81-35, herb. Carlin), Dalame (Thor 2473, 2493,2491,2495, all S; Timdal 2865,<br />
ZgTg), Gesgikland Climdal 2856), Htilsingland (Esseen 150/81, herb. Esseen; Timdal 2854), Medelpad<br />
CfimOA Zg1g),Viisrerbouen Crtror?526,1521,2540,a1I S), Asetf-appmark (nmdal 2830a), Lycksele<br />
Lppmart fimdal ZBZ3); Finland: Nyland (Thor 2431, S); \ilest Germany: BadegWiirtrcmberg<br />
(Siliindlet iwX, herb. Schindler; 11939); Madeira, Carreira do Gavalo,32o46'N, 17"01'W, alL 660<br />
rr, 4 April 1988, Haugan et al. 5996.<br />
References<br />
Brodo, I.M. 1986: Interpreting chemical variation in lichens for systematic purposes-<br />
B<strong>ry</strong>ologist 89: L32-138.<br />
Carlin, b. tgSO: The chemical strains of ILsnca lapponica and U. glabrescens in<br />
Sweden. Graphis Scripta 1: 2942-<br />
Carlin, G. 1987: On the use of chemical characters in lichen tru(onomy. Graphis<br />
Scripta 1: 72n6.<br />
Gerson, tJ. 1973: Lichen-arthropod associations. Lichenologist 5: 434-443 -<br />
Lawrey, J.D. 1986: Biological iole of lichen substances. B<strong>ry</strong>ologist 89: lll-122.<br />
Muhr,-L.-E. 1986: I-avfloian i Gravbiicksravinen i Varmland. Sveruk bot. Tidskr. 81:<br />
nn6.<br />
Rundel, P.'W. 1978: The ecological role of seronda<strong>ry</strong> lichen substances. Biochem.<br />
System. Ecol. 6: 157-170.<br />
Ruoss, E., Mayrhofer, H. & Pongratz, W. 1987: Eine Rentier- und eine Becherflechte<br />
neu ftir die Steierrnark. Mitt. ru$urw. Ver. Steiermark LL7: 105-110.<br />
Seyd, EI. & Seaward, M.R.D. 1984: The association of oribatid mites with lichens.<br />
hol. J. linn. Soc. 80: 36Y4?n.<br />
Tgnsberg, T. & Holien, H. 1984: Cladonra (sect. Cocciferae) rnrtegica, a new lichen<br />
species. Nord. J. Bot. 4: 7T82.<br />
Wirth, V. 1987: Die Flechten Baden-Wintembergs. Verbreitungsatlas. Eugen {Jlmer,<br />
Stuttgart.
Graphis Scripta 22128-133 , 1989.<br />
128<br />
CIADONIA NOR\IEGTCA A}ID C. INCRASSATA IN FINIAND<br />
Mikko Kuusinen, Soili Stenroos & Teuvo Ahti, Dept. of Botany,<br />
University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 44 , SF-ool'? 0 HeIsinki,<br />
Finland.<br />
ABSTRACT. During recent field work concentrating on<br />
threatened or rare lichen species in Finland two species of<br />
Cladonia sect. Cocciferae , vLz. Cladonia no:rregica Tpnsb. &<br />
Holien and g. incrassata Plorke, were recorded as new to<br />
Finland. C. norrregica is also reported f rom Poland and ltaly '<br />
Cladoni-a norrregica<br />
This small Cladonia species was described by T/nsberg and<br />
Holien (1984) from Nor:vay, where it is widespread in hunid<br />
picea abies forests. L,ater it hras recorded f rom Sweden (l{uhr<br />
j.9g6) , West Gemany (wirth Lg87) , and Austria (Ruoss et aI-<br />
19g7) . This is the first record of C. notrrecrica from Finland,<br />
poland and f ta1y. g- nonregica seems to be prirnarily a boreal<br />
species occurring in Fennoscandia and high mountains of<br />
Central EuroPe (Fig. 1) -<br />
The morphology of e. norrrecrica nas well described by T/nsberg<br />
and Holien (1994). However, the podetia of this species are<br />
usually shorter (< 1 cm high) in Finland than in the<br />
Norrregian naterial ( 1. 5 - 3 cm high) . The best f ierd<br />
character of this species, vLz. the small, intensively red<br />
spots on the basal squamules and the medulla of the podetia,<br />
was not nentioned in the original description, but was<br />
obselrred by Ruoss et al . ( 1987 ) . These red spots contain<br />
rhodocladonic acid. They are often visible to the naked eye<br />
and seem to be most common on aging thalli. g. notrregica is<br />
usually sterile in Finland,, but fertile sPecimens have been<br />
found occasiona1lY.<br />
The chemist<strong>ry</strong> of rnost of the specimens collected from Finland<br />
was tested by the standard methods of thin layer
129<br />
chromatography (fLC; Culberson t972, solvent At White & James<br />
L985, solvent B) . The rnajor compound is barbatic acid but the<br />
accesso<strong>ry</strong> substances rhodocladonic and 4-O-demethylbarbatic<br />
acids are generally also present in snall amounts ( for the<br />
concentrations of the substances, see Huovinen et aI. 1989).<br />
Although C. nonre€rica is closely related to g. bacill if ormis ,<br />
it is most often misidentified as g. coniocraea, with which<br />
it often grows. The more finely divided, red-spotted basalsqluamules<br />
and usually shorter podetia of g. norrregica help to<br />
separate these two species in the fie1d. Furthermore, the<br />
chemist<strong>ry</strong> of g, coniocraea is different: it reacts PD+ and<br />
UV- (funarprotocetraric acid) . The ]ack of usnic acid in c.<br />
norregica distinguishes it fron g. bacilliformis.<br />
c. no:rregica has usually been found in Finland on decaying,<br />
often decorticated and mossy tmnks of conifers lying on the<br />
ground in moist, shaded habitats. It is a tlpical species of<br />
old stands and virgin, mesic or paludified Pieea abies<br />
forests. It can also be found in young forests, but usually<br />
in uroist environments 2 €.g. on north or east slopesr ot near<br />
springs and brooks. It is most often associated with hepatics<br />
(e. g. Ptilidium puleherrimum and Cenhalozia spp, ) , as well as<br />
Cladonia coniocraea and C. cenotea . More rarely C. norrreqica<br />
has been found on basal tnrnks of Picea abies and Betula.<br />
Cr- notrtegica appears to be a relatively conmon but overlooked<br />
species in southern and central Finland. fts occurrence and<br />
abundance in northern parts of the countr? has yet to be<br />
explored. Favouring old stand and virgin coniferous forests,<br />
g. norrregica may have suffered from modern woodland<br />
management, especially clear-cuttingr. ft has not been listed<br />
as a threatened species in any part of the count<strong>ry</strong>, however.<br />
Selected specinens examined: FfNLAND. Varsinais-Suoni. Lohja<br />
r}ral parish: Seppe1a, Mussaari, 50 m, L987 Kuusinen 903 (H) .<br />
vihti: Kourld, hill Konia , L2a m, 1999, xuusinen tsge (H1 .<br />
Uusimaa. Kirkkonumlli : 6sterby, Stenbacka, 55 m, L98B Kuusinen<br />
1354 (H). Tammisaari: Tammisaari Nat. Park, island Jussar6,<br />
10 m, 1989 Kuusinen 2480 (H). siuntio: Kynnar, Djupbick, 60<br />
mr 1988 r Kuusinen 1595 (H) . Satalctrnta. fkaaLinen:<br />
Seitseminen Nat. Park, Multiharju, 165 m, 1989 Kuusinen 24L5<br />
(H) . - SoutJr Hi'ne. Lammi: Evo, Kotinen primeval forest ai€dr
130<br />
E of lake Valkea Kotinen, L9B7 Kuusinen 1149 (H) . Kuhmoinen:<br />
Vesijako Strict Nature Resenre, N of Hyodynrniki , L45 m, L989,<br />
Kuusinen 2626 (H). Ruovesi: Siikaneva, Pikkulatosaari, L7O m,<br />
1988 , Kuusinen 1594 (H) . Souttr Savo. Va1keala: Miettula,<br />
Sammalisenkalliot, 90 m, L988 , Kuusinen 162 6 (H) . North<br />
Hime. Saarijiinri: grhd-Hakki Nat. Park, near lake Iso<br />
Kotajinri, 155 m, 1989 Kuusinen 24O6 (H) . North Savo.<br />
Vieremii: Karankamdki, N of Joutenj rini , 2oO m, L989 , Kuusinen<br />
& Ahti 2565 (H). Kainuu. Vuolijoki: Saaresmiki, along creek<br />
Kiannosjoki , L95-200 m, 1989, Atrti & Kuusinen 48405 (H) . -<br />
Peri-Pohjanmaa. Rovaniemi rural parish: Kaihuanvaara, L986,<br />
Vanha-Mar amaa (H) .<br />
POLAND. Prov. Nowy Sacz: Tatra Nat. Park, upper end of<br />
Dolina Mietusia, 1 160 m, l-986 Atrti & Drozdowicz 45554 (H) .<br />
ITALY. Friuli Venezia Giulia. Prov. Udine. Ampezzo3 Passo<br />
Pura, 1 44O m, 1986 Ahti & James 45452 (BM, H).<br />
Cladonia incrassata<br />
e. incrassata is a suboceanic species distributed in Burope,<br />
eastern parts of North Anerica and East Asia (Trass l-958,<br />
Thomson L967, Ahti L977) . Closest to Finland it has been<br />
found from South Scandinavia (Alnborn 1948, Santesson 1984)<br />
and Estonia (Trass 1958 ) . This species rtas discovered as new<br />
to Finland from a drained peat bog on the south coast by the<br />
author Ahti in L979 (Kulckonen & Koponen L980, Rassi et al-.<br />
1986). This is still the only known locality of g. incrassata<br />
in Finland (Fig. 1) .<br />
C. -incrassata grows often in large patch€sr which are easily<br />
recogrnized by small (2-10 nm high), simple, areolatecorticate<br />
podetia with red hlmenia. Basal sqfuamules are<br />
small, yellowish-green above, pale below and usually<br />
abundantly sorediate at the margins. When sterile g.<br />
incrassata is easily overlooked or misidentified aq g.<br />
digitata or g. cenotea, the two conmon species in similar<br />
habitats. The chemist<strong>ry</strong> of g. incrassata is, howev€Er<br />
distinct: it contains usnic, didlmic and sqluamatic acids as<br />
the major aromatic substances; rhodocladonic (hymenia),<br />
condidlmic, subdialmic and barbatic acids are f ound as<br />
accesso<strong>ry</strong> (Huovinen et al. 1989).<br />
The habitat of c. incrassata in Finland is typical for the
. 1__--1<br />
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1 t,<br />
Iig. 1. -Total dj-stribution of Cl"adonia norvegica.* The<br />
localities narked with an open circle are basea on T/nsberg &<br />
Holien (1984), lluhr (1986) and Ruoss et al. (1992). The<br />
Iocality of Cladonia incrassata in Finland is narked with a star.<br />
* See also the preceeding paper by Tirndal, ed.<br />
t<br />
._.-1<br />
:<br />
.-j.<br />
"r"-i
132<br />
species : it grrows on the surface of old, vertical , up to L m<br />
high peat-cuts.<br />
The locality of g. incrassata is situated in a densely<br />
popuiated area in the city of Espoo close to Helsinki. The<br />
bog Turrresuo was earlier excavated for peat-litter indust<strong>ry</strong><br />
and later used as a dunp site, and most of it is now buried<br />
under garbag€. It is therefore probable that g. incrassata<br />
was previously more widespread in the bog. During a thorough<br />
survey of the rest of the bog in May 1989 the species proved<br />
to be verar sparse in the area, only ca. 8 patches being found<br />
witlrin ca. 2OO tn2.<br />
g. incrassata is classified as an endangered species in<br />
Finland (Rassi et aI. 1986, Rassi & Vdisinen 1987). The<br />
loeality of the species has late1y been threatened by<br />
constrrrction in the area. However, it seems now that the<br />
Iocality will be saved as a municipal consenration area, the<br />
first one in Finland established for a lichen species.<br />
Selected specinens examined: FINIAND. Uusinaa. Espoo:<br />
Mankkdd r Turrresuo ( ItNuij ala, Kilonsuofr ) , L979 Afrti 37788 (H,<br />
O) ; 1987 Kuusinen, Stenroos & Atrti. 996 (H) .<br />
Acknowledgenents<br />
The field work nas partly financed by the Finnish Minist<strong>ry</strong> of<br />
Environnent, and the detailed mapping of e. incrassata by the<br />
City of Espoo. l{r. Sanuel Hamrner revised the English<br />
languagre.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Ahti, T. 1977: Cladonia wigg., nom. cons. subgen. Cladonia. -<br />
In: Poelt , J. & Vezda, A. (eds. ) . Bestimmungsschl0ssel<br />
europiischer Flechten, Erginzungsheft I. Biblioth.<br />
Lichenol . 9:45-95.<br />
AlmboFD, O. L948: Distribution and ecolog<strong>ry</strong> of some South<br />
Scandinavian lichens. Bot. Notiser suppl. 1 (2) :L-252.<br />
Culberson, c.F. L9722 Improved conditions and new data for<br />
the identification of of lichen products by a standardized<br />
thin-layer chromatographic rnethod. J. Chromatogr . 72 z LL3-<br />
L25.
133<br />
Huovinen, K., Ahti, T. 6. stenroos, s. l-9g9: The composition<br />
and contents of aromatic l ichen substances in Cladoiria,<br />
section cocciferae. - Ann. Bot. Fennici 26:l_33-14g.<br />
Kukkonen I T & Koponen, T. l-9BO : Accessions to the Botanical<br />
lluseum, University of Helsinki/nelsingfors, in Lg79-1980.<br />
Memoranda soc. Fauna Flora Fennica s6 z l_59 -161 .<br />
I'Iuhr, L--8. 1986: Lavfloran i Gravbdcksravinen i Vdrm1and. -<br />
Svensk Bot. Tidskr, g l_ : L7 -3 6 .<br />
Rassi , P- , Alanen, A. , Kemppainen , E. , vickholm , y[. &<br />
vdisdnen, R. 19gG: uhanalaisten eiainien ja kasvien<br />
suoj elutoimikunnan urietint6. f f f . Suomen uhanalaiset kasvit.<br />
43L pp. He1sinki.<br />
Rassi . P. & Viisinen' R. (eds. ) l-987: Threatened animals and<br />
plants in Finland. English sunmarar of .the report of the<br />
Cornmittee for the conienration of Threatened Aninals ina<br />
Plants in Finland. - g2 pp. Helsinki.<br />
Ruoss , E- , Mayrhofer, H. & Pongratz, W. 19g7: Eine Rentierund<br />
eine Becherflechte neu ffir die Steieraarkr - Mitt.<br />
Natu:*riss. ver. steieraark lLz : 105-110.<br />
santesson' R. 1984: The lichens of sweden and Norway. 333<br />
pp. Stockholm and Uppsala.<br />
Thomsonr J-W. 19672 The lichen genus cladonia in North<br />
America. - L7Z pp. Toronto.<br />
Trass, H- 1958: Eesti NSV kladooniate (podrasamblike)<br />
m66raja- - Loodusuurijate Selts Eesti Nsv Teaduste Akadeemia<br />
Juures, Abiks r.oodusevaatrej are 39 : 1-11_4 .<br />
T/nsbergt . T- & Holien , H. 1984: cladonia<br />
norvegica'<br />
(sect. cocciferae)<br />
a new lichen species. Nord. J. Bot . 4:79-gz.<br />
I{hite, J' & James, P.w. 1985: A new guide to microchenical<br />
!"glt"igtlgs for the identification of-<br />
Bull .<br />
lichen substances.<br />
British Lich . -<br />
Soc . 57: J.-4 f- .<br />
wirth, v. 1987: Die Frechten Baden-worttembergs.<br />
verbreitungsatlas. - szg pp. stuttgart. -
craphis Scripta 2: 1 34-1 37 , 1989 .<br />
134<br />
Evolutionsgtrader hos Teloschistac:eerna - en Iangsan process<br />
Ingvar llAraefelt, Department of systematic botany, University of Lund,<br />
Ostra Vallgatan 18-20, 223 61 Lund.<br />
Abstract. The evolutiona<strong>ry</strong> process and its impact on speciation and emergence of<br />
genera is discussed briefly for the Teloschistaceae. Many facts which have been<br />
recognized mainly from studies of morphological variation within populations in<br />
addition to analyses of structural variation from herbarium material speak for a<br />
conceivable slow evolutiona<strong>ry</strong> process represented in this family' Some examples are<br />
discussed in the three most important recogrrized genera related also to 8trange<br />
biogeographical ranges.<br />
Jiimfiirt med hos andra vextgrupper egnas inte sdrskilt mycket<br />
uppmerksamhet At evolutionsprocessen_ och dess effekt pA artbiJdning eller<br />
"ii".r.ri"g av hiigre taxonomiska kategorier -hos<br />
de licheniserade<br />
.""o-y""ti*a. Defberor naturligtvis pa enkla fakta som svarigheter att<br />
utfttra genetiska analyser som bas fdr evolutionara teorier.<br />
Evolutioisprocessen dr en kontinuer5g process och skillnaden mellan olika<br />
["riaf,,t"a" genomgar en serie av olika stadier i takt med<br />
tiden (Grant "Wecklingslinjer lg77): Normalt brukar vi betrakta denna process som<br />
g""gr"fi"t artbildning, d.v.s. en ursprunglig population splittras upp i tva<br />
El""r n"t. lokala fott"ettningsvis i geografrska rase-r'-underarter,<br />
arter och artgrupper. """1"i, uppspiittringen kan sedan fortsiitta till hiigre nivaer<br />
"o- "faf.t"" ich fimiljei.-nfterso*t"trna process dr stdndig mAqte det dven<br />
vara ntijligt att obsefoera processen pA vilket stadium som helst och inte<br />
endast vidirxerade punkter som arter och sliikten'<br />
- Indicierna filr geografisk artbildning dr omfattande hos de licheniserade<br />
asco^ycetetn" .itt Jt framg6r av mAnga arbeten betrdffande strukturell<br />
och kemisk variation fran oiika omreden hos minga olika grupper<br />
Betriiffande avgrd.nsningsproblem hos arter frnns det mAnga exempel<br />
frAn alla de stdrre sldktena inom familjen even iuom de tempereade<br />
omrAdena men i detta sammanhanget vill jag belysa svArigheterna att<br />
urskilja distinkta arter frdmst ifrin den subtropiska zonen. Xanthoria<br />
capensis Almb. ined. och X. mandschurica Asahina, som ftirkommer<br />
uteslutande p6 havsstrandsklippor i stidra Afrika respektive i 6stra Asien, dr<br />
frdmst karakteriserade pA ganska smala och konvexa lober med smd<br />
pseudocyfeller. Strukturella skillnader dr emellertid knappast mdrkbara<br />
mellan dessa b6da enheter, vilket snarare talar ftir att det riir sig om<br />
underarter inom samma taxon. Det frnns heller inga ktinda ftirkomster<br />
mellan dessa bAda disjunkta populationer. Utbredningen 6r ocksA mycket<br />
svAr att ftirklara med tanke pA att utbredningst;4per som berdr enheter i<br />
siidra Afrika vanligtvis kan relateras till andra omrAden och enheter pA<br />
sydhemisfiiren. Troligtvis har X. capensisl X. mandschurico komplexet<br />
eller dess fOregingare ursprungligen haft en mer omfattande och<br />
kontinuerlig utbredning och idag AterstAr endast ett par mycket perifera<br />
stnrkturellt svagt differentierade populationer.<br />
Utbredningen av X. mendozae Rd.s. dr ett annat svArtolkat biogeografiskt<br />
problem. Xanthoria mendozae iir karakteriserad fr6.mst pA sina relativt<br />
tdtplacerade, subumbilicata och pA undersidan sorediOsa lobdelar.<br />
Ursprungligen var X. mendozae endast kiind frAn htiga hiijder i vdstra<br />
Argentina, men i samband med miua studier iiver siidra Afrikas<br />
Teloschistacder fann jag emellertid nAgra mycket liknande exemplar frAn<br />
Drakensbergen och nu 6r den dven kEind ifrAn Peru. Det miirkliga med<br />
dessa vitt disjunkta populationer i vdstra Sydamerika och i sddra Afrika tir<br />
att individen ftirfaller praktiskt tagit ofiiriindrade. Xanthoria mend.ozae<br />
verkar pd det hela tagit vara mycket siillsynt i sin mycket speciella milj0,<br />
och jag har svdrt att ftirestiilla mig att en framgAngsrik spridning och<br />
nyetablering ligger bakom den euorma disjunkta utbredningsarealen. Min<br />
teori dr istEiliet att de recenta populationem.a utg6r resterna av en mer<br />
sammanhdngande areal frAn krittidens Gondwanaland. Samtidigt mAste<br />
man emellertid de dven uppskatta Aldern ftr en sAdan hdr art till enormt<br />
hiig.<br />
Inom sldktet Teloschisfes finns det dven en del sviravgrdnsade<br />
artproblem, vilket nyligen delvis berdrdes av Almborn (1989). Teloschistes<br />
capensis (L. f.) Vain. ex Mtill. Arg., som dr endemisk ftir de sydv6stra<br />
delarna av Afrika, bildar i sina extremaste former ndstan oigenkiinnliga<br />
populationer. FrAn centrala Namibia 6r arten framftir allt ktind frAn sina<br />
enorma terrestra populationer. De gracila och upprdtta, helt sterila loberna,<br />
som tdcks av smi hyalina hAr, karakteriseras bland annat pA sina lAnga<br />
fibriller samt iippna barkltisa sprickor. I iivriga delar av<br />
utbredningsomrAdet ftirekommer T. capensis mest pA kvistar av olika<br />
buskar och den 6r vanligen dA dkt fertil och framftir allt karakteriserad p6<br />
sina mycket lAnga och smala fibriller, som bAde utg6r frAn apotheciekanten<br />
samt dven frAn sidoloberna. De hyalina hAren ftirefaller vara mycket mer<br />
spansamma pA dessa ferbila individen. Ar detta hiir frAga om en modifikativ<br />
anpassning till olika stAndortskrav och klimattyper eller observerar vi en<br />
evolutionsprocess som med tiden leder fram till ytterligare taxa i denna<br />
135
135<br />
artgnrpp? Mera intensiva fiiltstudier samt isoenzymanalyser borde kunna<br />
ge oss n6got svar pA de hdr fr6goma.<br />
Med tanke sdrskilt pA de sterila masspopulationerna av T. capensis i<br />
Namibciknen har meirkligt nog en parallellart utbildats under liknande<br />
okenartade fttrhAllanden i scidra Peru. Teloschistes peruensis (Ach.)<br />
Thoms., som fiirekommer i dessa sdrprdglade dkenomrAden i stora<br />
terrestra populationer, karakteriseras dven pA sina relativt lAnga och<br />
gracila lober med frbriller och ganska tydliga tippna barkliisa sprickor<br />
(Thomson & Iltis 1968). Loberna tdcks dven av mycket smA hyalina hAr pA<br />
samma vis som i T. capensis. Den mest framtriidande skillnaden mellan<br />
T. capensis och T. peruensis dr de lit€ tydligare barklcisa fissursprickorna<br />
hos den senare arten. Detta skulle kunna frirklaras som en anpassning av<br />
arten till de mycket extrema tikenftirhAllandena i sddra Perrr, d6,r de stiirre<br />
barklcisa delarna av loberna skulle mAste g:ynna vattenupptagning och<br />
resparation. Pe vilken taxonomisk rang man iin viiljer att behandla dessa<br />
bAda enheter, antar jag att de har ett gemensamt ursprung och att de nu<br />
existerande populationerna har bhvit geografiskt isolerade och som ti! fbljd<br />
av en mycket lAngsam evolutionsprocess endast uppvisar smA stnrlrturella<br />
skillnader.<br />
Inom det sttirsta sliiktet Caloplaca i familjen Tbloschistaceae finns d.et<br />
framftir allt mAnga problem betrEiffande vd.rdet med avgfensing av olika<br />
artgnrpper inom hcigre taxonomiska enheter men naturligtvis dven mAnga<br />
problem i avgrd,nsning av arter. I det hd,r sammanhanget vill jag bara ta<br />
upp ett exempel inom gruppen av svagt buskformade arter frAn den<br />
Afrikanska floran som emellertid kan belysa bAde evolutionen av sld,kten<br />
och arter. Tre arter eir urskiljda pA den Afrikanska kontinenten, ndmligen<br />
C. bonae-spei Almb. & Poelt, C. eudoxa (Miill Arg.) Zahlbnrckner samt<br />
C. mauritanica Werner (Poelt & Pelleter 1984). Calopla.ea bonae'spei,<br />
som endast 6r kiind frAn havsstriinderna kring Godahoppsudden, dr<br />
karakteriserad pA sina svagt busklika, lite dorsiventrala orangegula<br />
vanligen rikt fertila lober med pseudocyfelliknaden strukturer. De<br />
anatomsika skikten utmdrkes av ganska massiva skleroplectenchym.atiska<br />
hyfer med djupt liggande alger och olika kristaller. PA kustndra biotoper<br />
Idngre norr ut i Namibia fiirekommer emellertid den mycket liknande<br />
arten C. eudnxa. Den skiljer sig frdmst frAn C. bonae-spei i de oftast<br />
mycket svagare antraquinonpigpenterade och grAaktiga loberna.<br />
Apothecierna 6r emellertid vanligen mycket mera blodr6da i<br />
pigmenteringen vilket i enstaka fall dven delvis kan giilla ftir loberna. Det<br />
finns ftir tivrigt endast mycket smA habituella skillnader som mycket vtiL<br />
kan vara relaterade till de lite olika stAndorterna. Fenomenet med en<br />
varierande pigmentering har emellertid registrerats hos en del andra<br />
Calopla,ca, Teloschistes och Xanthoria arter som ft)rekommer i samma<br />
utbredningsomrAde i sydviistra Afrika, der de starkast eller opigmenterade<br />
individen ftirkommer i de norra delarna av omrAdet medan individen<br />
ldngre scidemt blir mera jiimnt orangegula. Troligtvis kan vi observera en<br />
uppsplittring i olika geografiska populationer och artbildningsprocess inom<br />
C. bonae-spei1. eudora komplexet, men jag iir inte helt civertygad om att<br />
We arber 6nnu kan urskiljas.
137<br />
Mycket talar emellertid ftir att C. bonae-spei och C. eudora tillsammans<br />
med 7 andra kustndra arter frdn andra kontinenter utgiir en viil<br />
avgrdnsad monofyleteisk grupp (Kiirnefelt 1989). Det frnns emellertid<br />
nAgon eller ndgra besvdrande "tiverg6ngsarter" att ta hiinsyn till i<br />
sammanhanget och Poelt och Pelleter (1984) ansAg att arterna ftir<br />
nd.rvarande fortsiittningvis bdst behandlades inom Coloplaca. En del av<br />
arterna visar dessutom pd en del nycket intressanta parallella drag med<br />
sliiktet Teloschistes. Caloplaca eudora fr6n Namibia exerr.pelvis visar pA<br />
en del gemensamma egenskaper med Teloschistes ch<strong>ry</strong>socarpoi&s Vain.,<br />
som tir endemisk ftir samma utbredningsomrAde. Den nordvdstafrikanska<br />
arten C. rnauritanica har pA samma vis en del parallella egenskaper med<br />
T. scorigenus (Mont.) Vain., som endast fir kEind frAn Kanarieiiarna och<br />
Marocko.<br />
Sammanfattningsvis iir mitt allmdnna int<strong>ry</strong>ck att vi kan observera ett<br />
stort antal exempel pA strukturella ftiriindringar i geografrskt isolerade<br />
populationer som med tiden kommer att ge upphov till viil avgrdnsade<br />
arter. PA samrna vis ftirefaller i vafe fall ett mindre antal artkornplex inom<br />
Co,Ioplaca uppvisa gemensanma stnrkhrrella ftriindringar som jag tolkar<br />
som en utveckling i riktning mot sl5.kten. Betrdffande den ftirmodat<br />
lAngsamma evolutionsprocessen och den samtidigt enorma 6lder man<br />
mAste uppskatta pd vissa taxoaomiska enheter, finns dsl i varje fall inget<br />
som emots6ger att en art omdjligen kan ha existerat oftirdndrad sedan<br />
krittiden. Ginkgo biloba 6r ett levande exempel pd att en art faktiskt har<br />
existerat 6ver si lAnga tids<strong>ry</strong>mder.<br />
Referenser<br />
Almborn, O 1989: Revision of the lichen gen'us Teloschistes in central and<br />
southern Africa. -Nordic Journol of Botany 8:521437.<br />
Arvidsson, L. 1983: A monograph of the genrui Coccocarpia. - Opera<br />
Botanica 67.<br />
Dillon, L. S. 1978: Euolutipn, concepts and consequences. - Mosby company,<br />
Saint Inuis.<br />
FutuSrma, D. 1986: Euolutiona<strong>ry</strong> biologX. -<br />
Sinauer Association, Inc.,<br />
Massachusetts.<br />
Galloway, D. J. 1988: Plate tectonics and the distribution of cool temperate<br />
Southern Hemisphere macrolichens. - Botanical Journal of the<br />
Linnzon Society 96: 45-55.<br />
Grant, Y. 1977: Organismic euolution. - Freeman and company, San<br />
Francisco.<br />
Kdrnefelt, I. 1979: The browu fruticose species of Cetraria. - Opera<br />
Botanim46.<br />
Kdrnefelt, I. 1989: Morphology and phylogeny in the Teloschistales. -<br />
C<strong>ry</strong>ptogamic Botony (in press).<br />
Poelt, J. & Pelleter, U. 1984: Zwergstrauchige Arten der Flechtengattuug<br />
Colopl.a,co. - Plant Systemotics and Euolution 748:51-a8.<br />
Tehler, A. 1983: The genera Dirino and Roccellizo (Roccellaceae). -<br />
Opero Botani.@ 70.<br />
Thomson, J. W. & nfis, H. H. 1968: A fog-induced lichen community in the<br />
coastal desert of southern Perl. - Th.e B<strong>ry</strong>olaeist 71:3L-34.
138<br />
Graphis Scripta l:138 -143, 1989.<br />
The comeet nares of the liehenized tlnphalina species in Seandinavia<br />
Per M, Jorgensen<br />
Botanical Institute, University of Bergen,<br />
AIldgaten 41, N-5007 BERGEN, Norway<br />
Svengunnar Ryman<br />
The Herbarium, Uppsala University<br />
P.0. Box 5tt1 , 5-751 21 UPPSALA, Sweden<br />
Abstraet: The nomenclature of the four lichenized 0mphalina species is<br />
reviewed.ThecorrectnameSare30'g\r-iqa(gritz.ffiky&Stang1'0.<br />
hudsoniana(Jenn.)Bige1ow,0.um6ffi(L.:Fr')Qu61.and0.veIutii?<br />
TQ..riTr6l. Types "re oesi. , A. umbffir.<br />
fLavus, Omphalia velutina, Cantharellus dovrefjeldiensis and Verrucaria<br />
laetevirens.<br />
Introduction<br />
The nomenclalure of the liehenized species of the genus Omphalina has<br />
remained unusually unstabJe. This refleets taxonomic difficulties, combined<br />
with a eomplex nomenclatural situation, often with eonfliet,ing<br />
interpretations of the texts. Far too often the only original material left<br />
are illustrations. As t.hese, according to the present Code (Rrt. 7.4), can be<br />
automatically used as lectotypes, they can take preference over any neotype.<br />
This is ve<strong>ry</strong> unsatisfacto<strong>ry</strong>, particularly as illustrations eannot be studied<br />
microscopically or chemically, and thus invite diseussion and divided<br />
opinions if they are not extremely detailed. Accordingly this destabilizing<br />
element in the nomenclature should be removed by a change in the Code on this<br />
practiee. Howeverr wE have in spite of our dislike of this practice followed<br />
the present Code when typifying some of the names treated below. To avoid<br />
future difficulties as to whether a lecto- or neotype for an epit,het has been<br />
selected, we suggest such typifications should formally be recorded<br />
somewhere, e.g. in the Index of Fungi. }|e do not give a full synonomy, and<br />
only treat the most important or critical names; for a fuller treatment see<br />
Redhead & Kuyper (tgg7).<br />
The nEilEs<br />
In the most reeent ehecklist of liehen names in Seandinavia, Santesson (1984)<br />
records four species 0. hudsoniana, 0. luteovitellina, 0. psgudoandrosacea<br />
and o. umbellifera. Imo i<br />
and 0. ericetorulm for 0. umbellifera. In thEir<br />
Ettempts foi a-new taxon-my and revised-nomenClature, ReOneaA & Kuyper (1988)<br />
finally settled for the following names ( in the same sequence as Santesson<br />
1984)t Phytoconis viridis, P. luteovitellina-, P. velutina and P. erieetorum.<br />
We are not convinced that Phytoconis can bre separated from Omphalina in the<br />
way proposed by them (.:org6-GiliF), and regard their typification of the<br />
generic name as incorrect (Jargensen & Ryman 1989). Furthermorer BS a<br />
consequence of Art. 59 , we ( op. cit. ) propose to conserve the teleomorphic<br />
name Omphalina over the older generic names given to the sterile, liehenized<br />
thallus.<br />
In the following we review the specific epithets according to this view. The<br />
epithets are listed alphabetieally. A nomenclatural survey is g-i-ven in<br />
conclusion.
139<br />
alpina. Bresinsky & Stangl (1974) used this epithet for the fungus normally<br />
celled 0. luteovilelIina, and have been followed in many subsequent<br />
treatmeiffiEiElflEdhead & Kuyper (1gai. tt6-tt7), however, regarded 0.<br />
ilqina to be 0. hudsoniana, and accordingly a synonym of their P. tiridis:<br />
Under no circumetances should this name be transferred from one soeCies to<br />
another. It is then better to reject it. However, this does not seem<br />
necessa<strong>ry</strong>. Redhead & Kuyper apparently base their conclusion on an<br />
interpretation of a single character in Britzelmayr's descriptions (1890,<br />
189J, 1898) of A. alpinus - the white stipe - a character they claim is<br />
typical of -9. hudsgigna and can be used to separate the two species. As can<br />
be seen frofr-EnElli6-in Gulden et al. (1985: 15) and Rynan & Hotmisen<br />
(984. 259) the stipe of 0. luteovitellina can sometimes 6e quite pale, and<br />
therefore is a most unrelTdSli-@iffiing character between the two<br />
species. l.loreover, Britzelmayr described a species which is firmer and more<br />
compact than A. umbelliferus with e99- ('tdotter-" = yolk) yellow cap. This<br />
strongly suggests 0. Iuteovitellina, rather than !,_!g3!g!g, in spite of<br />
the rarity of the former in Bayern. The hollow stipe of Britzelmayr's fungus<br />
leaves room for another interpretation, viz. that it ie a member of the still<br />
unresolved complex of speciee grouped around Hyqrocybe vitellina (Fr.) Karst.<br />
Indeed, the colour plate of H. vitellina in Mijller (t945, pl-ff b) has much<br />
in common with Britzelmayr'sl@1gig. Howeveri H.v:!te!1!na ano<br />
its alliee have almost amygdaliform, 415:6;5 W broad sporesl End EriEzelmayr<br />
reports the spores of his alpina to be 8-10 x 3-4 pm, which in fact comes<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> close to the spore size given by Pildt and Nannfetdt for their 0.<br />
Iuteovitellina, 7-9 x l-4 pm. We therefore beLieve Bresinsky's and SEE'ngI's<br />
interpretation is the most plausible. Unfortunately no original material is<br />
left other than a rather poor, badly coloured plate, which we feel forced to<br />
designate as the lectotype.<br />
anthodia. Lundell in Lundell & Nannfeldt, Fungi exs. Suec. 1752 (1949) used<br />
this epithet as 0mphalia anthodia (Pers.) LundeLl. for the funous we now call<br />
0. velutina. Ir fiiiiGlfTlnGilietation had been correct, enfhodia would<br />
ftG-GEi--the correct epithet for this species. Unfortunatel!-i-o<br />
specimen of<br />
this name is located in Persoon's herbarium (L). Tfre description (persoon<br />
18282 66) is quite close eoncerning colour and habitat. However, the sizes<br />
given (stipes unc 1.5-2 longus; 1 uncia = 1 inch fide Stearn 197J2 536) arc<br />
far greater than found in 0. velutina. This indicates a different, taller<br />
fungus, perhaps belonging .E6@-<br />
davidis. This is the epithet given to a sterile lichen described as<br />
Normandi4qjavidis Hue (1889) on material eoLlected by Delavay in Yunnan,<br />
Chi-ffi-G'6lffifiligina1 material (Delavay 1888, H-Nyi 4170) has been found<br />
to be a rlq$sciunr'. The fully developed thallus is, however, much more<br />
deeply lo6EiEiliti-nave considirably longer squamules than in C. viride. This<br />
may be a result of the ecological conditions including the unffifcortieolous<br />
habitat, but since no fruit-bodiea are known and 0. hudsoniana to<br />
our knowredge otherwise has not been recorded from china (or EEEffiSiEiG),<br />
we hesitete to accept this epithet for 0. hudsoniana at the moment. If thev<br />
should prove to be conspecific, davidis-ii6T[?i-6FEF6- ordest valid epithet ior<br />
this_species. The specimen is inTected by Stiomidium joerqensenii R. Sant.<br />
(tt. sant. det.), previously only known from S. America on 0. foliacea p.M.<br />
Jgro.<br />
dowefjeldiensis. Pildt and Nannfeldt (1954) dismiss this as a oossible name<br />
for their 0. Iuteovitellina on the account of the small apores. No original<br />
material tr6TeeiiTo6ffifg), but we have found a cortection of young fruitbodies<br />
of 0. luteovitellina which natch the description entirely in size,<br />
colour and@GiffiTFFunripe spores are in 4-6 x 3-5 pm in size. It is<br />
therefore quite clear that Hennings (1902) based the description on such
140<br />
young material with unripe spores. As seen from the right hand specimen on<br />
lnu 6noto in Gulden & al. (1985: 15), such young specimens are superficially<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> similar to cantharellus. This collection from Dovre has been chosen as<br />
neotype.<br />
ericetorrn. This epithet is often ueed for 0. umbellifera. In actual fact<br />
Fries sanctioned both names, but the Linneai-i?ifiFlGference according to<br />
the new Code. The author citation and typification has been under discussion.<br />
i""g"-(fSAi) cites it as (Fr. ex Fr.) M. Lange and designates Lundell &<br />
ll"nif"iat, iungi exs. Suec. 1751 as a neotype. He adds: "This specimen shall<br />
agree with the illustration Flora Danica Tab' 1015, quoted by Friee.and by<br />
Qt1€letu. Since this illustration is part of the original material, it takes<br />
preference over the neotype, and is 6y us regarded as the lectotype' likewise<br />
oointed out bY Lanqe.<br />
--- n"Jf,""A &'Kuyp6r (98': . tZ6-tZ9) cite (Pers.: Fr.) as authors and regard<br />
the name as typi'fied by the type of A. pseudoandrosggea Bull. They overlookt<br />
hor"u"", that'Fries (AZlz 1e5) only-Ef6Tis own-0bs' mycol' 1 p'-87'<br />
Persoonis A, ericetorum is synonymiled under Fries'forma "b' gPllg"'<br />
is therefoft-iffilEiETf forma eiicetorum. Lange's author citation is<br />
iherefore correct, and so is n:.Spi-fication. It is quite legal to ehoose<br />
any of the elements included by the sanctioning author'<br />
flava. Pil6t snd Nannfeldt (1954) dismiss this ePithet as a name available<br />
for their 0. luteovitellina, since they regard Mijller's combination as being<br />
basedonanomennuoum|-A.uqbe1111prgqvai.-1ravu9Cooke'However,they<br />
overlooked the fact tnlt-ef f en (ffilZS6-257) had given a short<br />
description of this name. Accoriing to the present Code Art. 33.2t Mtiller's<br />
basionym can be regarded as having an incorrect form of author citation (see<br />
i". g.i, and his c6mbination is therefore valid. Somrnerfelt apparently first<br />
"orp"""d his B flavus with A. niv61i8 VahI, and found it to be different_by<br />
the convex, umUTGiTe is according to the iflustration (VahI<br />
1792, Iab.'1O7122) a species@ ""p.@<br />
complex' No<br />
Sonrmerfelt material has been locatedl-End a-neotype from the same general<br />
region hae been selected.<br />
sriaella. This epithet was already used by Fries (1821:.,|65), and I'leinmann,<br />
(ft1e, gl), who is often regarded as the author, aPPears only to^follow<br />
Fries'treatment, also citing A. ericetorum Pets. as a synonym of'rb'<br />
orisellust,. However, Weinmann fr'a6-no-Elrect reference to Fries, end it is<br />
Tffi;fore best to attribute the name to him alone. This is, however, of<br />
Iittle consequence since Karsten (1890) when the.epithet.was firEt uaed on<br />
specific leveI, records it as 0mphalia qrisella (Weinm.?) Karst' n' sp' He<br />
describes it as a new species,GTif-iiT61-se-d on Weinmann or Fries. The<br />
combination 0mphaline qrieella (Weinm.) Moser is invalid since Moser fails to<br />
cite the basionym,<br />
laetevircns. D. Turner first used this epithet for the sterife squamules<br />
usually known as corisciurn viride, based on a specimen from England which he<br />
sent to Acharius.Tcfr:rGTT610-l 100) published it, however, under his own<br />
name, Endocarpon viride, basing it on Turner's specimen citing his<br />
unpuu1easasynonym.TUrner,sepitheL.was,however,1ater<br />
talen up and validly published by Borrer in Hooker (t810) as ]errucgria<br />
Iaetevirens, but as the valid Er:rdocaTpolr_viride Ach. is cited as a synonym'<br />
Ehe narne is illegitimate and not available.<br />
pseudoandrosacee. This epithet has been used for several different species of<br />
bmphalina. mostly because of uncertainty concerninq its typification' Redhead<br />
E-'iiiiFer (ts87: )29) leetotypified it on e Bulliard illustration'<br />
inteipreting it as the white form of L urleuifere, and have accordingly<br />
and
141<br />
hopefully stabilized the nomenclature.<br />
rugtica. This epithet has sometimes been used for the lichenized species we<br />
calt 0. velutina (Singer & Cl6mengon 197?). Ihe name has, however,<br />
particuTarly after Lange (193O2 12), been used for a non-lichenized, 4-spored<br />
species with dark grey gills and almost smooth stipe. l{e agree with Redheed &<br />
Kuyper (1987: IJB) that Fries (1818) distinguished between these two taxa,<br />
and that the lichenized 0. veLutina is treated as a form of A, umbelliferus.<br />
as it was already in 182Ti-TZfifre- awkward fact is, howeverlGT-Fffi-oon's<br />
illustration of A. ericetorum (t. +, fig. 12), which is the only original<br />
material teft ofTlGEl@and by FriJs called t'optime (contri texfumt)",<br />
in our opinion moEETG6if!-is 0. velutine. It is distinctly lichenized, the<br />
stipe, particularly on the specimen to the right appears to be hai<strong>ry</strong> when<br />
studied under the lens and the gills are whitish grey, not dark grey as in A.<br />
rustica. There is no sign of discolouring, as claimed by Singer (961:23).-<br />
The whitish colour of other species on the plate is well preserved. Sinqer<br />
has selected a specimen collected by Persoon (L) as the lectotype of A.<br />
gricetolum Pers. This is 0. umbellifera, thus confirming the opinion 6?<br />
l-ries, that Persoon's illustration does not agree with the description. As<br />
this irrustration i.s also in conflict with Fries'concept and description of<br />
A. rusticus, it cannot be chosen as a lectotype for that name either, and a<br />
lgotyp: must be designated. We have chosen a specimen from Femsjii, obviously<br />
the only locality from where Fries (Fries 1949: ZB3) knew it when he nade the<br />
91igin91 description: Sweden, Femsjii, Sl6ttagHrdsskogen, fotbollsplanen, )1.<br />
VIII.1949 S. Lundell & J. StordaL no 6O27 (UpS, neotype). tnis specimen is in<br />
accord with the concept of 0. rustica as correctly adopted by e.g. Lange<br />
(1910) and Gulden & Lange (ffitffiiras A-spored basidia, dirk incrusted,<br />
clamped hyphae and the spores are (5-)7-g(-,10) x 4-4,5 pm.<br />
udellifera, This is a Linnean epithet, taking preference over any later<br />
epithet. For further details see Jorgensen & f<strong>ry</strong>man (1989).<br />
velutina. Arready Fries (1821: 165) used this epithet on form revel for this<br />
texon. It was, however, teken up by Qu6ret on species revel without reference<br />
to Fries both in the genus 0mphalia and 0mphaLina in works evidently both<br />
published in 1885. since tlEi,iFan aote-fr?ffithe Enchir. funq. citino the<br />
plates of the work in Ass. frang., the former is most probably the older] The<br />
author citation should therefore be (Qu6l.) Quet. No specinens have been<br />
traced at PC or UPS, and accordingly the irlustration is the on<strong>ry</strong> original<br />
material. left and is here designated as the lectotype. It is typical ior the<br />
species traditionally called 0, verutina, except for a peculiai star-tike<br />
hyphal weft at the base of ttre sEipe.-WE- have, however, located similar<br />
specimens in Scandinavian collections (".g: Sweden, Blekinge, Riideby par.,<br />
Kdstorp 17.rx.1946 5. Lundell no 2428 (up5), as 0mphalia qiisella),'verifying<br />
that this phenomenon does occur in 0. velutina<br />
viride. This epithet, given to the sterile squamules of 0. hudsoniana.<br />
should' aceording to Art. 59, have been taken up for thi@Ti6wever,<br />
there is. already en.0mphalilg viridis (Hornem.) Kuyper, a different species,<br />
so a combi.nat.ion into Onpharina of the Acharien name wourd only create a<br />
Later, iLlegitimate hofionyrn.<br />
Conclusion<br />
The above data and relevant discussions result in the adoption of the<br />
following nomenclature for the four lichenized Omphalina species in<br />
Scandinavia:
142<br />
1, Onphalina alpina (Britz. ) Bresinsky & Stangl<br />
7. Pilzk.<br />
Augsburg<br />
Synonyms:<br />
40: 7t (lgl t+) . - Aqaricus alpinus Britz. , Ber. Naturw. Ver.<br />
l0: 13 (tggO). t<br />
(lectotyper selected here).<br />
Cantharellu P. Henn. &<br />
Furuhaugli,<br />
Kirsehst. , Hedwigia 41 z 62 (902) ,<br />
?9 .V II .1982 G . Gulden 105 /82 ( 0 ,<br />
neotype, selected here).<br />
Omphalia flava (Sommerf.) Mciller, Fungi Fer.z 260 (945), - Aqaricus<br />
umbelliferus-var. flavus Sommerf., 5uip1. Fl. lapp.: 256 (t8Ze)-Type: as<br />
ffiterri@-Frs, neotype, selected here) .<br />
0minaPi1dt&Nannf.,Friesia5z22-24(1954).--Iypu,<br />
eRiksgrHnsen),re9.a1p.,8dterram'e.700mS.lI|.9<br />
??.VI.1948 Alund (UPS, holotype).<br />
2. O<strong>ry</strong>halina hudsoniana (Jenn. ) Bigelow<br />
Mycologia 622 15 (tgZO). - Hvorophorus hudsonianus Jenn., Mem. Carnegie Mus.<br />
I I I , 12t 2 (1936) . Type : Canada, Northwest Territories, Southhampton<br />
Island , 1930 G. M. Sutton ( Ct"t, holotype ) .<br />
Synonlms:<br />
Endocarpon viride Ach. r Liehenogr. universalis: ]00 (tgtO). Type: Anglia,<br />
Iotype ) .<br />
Verrucaria Verrucarta laetevirens Jaetevlrens Borrer borrer in ].n Hook., nooK., 5upp1. DuPP]. Engl. Lngr. Bot. DoL. 1, Ir tab. Lau. ?658 Lo) (1810)<br />
1and,5urrey,Esher,D.Turner(BM,1ectotype,<br />
selected here).<br />
omphalia luteolilacina Favre, R6s. recher. sci. entrepr. Parc National EuiEse<br />
ffi).-Type:PI.IV,fi9.9;Switzer1and,Engadin'VaI<br />
Sesvenna au-dessus du Laiets (syntype).<br />
l. (hphalina u$ellifera (L.: Fr.) Quet.<br />
Ench. fung.: 42 (1885b). - Aqarieus umbelliferus L., 5p. pl.t 1175 (753)z<br />
Fr., Elench. fung. 1: 22 (t828[ - Type: Rudbeck fil., 0.: Iter lapp. t<br />
Plat,e 9?, upper right figure ( lectotype ) .<br />
Synonyms:<br />
Aqaricus pseudoandrosaceus 8u11., Herb. France 6, fasc. 65-72 (lge). Type:<br />
Agarieus erieetorum Fr.: Fr., Syst. mycol . .12 165 (1821 ). Type: Fl. Dan.<br />
Aqaricus niveus Vahl ) ( lectotype ) .<br />
4, Orphatina velutine ( Qu61. ) Qu61.<br />
Enchir. fung. : 44<br />
Sci. 142 445 ( 1 885<br />
here ) .<br />
Synonyns:<br />
9mphalia qrisella<br />
Finland, Tavastia<br />
Herb, Karsten no.<br />
Acknowledgennnts<br />
(1885b). 0m hal ia velut ina Qu61. , C. R. Ass. frang. Av.<br />
a) . Type: pl. XII<br />
no 1 (lectotype, selected<br />
P. Karst., Medd. Soc, F. Fl. Fenn. 162 9? (1890). Type:<br />
australis, TammeLa, MyllyperH 26.V I I I . 1 889 P. A. Karsten ( H,<br />
3?44, holotype ) .<br />
We wish to thank the Directors and Curators of the cited herbaria for sending<br />
specimens on loan . l,Je are particularly indebted to Prof . R ' Santesson for<br />
identifying the parasymbiont and to Mr. P.}{. James for reviewing the<br />
language.
Literature<br />
143<br />
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Stearn, W.T. 19732 Botanical latin. 2 ed. Newton Abbot.<br />
Vahl, M. 17922 FJ'ota danica vol. 5, Fasc, 19. Ksbenhavn.<br />
weinmann, J.A. 1815: Hymeno- et gasteromyeetes hucusque in imperio rossieo<br />
observatos. Petropoli.
Graphis Scripta 22144-145, 1989.<br />
FLORISTIC NOTES FROI{ STTil)EN<br />
144<br />
Mats Wedin, Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University ' Box 541 , 751<br />
21 Uppsala, Sweden.<br />
New Swedish localities are given for the rare and threatened<br />
liehens Calieium aedequatum, C. parvum, Thelotrema lepadi3um<br />
and Rama hffit<br />
spec eseriPtions.<br />
During fieldwork in eentral Sweden I have found some interesting lichens<br />
reported upon here. In the following short presentation the nomenelature<br />
follows Santesson (n,984) and eolleetion numbebs refer to my own collections<br />
deposited in UPS. i. r . .<br />
I thank Dr. Leif Tibelt and Prof. RoIf Santesson for checking my'<br />
determinations.<br />
@_aed"qu"tum. NyI.<br />
Jdmtland, Rdtan par., ca 1 km 5W Klaxisen, in small Alnus incana-swamp forest<br />
along the river iloan, just S Riihiillan. 62t22 N, 't4:2--6iTf9-s of Alnus<br />
incaia. 2.VII.1988. W"iin alt<br />
--ffi to the provinee of Jdmtland. Associated with !!9gbePg;lE!gl3 end<br />
Usnee subfloridana. Both habitat and substrate seem to be characteristic for<br />
th-;€pec61'Ti6fl 1978, Floravirdskommitten fijr lavar 1987). C. adaequatum<br />
is considered to be endangered (FloravArdskommitten fijr lavar tffiJ-i?threatened<br />
by modern forest management methods in Sweden (Ingeliig et aI.<br />
1987), where it was previously only known from five localities.<br />
$!!gig parvum Tibell<br />
1. Hdlsingland, Rogsta par., Hornslandet. Hiilik NEture Reserve, ca 800 m N of<br />
H6lik chapel, in old moist Picea-forest along the track from slorsand to the<br />
caves ca 200 m E of the main roed. 612J7 N, '17:26 E. 0n Pinus close to a<br />
brook. 9.X.1988. Wedin 1009.<br />
0n spruces in the surroundings several other Cilicigles-species were found,<br />
IikeCheenothecach<strong>ry</strong>socephala,Ch.stemonea(Wedin1011).6nd@'<br />
Lecenffi)wasfoundfertileandratherabundant'too.<br />
2. Hdlsingland, En6nger Par.r ca 4 km E of the village Lindefallet' swamp<br />
forest sE of Hedningahallan. 61 229 N, 17..O2 E. 0n trunks of Pinus -svlvestris.<br />
13.V.1989. liedin 1899.<br />
C.parvumwereve<strong>ry</strong>abundentonthislocaIity.0ntrunksof.@<br />
in SEa-urro'.rnding Graphis scripta (v{edin 717a) and @g!l3g!g!i<br />
were found.<br />
(717b)<br />
Calicium parvum, previously reported from the province of HHlsingland by Agren<br />
1136il;=-eems not to be uncommon in Gdstriklend and the southern Psrts of<br />
Hdtsingland. The locality on Hornslandet is the hitherto northernmost known in<br />
Sweden] The species is regarded as rare (Floravirdskommitten fiir lavar 1987)
145<br />
and threatened by modern forest<strong>ry</strong> management methods (Ingeltig et al. 1987),<br />
but this locality is within a reserve however, bnd is therefore presumably<br />
protected.<br />
Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach.<br />
HHlsingland, Rogsta par., Hornslandet. Ca 20 km E of Hudiksvalf in small<br />
Nature Reserve NW of Mt. Svartuddsberget. 51:39 N, 17t29 E. Moist Picea-Alnus<br />
forest around a small spring. 0n 3f1g4!!g9. 9.X.1988. Wedj.n 1015.<br />
New to the province of Hdlsingland, and the northernmost locality of the<br />
soecies in Sweden. The northern limit for the species is in Nord-Triindelag'<br />
Norway (Botnen & Tilnsberg'1988), In Hornslandet it was found to occur rather<br />
abundant on six Alnus-trunks in a small area' Additional species found on the<br />
trunks were, for:-xample, Lecanactis abietina, @,<br />
Arthonia leucooellaea. Buellia disciformis and Graphis scripta (wedin 1012).<br />
Thelotremq &1raCinum is regarded as threatened by modern forest<strong>ry</strong> nanagement<br />
mettod-s fGdTEq ei-al. 1987).<br />
Ramalina thrausta (Aeh. ) NyI.<br />
1. J6mtland, Retan par., ca 1 km SW Ktaxisen, along the river Hoan, just S<br />
RijhHtlan. 6222? N, 14t26 E. 0n N-expoeed steep cliffs, rather abundant on some<br />
sections of the southern riverside. 2.VII.1988. l{edin 827.<br />
2. Ca 800 m SW of the village KlaxSsen, on cfiffs along the southern shore of<br />
the river Hoan. 62t22 N, 14226 E. 29.V1.1988. Wedin 810.<br />
This species is regarded as endangered in Sweden (Floravirdskommitten fijr<br />
lavar 1987) and threatened by modern forest<strong>ry</strong> methods (Ingeliig et al. 1987).<br />
It has nearly vanished from it's typical substrate (twigs of Picea abies in<br />
moist forests) and is now mostly found on cliffs close to streams. 0n cliffs<br />
close to the river at the same localities, B<strong>ry</strong>oria nadvornikiana (ltredin 81));<br />
Remalina pollinaria (Wedin 811), Nephroma pffill5-CWci-iT-677fEn-E'Lobaria<br />
serobiculata were al-so found.<br />
References:<br />
Botnen, A. & Ttinsberg, T. 1988: Additione to the lichen flora of central<br />
Norway. Gunneria 58: 1-43.<br />
Florav6rdskommitten fiir lavar. 1987: PreliminHr lista iiver hotade lavar i<br />
Sverige. (A prelimina<strong>ry</strong> list of threatened lichens in Sweden.) Svensk Bot.<br />
Tidskr. 812 237-256.<br />
Ingeliig, T., Thor, G. & Gustafsson, L. (ed.)'1987 : FloravArd i ekogsbruket.<br />
(2. ed.) Del 2 - artdel. Skogsstyrelsen. Jiinkiiping.<br />
Santesson, R. 1984: The lichens of Sweden and Norway. Swedish Museum of<br />
Natural Histo<strong>ry</strong>. Stockholn and Uppsala.<br />
Tibell, L. 1978: Comments on Caliciales Exsiccatae I. Lichenologist 10: 171-<br />
178.<br />
Agren, A. 1987: Lovande Levfijrsiik. VHxter i Hdlsingland och Gdstrikland 5(l):<br />
t1-35.
146<br />
craphis Scripta 2z L46-L48, 1989.<br />
I.,ICHEI{S ITBW TO SPITSBERGEI{<br />
uaria olech, Institute of Botany. Jagiellonian University,<br />
Lubicz 45, 3t-5L2 Rrak6w, Poland.<br />
Vagn Alstrup, Institut for okologisk botanik, @- Farinagsgade 2D'<br />
DK-1353 Kdbenhavn K, Dennark.<br />
23 species found in the Hornsund area and Sorkapp I'and are<br />
reported from spitsbergen tor the fitst tine. References<br />
are given to the Tichenological Titerature of spitsbergen.<br />
The lichenflora of Spitsbergen is rather well known through numerous<br />
studies carried out during nore tban 200 years. Lindblorn<br />
(18{O) listed 63 species so far recorded fron the area and Lynge<br />
(1938) gave a survey of the lichens published by then including<br />
his own coll.ections of nacrolj.chens. Unfortunately he died before<br />
he could finish bis treatment of the nricrolichens- t{attick (1950)<br />
gave a detailed survey of the tristo<strong>ry</strong> of exploration- Ho$tever, the<br />
lack of a recent checklist nakes it a little risky to report species<br />
new to the area. as smaI1 contributions can easily be over-<br />
Looked, and we apologize for any nistake in our list. In tbe present<br />
nork we list the nrain contributions and all recent works }te<br />
know dealing specifically with the lichenology of Spitsbergen' and<br />
furthernore we have checked several revisions of genera and identification<br />
keys, e. g. Lanb (19??) and Poelt (1959)-<br />
The first author collected the lichens reported here as part<br />
of phytosociological work during two expeditions of the ilagief,lonian<br />
University in 1982 and 1985. Tbe second author assisted with<br />
sone of the identifications and made the literature survey. The<br />
col.lections have been deposited at KRA.<br />
Species new to SpitsbergeB-<br />
Brigantiaea tuscoZutea (Dicks.) R. sant. on mosses. mainly on<br />
Rhaconitriun Tanuginosun occasional in sorkapp Land.<br />
BueTTia aethalea (Ach.) Tb. Fr. 'on rock blocks. rare in sorkaPp<br />
Land.<br />
Chrometochlanys nuscorurn (Fr') Uayrh. & Poelt- on nosses;.mainly<br />
ln Poiygonun viviparun comrnunities. Rare in sorkapp Land.<br />
GeisTeria sychnogonoides Nitschke. on soil Un Gynnonitriun<br />
coraTToides comrnunity. Sgrkapp lJand, ve<strong>ry</strong> rare.<br />
I'ecidea atronarginata l{agnusson. on +/- calciferous rocks and<br />
stones. Hornsund, Treskelen, a1t. 100 n. sorkapp l,and, Breinesf1ya,,<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> comnon.<br />
tecidea' Tinosa Ach. on soi] in snowbed. sorkapp Land. freguent in<br />
Breinesflya area. (Harttnann 1980 reported an unidentified species<br />
of the .Lecidea linosa group).<br />
I'ecidel7a etuifenii (Hepp) K6rber. on plant debris' sprkapp lJand,<br />
Breinesflya, rare.<br />
Massafongia carnosa (Dickson) K6rber. On mosses. Sorkapp Land.<br />
rare.<br />
MycobiTinbia berengeriare (tttassaL.) Itafellner & V. Wirth. on dead
147<br />
b<strong>ry</strong>ophytes. Sorkapp Land. rare.<br />
Nephrona paril.e (Ach.) Ach. On nosses. Sorkapp lJand, rare.<br />
OchroJechia inaequatuJ-a (NyI.) ZahLbr. On tnosses and plant debris,<br />
Sorkapp Land, rare.<br />
ParneTiefTa triptophyTTa (Ach.) Mffl1. Arg. On nosses ln poJygonun<br />
viviparun comrnunity. Sorkapp Land, rare.<br />
Pertusaria gTonerata (Ach.) Schaerer. On mosses and plant<br />
debris. Sorkapp l,and, ve<strong>ry</strong> rare.<br />
Phaeophyscia nigricans (F16rke) Moberg. On rock. S6rkapp Land,<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> rare.<br />
Porina manniJJ.osa (Th. Fr.) Zah1br. On mosses. Sorkapp Land, ve<strong>ry</strong><br />
rare.<br />
Poz'oeyphus dispersus E. Dah1. On rocks. Sorkapp Land, rare.<br />
Porpidia superba (K6rber) Hertel & Knoph. On rocks. Sorkapp Land,<br />
freguent.<br />
Porpidia tubercuTosa (Sm.) Hertel & Knoph. On rocks. Sgrkapp<br />
Land, ve<strong>ry</strong> rare.<br />
Pytenopsis macrocarpa E. Dah1. On rocks. Sgrkapp Land, rare.<br />
Rinodina cacuninun (Th. Fr-) Malme. On rock manured by birds.<br />
Sorkapp Land, ve<strong>ry</strong> rare.<br />
Sguanarina poeitii Vanska. On calcareous stones. Hornsund, TreskeLen,<br />
a1t- 100 n- The species was recently described trotn<br />
Novaja Zemlya (Vinski 1985), and is now also known fron tfest<br />
Greenland, Sarfartog, Alstrup 79901. Both these collections<br />
trave kindly been checked by Heino Vinski.<br />
StereocauTon arenariun (Sav.) Latnb. On soil. Sorkapp Land, rare.<br />
StereocauTon condensatum Hoffrn. On soi1. Hornsund, Gangpasset.<br />
aLt- tl50 tn. Sgrkapp Land, near lake Svartvatnet, a1t. 25 m.<br />
Ackaowledgenent.<br />
We wish to thank Heino VinskS, who kindly checked our coLlections<br />
of Squamarina poeTtii.<br />
Literature and referenses-<br />
Elvebakk. A. 1984a. Contribution to the lichen flora and ecology<br />
of Svalbard, Arctic Noreray.- B<strong>ry</strong>ologist 8Z:308-313.<br />
' 1984b. Vegetation pattern and ecology of silicious boulder snow<br />
beds on Svalbard.- polarforschung 54:9-20.<br />
Eurola, S. & A. V. K. Hakala !977. The bird cliff vegetation of<br />
Svalbard.- Aguilo. Ser. Bor. 15:1-18.<br />
Fries. Th. 1861. Lichenes Arctoi Europae Groenlandiaegue hactenis<br />
cogniti.- Nova Acta R. Soc- Scient. upsal., ser. 3,3: 101-39g.<br />
' 7851, Lichenes Spitsbergensis.- K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Hand1.<br />
7/2:3-53.<br />
Hadac. E. 1989- Notes on plant cornrnunities of Spitsbergen.- Folia<br />
Geobot. Phytotax, 2azt37-t69.<br />
Hafel.lner. J. 7,9A2. Flechtenfunde irn Bockfjord. Spitzbergen.-<br />
Phyton (Austria) 222 23-50-<br />
Hartmann, H. 1980. Beitrag zur Kenntnj.ss.der pflanzengesellschaften<br />
Spitzbergens.- phytocoenolbgia Bz65-!41.<br />
Hertel, lI. I977. Bemerkens$rerte Flechtenfunde aus dem Gebiet des<br />
Kongsfjordes und des Isfjordes {spitzbergen).- Herzogia 4:3G?-<br />
40L.<br />
" &. H. ULlrich 1976. Flechten von Amsterdamoya (Svalbard).- Mitt.<br />
bot. StSatnnl. Mffnch. !2t 4!1-S:-2-<br />
Lanb, I. 17. L977 - A conspectus of the lichen qenus StereocauLon<br />
(Schreb.) Hoffnr.- J. Hattori bot. IJab. {3:191-355.
148<br />
Lindblom, A. E. 1g40. F6rteckning 6fver de pa spetsbergen och<br />
Beeren-Island anmirkte vixter. - Bot. Not. 183 9 /1840 ( lichens<br />
p. 155-L57 ) .<br />
I<strong>ry</strong>nge, B. !g24. Irichens f rom spitsbergen I. - Resultater norske<br />
SpitsbergeneksPed. 1 (5) : L-21.<br />
,. 1936. Th; richen genus Rhizocarpon on the west and north coast<br />
of Spitsbergen and Nordostlandet (the Notheast Land) -- Svensk<br />
bot. Tidskr. 30 : 3 07 -323 -<br />
f, 1g3 g . Irichens f rom the west and north coast of spitsbergen and<br />
the North-Ea.st Irand collected by numerous expeditions I - Macrolichens<br />
. - Skr. norske Vidensk-Akad. mat. -naturv. K1. 5 : 3-135 '<br />
r, 1939. A small contribution to the lichen f lora of the Eastern<br />
Svalbard Islands. . Lichens collected by l'tr. olaf Hanssen in<br />
1930 . - Meddr. Norg. svalb. - og Ishavsunders . 44zl.-L2.<br />
,, tg5o. Et bidrag tir spitsbergens lavf Iora. - skr - svalbard<br />
Isiravet 79 zL-22.<br />
Magnusson, A. H. 1935. The lichen genus Acarospora in Greenland<br />
lna Spitsbergen.- Nytt Mag. Naturvid. 752 227-24L'<br />
Mattick, F. 19d1. Die vegetation frostgeformter B6den der Arktis,<br />
der Alpen und des Riestngebirges . - Fedde, Repertorium Beih -<br />
L26: 128-L84.<br />
', 194g. Die Bedeutung der Flechten f fir die Polargebiete - - Polarforschung<br />
Bd. 2 , 16 - Jahrg. :98 -!02 ' - -- ,.<br />
rr 1950 . Die Flechten spi tzbergens. - Polarf orschung Bd - TT/L949<br />
(1-2): 26L-273.<br />
Nowak. J. 1965: The lichens.from Hornsund (s.w.-spitsbergen)<br />
coLlected during the pofish Polar Fxpedition in L957 and 1958 ' -<br />
Fragrm. f 1or. geobot - 11: 171-190 '<br />
olech, M. 1gg7. Materials to the lichen flora of Hornsund (sw-<br />
Spitsbergen) . - Zeszyxy Naukowe uJ Prace botaniczne 15: 155-168 '<br />
poe1t, J. !969 . Bestimmungsschlfissel europiischer F1echtetl. -<br />
VerLag ,J. Cramer , Irehre -<br />
vinska, H. 1985. Sguamarina poeltii, a new I'ichen species from<br />
Novaya Zemlya.- Ann- Bot. Fenn. 22:31-35'<br />
Graphis Scripta 22148-155' 1989<br />
Chanqes e in the Lichen Flora on Bomeleklint, S.<br />
Sweden, over a 50-Year Period<br />
Ulf Arup, Stefan Ekman, Lars Fr6berg, Tommy Knutsson and Jan-Eric Mattsson. Dept. of<br />
Systematic Botany, University of Lund, O. Vallgatan 18, S-223 61 Lund, Sweden.<br />
Abstract A reinvestgation of the lichen flora on Romeleklint, southem Streden, was caried out from<br />
1ggffig, based on a floristic survey from 1939 by G. Degelius. Almost 60 species were found in the lirst<br />
study and 54 species in_the new one. About 20 of the specles from the f irst investigation were not found again<br />
and 1T were new. A comparison of pH data from 1949-1970 and 1984-85 showed that extensive<br />
acidification has taken place in the region. statistical analyses showed a s(Tnificant decrease in the pH<br />
prelerences of the present lichen flora compared wilh the lichen fkrra of 1939. The investigation points to<br />
the possibility ol working out scales lor measuring the air quality, based on saxicolous and tenicolous lichen<br />
species.
149<br />
The lichen flora on the peak of Romeleklint, SkAne (S. Sweden), was investigated in 1939<br />
by Ove Almborn, Gunnar Degelius and Gustaf Haglund (Degelius 1941 ). A repeated study<br />
was begun in the autumn of 1986 (Knutsson 1986), and c-ompleted in 1987-88. The<br />
changes in the lichen flora and possible reasons forthese changes are presented.<br />
The locality<br />
Romeleklint is one of the highest peaks in southern SkAne (1 75 m), and a well-known local<br />
viewpoint (Fig. 1 ). A path runs overthe hill, but human wearseems to be rather moderate,<br />
except close to the path. The locality is one of the tew places with bare rock in the area<br />
and it is exposed to both wind and light. The area below the peak is covered with young,<br />
cultivated spruces. ln 1939, there was a SG4o-year-old spruce plantation nearthe soulh<br />
side of the locality. Today there are no old spruces close to the south side of the hill. The<br />
area has not been grazed since the planting of the spruces in the 1ggo's (Bjerregaard<br />
1988).The bedrockconsistsof greenstone, both old amphiboliteand young hyperitedykes<br />
(Hjehqvist 1 934, p. 23). According to Wirth (1972, p. 15) such substrates, poor in SiO.<br />
are inhabited by an impoverished lichen flora with fewer true acidophytic species,<br />
compared with the lichen flora on SiQ richsubstrates.<br />
Fig. 1. The situation of the tocality.<br />
Air pollution and acidification in the region<br />
The pH values at Romeleklint, determined by us in 1988 are shown in Table 1 (measured<br />
with Merck litmus-paper). According to Falkengren-Grerup (1986, 1987) and Falkengren-<br />
Grerup et al. (1987) acidification has occurred in SkAne. This conclusion is based on an<br />
old investigation carried out from 1949-70 (Linnermark 1960), and a subsequent reinvestigation<br />
in 1984-85. The decrease in pH has also occurred at a depth of 70 cm where the<br />
influence of the vegetation is negligible (Falkengren-Grerup 1989). Furthermore, during<br />
the last 15 years the average pH in the precipitation has been about 4.24.4 (cf.<br />
Falkengren-Grerup 1987). The deposition of sulphur and nitrogen oxides are, to a large<br />
extent responsible for the decreasing pH.<br />
The deposition of SO, and NO, in SkAne is 20-25 kg SO, x 104 m€ x yearl, and 25-30 kg
150<br />
NO, x 10{ m-2 x YQar'' (Ldnsstyretsens NaturvArdsenhet in Malmohus liin, pers. comm.).<br />
J'hese figures, which are cafculated for open areas without trees, are based on measurements<br />
from S6derAsen, NW SkAne, made by Institutet f6rVatten- och LuttvArdsforskning.<br />
The maximum and the maximum of the monthly mean values of the SO, and NO, content<br />
in the air during 1986 and 1987 from the SdderAsen locality are shown in Table Z. For<br />
comparison, the corresponding values for Bredkiilen, in the province of J5mtland in central<br />
Sweden, are also included. The amount of other nitrogen oxides is negligible in relation<br />
to the amount of NO. (Dahlberg et al. 1 987, Lovblad et al. 1986).<br />
Table 1.<br />
pH values determined in November lggg at Romeleklint.<br />
Amphibolite Hyperiledyke cement found. soit<br />
Surface4-5564<br />
fnsiderock 54 7 t0<br />
Table 2.<br />
Measurements of SO. and NO, content from SOderAsen, NW SkAne (50 km lrom the locality) and Bredkilen,<br />
80 km NNE Ostersund in Jdmtland (centralsweden), made by lVL. Maxirnlm values for 1986 and 19g7, and<br />
the maximum of the monthly mean values are indicated.<br />
pg SO/rP air, max. value<br />
max. of rnonthly mean value<br />
pg NO/rP air, max. value<br />
m€u. ol npnthty mean value<br />
Material and methods<br />
S6derAsen:<br />
1986 1987<br />
51.8 155.6<br />
8.7 17.8<br />
9.2 12.6<br />
2.3 4.0<br />
Bredkilen:<br />
1986 1987<br />
11.2 13.1<br />
2.3 2.9<br />
5.0 3.2<br />
0.8 0.7<br />
Six people took part in the investigation and the area was visited lour times. The material<br />
collected is deposited in LD. The scientific names accord with Santesson (1984), except<br />
tor Placynthiella icmalea(Ach.) Coppins & P. James, Trapelia placodioidesOoppins & p.<br />
James and Porpidia Kdrb. (= Huilia).<br />
Most lichen species occur in a specific pH interval of their substrate. Wirth (1980) set up<br />
pH classes and presented pH intervals within which the ditferent species occur. The<br />
interuafs otten include more than one pH class, €. g. Lepraria incana which octurs in pH<br />
classes z4,which means pH 3.4-5.6 (see the bottom of Table 3). We have compared the<br />
distribution into pH classes between the lichen flora found in 1 939 and the lichen flora f rom<br />
1986-88. Two hypotheses were tested. 1) The present lichen flora occur within the same<br />
pH classes as the one from 1939, using 1, test (Clarke19B0) and Mann-Whitney U test<br />
conected forties (Siegal 1 956). 2) The vanished species occurwithin the same pH classes<br />
as the remaining ones, using X'test. Since the pH value of the substrate has decreased<br />
between the two studies (see above) only the lowest pH class for each species was used<br />
in the calculations.<br />
Results<br />
The species found in the two investigations, and the pH intervals within which they occur,
151<br />
are presented in Table 3 and 4. In 1939, Degelius found altogether 57-59 species (using<br />
recent taxonomy), while the number of species in our investigation is 54- 17 of them are<br />
new, while 20-22 of the species found in 1939 were not {ound again.<br />
The two hypotheses (see Material and methods) were both rejected at the 2-5"/" level.<br />
Thus, the present lichen flora prefers or tolerates a lower substrate pH level than the flora<br />
of 1g39, and the species which prefer or tolerate a less acid substrate have vanished.<br />
Discussion<br />
Methods<br />
The investigation of 1939 was carried out in a few hours, but this was probably<br />
compensated for by the great floristic knowledge of the excursion members. During the<br />
present investigation more time was spent and more people took part.The species found<br />
by us but not by Degefius et al., were in 1939 eitherabsent or present but not observed.<br />
Thus, it is easierto draw conclusions about the species found by Degelius, since theywere<br />
particularly looked lor during the present investigation. Degelius mainly mentioned the<br />
abundance of some conspicuous species, but since he did not use standardized methods<br />
we will only discuss them in a few cases.<br />
Conclusions<br />
This investigation indicates connections between acidification and changes in the lichen<br />
flora. The comparison of pH data from 1949-1970 and 1984-85, and the measurements<br />
of the air pollution show the occurrence of acidification in the region. Almost all species<br />
which do not prefer or tolerate acid substrates have disappeared from the locality, while<br />
almost all of the acid-tolerant species have remained. The increased trampling has<br />
affected only a ve<strong>ry</strong> small part of the area. The spruc€ plantation probably had little<br />
influence on the lichen flora, since Degelius et al. found ve<strong>ry</strong> few photophobous species.<br />
Therefore, it is highly probable that the acidification of the precipitation is responsible for<br />
their disappearance. The changes among the silicolous and tenicolous lichens on<br />
Romeleklint resernble previously known changes among corticolous ones.<br />
The tendency of this investigation is clear although a few species may have disappeared<br />
due to other factors than acidification. Lecanara muralis has remained at the locality<br />
although it prefers high pH values. An explanation may be that it grows in places which are<br />
occasionally manured by birds. Parmelia pulla, earlier stated to be abundant, has<br />
vanished. The species occurin the pH interval4.1-7.0 (-7.5), but it is also favoured by bird<br />
manuring. Perhaps the sensitivity to acidification is greater than that indicated by Wirth,<br />
if no fertilization oeurs. A retreat of the species has also been obserued in Stenshwud<br />
N. P., southeast SkAne (Ekman 1989). Porina chloroticaand Lecidella scabramay have<br />
disappeared due to the somewhat increased insolation when the spruce forest'was cut.<br />
Three Peltigeraspecies have also vanished, of which at least P. aninaand P- plydac'tyta<br />
were not sparse. This can also be due to the environmental changes towards the<br />
somewhat drier and more exposed conditions. Atthough they are tairlycapable of enduring<br />
desiccation (MacFarlane & Kershaw 1977, 1980), such drier conditions can strike ve<strong>ry</strong><br />
hard on local ecotypes, even if the species on the whole have a wide ecological amplitude.<br />
However, the acidification is another possible reason for the retreat of the Peltigera<br />
species. They demand a high substrate pH (see Table 3), and nitrogen fixation is known<br />
to be negatively influenced by low pH, especially in combination with high concentration<br />
of SO, (Heillgren & Huss 1975). A retreat of the Peltigera species has also been observed
Table 3.<br />
152<br />
List of the species. Altogether 77-79 species have been found on Romeleklint, 35-36 of these have<br />
been lound in both investigalions, 20-22 species have disappeared and 16-17 are new. 57-59 species<br />
were found in 1939 and 55 in 198G€8.<br />
Acarospora luscata<br />
Aspicilia caesiocinerea<br />
A. cinerea '1)<br />
A. simoensis<br />
Baeomyces rulus<br />
Buellia punctata<br />
Caloplaca festiva<br />
Candelariella coralliza<br />
C. vitellina<br />
Gtadonia bacillaris<br />
C. chloroPhaea s str<br />
C. con'tocraea<br />
C. comuta<br />
C. fimbriata<br />
C. floerkeana<br />
C. furcata ssP. lurcata'21<br />
G. rnacilenta<br />
C. ochrochlora'3)<br />
C. pleurota'4)<br />
C. pyxidata<br />
C. scabriusa.lla<br />
C. squarnosa<br />
C. subulata<br />
Diploschistes scruPosus<br />
Hypogymnia PhYsocles<br />
Lasallia Pustulata<br />
Lecanora atra<br />
L. badia<br />
L. intritcata<br />
L. macrocYclos<br />
L. muralis<br />
L. polYtroPa<br />
L. rupicola<br />
L. soralifera<br />
L. subcamea<br />
Lecidea furvella<br />
L. luscoatra<br />
L. granulosa<br />
Occurrence Abundance<br />
1939 198H8 1939 1986-1988 pH Class ($)<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x?<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
abundant<br />
abundant<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scanty<br />
abundant<br />
scantier than<br />
C. coralliza<br />
one specimen<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scantY<br />
abundant<br />
abundant<br />
scadtier than<br />
L. macrocyclos<br />
abundant<br />
abundant<br />
ahrndant<br />
abundant<br />
abundant 3-4<br />
scanty 3-4(5)<br />
scanty ;<br />
24<br />
4-5<br />
fairly t""nty 3-4<br />
24<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scantY<br />
abundant<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scantY<br />
1-3(4)<br />
2-5<br />
3-4<br />
1-3<br />
(2)3-s<br />
1-3(4)<br />
2-5<br />
1-3(4)<br />
1-3(4)<br />
(3)4-6<br />
(3)€<br />
1-3<br />
24(s)<br />
3-5<br />
24<br />
(3)-4<br />
(3)4-5<br />
(2)H<br />
24<br />
rrrlre abundant than 5-€<br />
L. macrocyclos<br />
fairly abundant<br />
abundant<br />
scanty<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> abundant<br />
24<br />
(3)4-5<br />
24<br />
3-4<br />
24<br />
3-€<br />
1-3
L. insularis<br />
L. lapicida<br />
L. orosthea<br />
L. pycnocarpa<br />
L. sulphurea<br />
Lecidella scabra<br />
Lepraria incana<br />
L. neglecta<br />
Micarea bot<strong>ry</strong>oldes'5)<br />
Ochrolechia androgyna<br />
Parmelia conspersa<br />
P. bxodes<br />
P. pulla<br />
P. saxatilis<br />
P. sulcata<br />
Peltigera canina<br />
P. polydactyla s. lat.<br />
P. rufescens<br />
Pertusaria d ealbescens<br />
Physcia caesia<br />
P. dubia<br />
Placyntiella icrnalea<br />
Porina chlorotica<br />
Porpidia crustulata<br />
P. tuberculosa<br />
Pseudevemia lurfuracea<br />
Rhizocarpon badioatrum<br />
R. distinctum<br />
R. geographicum<br />
R. lecanorinum<br />
R. sphaerosporum'6)<br />
R. obscuratum<br />
Schaereria tenebrosa<br />
Scof iciosporum umbrinu m<br />
Trapelia involuta<br />
T. obtegens<br />
T. placodioides<br />
Umbilicaria deusta<br />
U. polyphylla<br />
153<br />
Occurrence Abundance<br />
1939 1986-88 1939<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
X<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
xx<br />
X ;X<br />
xx<br />
xx<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scanty<br />
abundant<br />
abundant<br />
scantier lhan<br />
P. saxatilis<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scanty<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scanty<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scanty<br />
one yourE<br />
specimen<br />
scanty<br />
abundant<br />
($). The pH classes are based upon information in Wirth (1980).<br />
Class 1 cprresponds to pH 9.3<br />
Class 2 3.4-4.0<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
1986-1988 pH Class ($)<br />
(3)4-5<br />
3-4<br />
3-4<br />
45<br />
scanty 24<br />
3-4<br />
fairly abundant<br />
scanty<br />
,u<br />
3-5<br />
3-5<br />
3-5<br />
2{<br />
(3)4-s<br />
H (3)4-5<br />
5-7<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scanty 3-.4<br />
H<br />
5<br />
3-4<br />
(2)H<br />
(2)3-s<br />
2-3(4)<br />
3-4<br />
(3)H<br />
24<br />
abundant H<br />
locafly tairly<br />
abundant<br />
ve<strong>ry</strong> scanty<br />
abundant<br />
fairly abundant<br />
Cfass 5 5.7-7.0(7.5)<br />
Cfass 6 e,a7<br />
(2)3-s<br />
3l-,4<br />
24<br />
3-5<br />
3-5<br />
(3)-4<br />
24
Class 3<br />
Class 4<br />
4.14.8<br />
4.9-5.6<br />
154<br />
Class 7 7.1-€.5<br />
Class 8 above 7<br />
'1) May be A. caesiocinerea. Many unusually pale specimens of this species o6pur in the locality.<br />
'2) c. rangiformis in Degelius (1941) is probab<strong>ry</strong> C. rurcata ssp.furcata.<br />
'3) 'c. ochrochlora'found by Degelius et ar. is probably c. coniocraea.<br />
'4) Formerly C. coccifera included also C. pleurota (cf. Magnusson 1936). Degelius'C. coccifera<br />
should lherefore be regarded cottectively, but is probably C. pleurola, which we have found in<br />
the locality.<br />
'5) New to SkAne (see Arup & Ekman 1989).<br />
'6) Fits the descrtption of R. rEcrosporum, but according lo Tinrdal & Hottan-HartrvQ (198g) this<br />
name is a synonym of R. ghaerosporum.<br />
Table 4.<br />
The nunber of species in each pH class. The lowest pH class for each species was used. In x, tests,<br />
pH classes 4-8 were united in the calarlations when comparing the present flora with the one from 1g3g,<br />
and pH classes 3-8 were united in the calcr,llatiors when comparing the vanished species with the<br />
remaining ones.<br />
pH dass and interval 1939 1996-gg lggg & Vanished New<br />
198H8 Species Species<br />
1s.336214<br />
2 3.H.0 17 21 15 2 6<br />
3 4.1-4.8 26 2A 16 10 4<br />
44.H.640040<br />
5-88.731120<br />
Totat 53483H2014<br />
in Stenshuvud N. P., southeast SkAne (Ekman 1989).<br />
Prospects<br />
From studies on epiphytic lichens, the airquality can be measured, particularlythe amount<br />
of sulphur dioxide. Scales have been set up for corticolous lichens for this purpose<br />
(Hawksworth & Rose 1976), but for silicolous and terricolous lichens there are no such<br />
scales (cf. Westman 1975). Through continued investigations like this it may be possible<br />
to find out which silicolous lichen species are sensitive to acidification.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
This investigation is part of a more comprehensive project, conceming endangered<br />
lichens in southern Sweden, with Ingvar Kirnefelt as the supervisor and the World Wide<br />
Fund For Nature as the supporting organisation.
Beferences<br />
155<br />
Arup, U. & Ekman, S. 1989: Notes on the lichen flora of southem Sweden. - Graphis<br />
Scripta 2: 104-106.<br />
Bjerregaard, J. 1988: Skogsbruk pA RomeleAsen. - SkAnes NaturTS(4):293-302.<br />
Clarke, G. M. 1980: Statistics and experimental design.- 188 pp. 2nd ed. Edward Arnold,<br />
London.<br />
Dahlberg, K., L6vblad, G. & Steen, B. 1987: Atmosfdrskemisk dvervakning vid IVL:s PMKstatione<br />
r. - NaturuArdsverket Happort 3473.<br />
Degelius, G. 1941 : Lavfloran pA toppen av Romeleklint (SkAne). - Botaniska Notiserg4:<br />
335-336.<br />
Ekman, S. 1989: F6rEindringar i Stenshuvuds lavflora under ett halvt sekel. - Svensk Bot.<br />
Tidskr.83: 1 3-26.<br />
Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1986: Soil acidification and vegetation changes in deciduous<br />
forests in southern Sweden. - Oecologta (Berlin)70:339-347.<br />
Falkeng ren-Grerup, U. 1 987: Long-term changes in pH of forest soils in southern Sweden.<br />
- Environmental Pollution 43: 79-90.<br />
Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1989: Effekter av f6nsurningsbetingade markf6rdndringar pA<br />
kdrlvAxter - retrospektiva studier i bokskog 6ver 40 Ar. - WwF-npport f6r 1988.<br />
Falkengren-Grerup, U., Unnemark, N. & Tyler, G. 1987: Changes in acidity and cation<br />
pools of South Swedish soils between 1949 and 1985. - Chemosphere, 16(1f12):<br />
2239-2248.<br />
Hdllgren, J. & Huss, K. 1975: Effects of SO, on Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation. -<br />
Physiologica Plantarum 34 : 1 7 1 -176.<br />
Hawksworth, D. L. & Rose, F. 1 976: Lichens as Pollution Monitors. -59<br />
pp. Edward Arnold,<br />
London.<br />
Hjelmqvist, S. 1934: Zur Geologie des Stidschwedischen Grundgebirges. Die Kristallinischen<br />
Gesteine des RomeleAses. - Mddelanden frAn Lunds Geologisk-Mineralogiska<br />
lnstitution 58.<br />
Knutsson, T. 1986: Lavfloran pe Romeleklint, SkAne.-S pp. Dept. of Syst. Bot., University<br />
of Llnd.<br />
Linnermark, N. 1960: Podsol och brunjord.En studie av vegetation och jordmAnsbildning<br />
inom 6stra SkAnes As- och skogsomrAden. - 233 pp. Gleerups f6rlag, Lund.<br />
L6vblad, G., Andr6asson, K. & Dahlberg, K. 1986: Atmosf6rskemisk Overvakning vid IVL:s<br />
PM K-stat i on e r. - N at u ruA rd sve rket Rap po rt 3329.<br />
MacFarlane, J. D. & Kershaw, K. A. 1977: Physiological-environmental interactions in<br />
lichens 4. Seasonal changes in nitrogenase activity of Peltigen caninavar. pnetextata<br />
and P. canina var. rufescens. - New Phytologist 79: 403-408.<br />
MacFarlane, J. D. & Kershaw, K. A. 1980: Physiological-environmental interactions in<br />
lichnes 9. Thermal stress and lichen ecology. - New Phytologisf 84: 669485.<br />
Magnusson, A. H. 1936: Fdrted
Graphis Scripta 2: 1 55-1 50, 1 989<br />
Fdriindringar i utbredningsbilden hos Parmelia elegantula och<br />
Parmelia laciniarula i SkAne och Blekinge.<br />
Ame Thell, insdrutionen for systematisk botanik, 0 Va[gatan 20,223 61 Lund.<br />
Abstract<br />
The Swedish localities for Parmelia eleganrula (Zahlbr.) Szat. and Parmelia laciniatula (Oliv.) Zahlbr.<br />
wers outlined in denil by Almborn (1948) in a work on the distribution and ecology of some south<br />
Scandinavian lichens. In the summer of 1987, I revisited Ahnborn's renumerated localities in Sklne and<br />
Blekinge. Several new localiries were also registrated. Both species, as prcsumed, turned out to be less<br />
corrmon roday. They had vanished from about half of the visited localides. The number of localities in<br />
Sklne and Blekinge are 27 for Parmelia elegantula and about 60 for Parmelia laciniatulc. In 1948 the<br />
equivalent numbers were 34 respecdvely about 110. In addidon both could Presumably be found at more,<br />
for epiphytic lichens suitable habitats. Parmelia laciniatula doesn't occur in Blekinge or in the nonheast<br />
parts of SkAne. However, it's obviously nor rare in the south and the middle parts of Skllne. Parmelia<br />
elegantulc musr be rcgarded as an endangercd species as a whole whithin irs distributional range in south<br />
Scandinavia. Both spccies occur on bark of deciduous trees, prefcrably Acer, Fraxinus and Ulmus.<br />
Earlicr they were also common on Aesculus and Fagus, but now they are practicdly absent on these Eees.<br />
Another problem is rhe effecr of the reduced number of habin6, such as avenues. Parmelia elegantula as<br />
well as p. Iaciniatula prcfer rrecs in open places with supply on dust rich in nutriment. Climatic faciors, can<br />
also be delimiting for these mainly temperate species.<br />
Inledning<br />
Detta arbete har ingatt i ett storre projekt: Hotade lavar i siidra sverige, vid<br />
institutionen for systemarisk botanik vid Lunds universitet med ekonomiskt st6d frAn<br />
viirldsnarurfonOen, WWF. Projektet var frAn b0rjan fr[mst inriktat pA att studera<br />
nuvarande status for de 24 sydliga arter som finns rePresenterade i Almborns<br />
avhandling frAn 1948. Numera ingAr alla hotade arter i undersdkningen. Inom detta<br />
projekt uuld. jag som tilliimpningsarbete att specialstudera utbredningen av Parmelia<br />
,triorruta (Zahlbr.) Szat. och Parmelia eleganruta (OIiv.) Zahlbr i SkAne och Blekinge.<br />
Det iir nu over 40 Ar sedan Ove Almborn (1948) publicerade sin avhandling<br />
Distribution and Ecology of Some South Scandinavian Lichens' Arbetet<br />
omfattade utbredning och .<br />
,ekologi for 24 sydliga lavarter .samt noggranna<br />
lokalbeskrivnin gar. SJAan dess har inget civergripande arbete 6ver sodra Sveriges<br />
lavflora publiceiars. Det iir emellertid ualkant, att detta omrlde varit speciellt utsatt for<br />
luftfciroreningar och landskapsfdrlindringar. Effekterna av detta har p[verkal lavfloran.<br />
Vissa epifytiska arrer lir speciett k[nsliga fdr luftfororeningar medan andra troligen<br />
rrlngrs tiilbatca av det moderna lantbruket. Fcir utprlglat sydliga arter iir<br />
klimadluktuationer sannolikt ocksA en faktor att riikna med.<br />
parmelia elegantula, som beskrevs som slllsynt, insamlades for f6rsta glngen i<br />
Sverige 1929. Almborn (1948) angav 45 lokaler for Sverige, varav ett tiotal lAg utanfor<br />
Sken; och Blekinge inom ert begrlinsat omrAde vid v[stkusten (fig. 1). Fdrktaringen till<br />
denna isolerade forekomst ansAgs vara klimatologisk Vad som hlint inom dena omrAde<br />
iir itnnu okiint och borde kunna bli foremAl f6r en fortsan unders0kning.<br />
Parmelia laciniatula insamlades fdr fcirsta gAngen 1933. Antalet kiinda lokaler steg
157<br />
snabbt och var Ig48 uppe i ungeflr 110 f6r SkAnes del. Fcir Blekinge uPpgavs en enda<br />
lokal. Arten visade sig vara tiimligen allmen endast inom ett litet omrAde (fig. 2). Med<br />
anledning av P. laciniatulas f6rhAllandevis rikliga fdrekomst, rliknade Almborn (1948)<br />
bara upp de aktuella fcirsamlingarna i avhandlingen. Ett stort antal lokaler finns<br />
emellertid exakt beskrivna av Almborn (1935, 1939) samt dokumenterat i det<br />
insamlade materialet pA botaniska musdet vid Lunds universitet. (LD).<br />
Figot l. Parmelia eleganfula i Skandinavien (1948).<br />
Parnrelia elegantula in Scandinavia (1948).<br />
(Ur Almborn: Distribution and Ecology of Some South<br />
kandinavian Licheru.)<br />
Metodik<br />
Fig,u 2. Parmelia taciniatula i Skandinavien (19{8).<br />
Pamelia laciniatula in Sondinavia (1948).<br />
Or Alnborn: Distribution and Ecology of Some South<br />
Scandinavian Ucheru.)<br />
Samtliga av Almborn (1948) beskrivna lokaler f6r Parmelia elegantula och merparten<br />
av paimelia laciniatula-lokalerna Aterbes6ktes under sourmaren 1987. Samtidigt<br />
registrerades Atskilliga nya fyndplatser i samband med fiiltarbetet. Fcir att mojligg6ra<br />
mil'.roskopstudier och kemiska tester, insamlades smA fragment av lavarna pA varje<br />
fyndort, rftrtrom det kan vara besviirligt att skilja P. elegantula ftAn den n[rstAende<br />
p. glabtratula (Lamy) Nyl. i fdlr. Med hjAtp av spot-tests kan man emellertid l2itt skilja<br />
desia bAda arrer. Miirgen flirgas C+ riid av lecanorsyra pe P. glabratula,<br />
S tfl n dorts forhAll an den<br />
BAde p. elegantula och P. Iaciniatula tillh6r ett sydligt element inom den nordiska<br />
lavfloran. Di ar spridda Over stora delar av den europeiska kontinenten och har sin<br />
nordgriins i sodra Skandinav ien. Denna griins 6r troligen betingad av<br />
exrrernremperarurer (Almborn 1948). BAda arterna tillh6r den epifytiska<br />
rikbarksvegeration, som iir karakteristisk fcir sydsvenska slottsparker, all6er och<br />
kyrkogArdar (fig 3) och de har mycket likartade stAndortskrav och f6rekommer inte<br />
siillan pA samma trdd. Bark av Ac er , Fraxinus och U lmus iir de vanligaste<br />
substraten, men bAda arterna f6rekommer liven pA bark av andra l6vtr[d som<br />
Aesculus, Alnus, Fagus, Malus, Populus, Salix, Sorbus, Tilia och Quercus. D?iremot<br />
pAtraffas de nlstan aldrig p6, Betula, Picea, Pinus och sten.
158<br />
Vanliga asssocierade aner pl stAndorten tr Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia<br />
acetabulwt, P. glabratula, P. sulcata, Pseudevernb furfuracea, Ramalina farinacea, R'<br />
fastigiata, Xanthoria candelaria ochX fallax. Ibland finnar man [ven den nlrstAende<br />
Parmelia exasperatula Nyl. pA sa[lma tredstam, eD art som dock llr vara mer kenslig<br />
for luftfdroreningar [n vad de ganska motstAndskraftiga P. elegantula och P.<br />
laciniada dr NV irm- 1980).<br />
Inventeringsresultat<br />
Parmelia elegantula<br />
Parmelia elegantula Aterfanns pA 15 av de 34 beskrivna lokalerna. Dessutom<br />
upptacktes L2 nya. Antalet registrerade lokaler uppgAr dlrfttr till 27 inom<br />
unders6kningsomrAdet. De flesta lokalerna ir belEgna i sydvlstra SkAne (fig 4). I<br />
Blekinge finns bara en lokal kvar, vid idrottsplatsen i Sdlvesborg. Sammanfattningsvis<br />
visar undersdkningen pi en viss tillbakaglng.<br />
Parmelia laciniatula<br />
Ett Attiotal av de tidigare angivna lokalema besdktes. Parmelia laciniatula visade sig<br />
vara forsvunnen frln mer [n hltftcn av dessa. Som fnmglr av fig. 5, har den minskat i<br />
omrldes utkanter medan den har registrerats pl flera nya platser i s6dra och mellersta<br />
Sklne. Med hj[lp av det ganska stora antalet nya fyndplatser, kom jag upp i d<strong>ry</strong>gt 60<br />
lokaler, ett antal som formodligen kan 6kas yttcrligarc vid fortsan sdkande. Denna an<br />
er uoligen fdrsvunnen frln Blekinge.<br />
Figur 3. Almall6er ir rriktf. biotoper for bide Parmelia elegantula och Parmelia laciniarula<br />
Avenues of elms are important biotopes for both Parmclia elegantula and Parnrelia laciniatula
afien ej {terfunnen<br />
nyfynd<br />
Figur 4. Parmelia elegantula. Distribution in 19g9.<br />
t r Atufynd<br />
o arten ej Atafunnen<br />
* nyfynd<br />
Figur 5. Parmelia laciniatula. Distribution in 1989.<br />
0
Diskussion<br />
160<br />
Luftf6roreningama har under de senaste decenniema inneburit en kraftig tillbakaging<br />
fOita"f.if, ep'ifytiska lavarter (Skye 1968). P.elegantula anses emellertid vara ganska<br />
talie mot f6rorcnad luft, varf6r tiilbakagangen mlste vara beroende av andra orsaker<br />
iWit ft f SSOI. Aven P' laciniatula f6rckommer niira ttitbebyggda omrAden'<br />
Vissa lavarrer behover triid i iippna liigen med tillgang till nliringsrika dammpartiklar<br />
fre"; va! eUer Aker (Ingeliig iSSq).b" gamla all6ema har pA senare tid minskat i<br />
*ot t",o,iiigt som almsju-kan dykt upp somett nytt hot. Klimadaktorcr kan ocks6 vara<br />
U"grattt""O"-fOr sydliga arte., da a" i"R*ur sig alldeles i utkanten av sitt naturliga<br />
utbredningsomrlde.<br />
parmelii elegantula verkar ha bibehelnt sitt gamla utbredningsomrAde till stor del<br />
..a." utbredlningsomrldet fdr P. laciniatula har minskat nlgot mot centrum.<br />
Naturligstvis kan lrtema finnas pA fler platser _[n de som'flr angivna hlr, men en<br />
iifiUuf."ia"g ar iinda mf,rkbar. p.iaciniaula fdrekommer numera mycket sparsamt pl<br />
*i"t tit oIh Fogrr. Dessa trndslag hdrde till de allra vanligaste substrhte-n vid tiden<br />
f6r Almborns in"errt"rin!. fa-ef",it et ocksA tillbakagAngen mycket stark' Aven P'<br />
;;;;;ril; har minskat ie a"tt" trfldslag' Barken hos Aesczlus' Alrus octt Fagw ar<br />
*tiifigf i-tf" sur och den fOrsuming som pAgAr kan ha giort dem ointrcssanta som<br />
substrat.<br />
Tack<br />
Jag vill passa pl att tacka min handledarc Ingvar Klrnefelt' som [r ledare fdr WWFilj"ff,<br />
fiir i.oda rAd under arbetets ging samt. Ulf med vissa<br />
11!fT"b]1i9i<br />
iotituppgift"t.-iiven Ove Almbom har haft tarOenrUa synpunkter pA muuskriptet<br />
Litteratur<br />
Almborn, o. 1935. Nya svenska lokaler f6t Parmelia laciniatula. Botaniska notiser'<br />
L935:464471.<br />
er*uo,,uo.lg3g.LichenologicalNotesl.Botaniskanotiser.|939:773.780.<br />
A-d;;, O. 1948. Oitiiiuiion and Ecology of Some South Scandinavian Lidtens'<br />
Botaniska notiser suppl. vol 1:2. 252pp'<br />
G&;i. rss+. Flo;ravaia i skogsb'ruket del 1, allman del. Skogsstyrclsen, Jtinkiiping.<br />
154 pp.<br />
i-, g. 1968. Lichens and Air Pollution' Acta Phyogeogr' Suec' 52l.l-L23'<br />
Wirrir, V. 1980. Flechtenflora. Ulmer, Stungart 552pp'
Graphis ScriPta 2: 161, 1989.<br />
161<br />
GYATIDEA DIAPHAI\A AND TRAPELIOPSIS FLEXUOSA NEW TO GREENLAI{D<br />
vagn Alstrupr rnstitut for Okologisk botanik, 0. Farimagsgade 2D,<br />
DK-1353 Kdbenhawn K.<br />
Habitat notes are given for the two species and the<br />
pycnidia of c. diaphana are described.<br />
Gyglidea diqphana (K6rber) VEzda. Narssaq district, AlSngorssuq,<br />
60-51-N' 46-05-W' alt. 70 m' on vertical. north-facing granitj.c<br />
rock, constantly kept wet by spray from an ice-cold waterfall,<br />
assoclated <strong>wL</strong>t}: Polgblastia somnerfeltii Lynge, Placynthiun pannariellun<br />
(NyI.) I{agnusson, Porocyphus di.spereue DabJ-, fonaepis<br />
cfr. odora (Schaerer) B. Stein and. Veyruearia sp., 3 Aug. 1980,<br />
Alstrup 801183 (C).<br />
The species is seen as a ve<strong>ry</strong> th5-n purplish-brownish filn on<br />
the wet rock; the apothecia are light brownish, translucent when<br />
wet and margj.nate, widely dispersed or absent. PycnLdes nere<br />
found on the specimen and they are described here, apparently for<br />
the filst time: black, up to 150 Un in diam. and 60 yrn ta11; pycnoconidia<br />
filiform 10-12(-19) x 2 um.<br />
The species has so far been reported from Riesengebirge anal AItvatergebj-rge<br />
ln CentraL Europe (VEzda 1978), but it is also known<br />
from Scotlancl (Coppinsr pers. conm.) and No<strong>ry</strong>ray (p. M. .torgensen,<br />
pers. comm.).<br />
ItapeLiopeis fletuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P^ James. Narssag district,<br />
Kangerdluarssuk "Ref. IIf", 60"52-N, 46"01-W" a1t. 60 m, on dead<br />
bark of Betula sp., 2 July 1978, Alstrup 78019 (C). Associated<br />
species arez Leeidea tornoensis NyI., Leeidea antil.oga Stirt.,<br />
Lecano?d fuseeseens (Sommerf.) tlyt., Biato?d oernalis (L.) Fr.,<br />
al;,d BueLLia diseifornis (rr.) I{udd.<br />
The species is wi.dely distributed in temperate and.boreal regions.<br />
Literature:<br />
V8zda, A. 1978. Neue oder \"renig bekannte Flechten in iler Tschechoslowakei<br />
II.- FoLia ceobot. Phytotax. 13: 397-420.
162<br />
Graphis ScriPta 2z 162-163, 1 989.<br />
SCOLICIOSPORUM SAROTHAMNI NY FUR SVIRIGE.<br />
Lars-Eri k Muhr Sel kroksvdgen 47 , S-69 1 42 Karl skoga, sweden '<br />
Scol 'ici osporum sarothamn'i (Vai ni o) VEzda i s reported as new to Sweden<br />
inTn6 iiooi.-ina southern irarts of the count<strong>ry</strong>- It<br />
.is probably a common and widespread_spec'ies wh'ich has been much overlooi
n.11610, pe Fraxinus excelsior.<br />
Viistmanl and: tan,<br />
Ifrs-Ff[l and: Hi I I e sn ., Testebodn,<br />
FfTrffi<br />
n.2<br />
Tack,<br />
exce'l s i or ; Ockel bo sn . '<br />
163<br />
1989, L-E Muhr n.1191?, pd lopu]q tremula.<br />
500 m S Osliittfors, 1987, Am,<br />
H6nge1 n, 6 km NV Osl iirrf ors , A. Nordi n<br />
Jao vill tacka prof. A. vEzda fijr hiiilp med bestamningen av en av insamlingarna]<br />
Ett tack iivin ti11 Leif Andersson, Hans-Erik Gustavsson och Anders Nordin<br />
ftjr rapporter av fyndlokaler.<br />
Li tteratur.<br />
Clauzade, G. & Roux, C. 1985: Likenoi de okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita determinlibro.<br />
- Royan.<br />
Hansen, E. S. 1987: Nordisk lichenologisk forenings ekskursion til Danmark<br />
1987. - Graphis Scripta 1:95-102.<br />
Vdzda, A 1978: Neue oder wenig bekannte Flechten in der Tschechoslowakei. II<br />
- Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha, 132397-420.<br />
l,li rth, V 1 980 : Fl echtenf I ora . Stuttgart: Eugen Ul mer .<br />
fAVav'<br />
Fig. 1. A bundle of spores just released from an ascus and<br />
f ree spores of scori-ciosporum sarothamnus - from Bornholm, del.<br />
Vagn Alstrup.
164<br />
Graphis Scripta 2z 164-167, 1989.<br />
LICHEN MTERIAL BY O, P, SI,.IARTZ IN THE HERMRIUM AT EOTEEORE<br />
Lars Arvidsson, Naturhistoriska Fiusdet, Box 7281, 5-402 t5 Gbteborg'<br />
Sweden.<br />
Abstract: Twelve specimens from the West lndies, collected by<br />
0.p. Swartz, have been discovered in the herbarium at Gdteborg.<br />
The collection comprises n j.ne isotypes, v iz . Baeomyces l-g!99ides<br />
(Sw. ) Ach., Leptogium diaphanum (Sw. ) Mont., L. marginelJ-<br />
um (Sw.) S.F. Gray, Lobaria dissecta (Sw.) Raeuschel, Parmel-ieIJa<br />
pannosa (Sw.) NUff. Arg., Stereocaul,on ramulosum (Sw.).<br />
Raeuschel, Sticta damaecornis (5w. ) Ach., Sticta l,aciniata (5w. )<br />
and S. tomentosa (Sw. ) Rcn. The material is briefly discussed.<br />
The main part of the lichen colLection by 0.p. swartz (rz5o-t8t8),<br />
is located. in Riksrnuseum, stockholm (s), with subord-inate maierial<br />
in UpS. In addition, varj-ous duplicates are also for:nd in BM-ACE,<br />
C, G, and H-ACH.<br />
In the Botanical Museum at Gbteborg (Cf)' f have encoulltered 12<br />
specimens which appears to be original collections by swartz from<br />
his voya€e to the West Ind.ies and. northern South America 1784-86.<br />
Nine of these lichens veqy 1ike1y constitute isotypes of species<br />
d.escribed. by Swartz in ,,Nova Genera & Species Plantal:tmtr (tl8g).<br />
The material 1s sparse, consisting of only one or two thalli of<br />
each species, grued on old-fashioned paper. Anrrotations are in black<br />
ink a'd. mention the ,,Lichenrr-11emsr' "J*rricatt (o" in one case 't'Dominica,,),<br />
and ,,Dr. Swartzr' (fig. 1 ). There is some uncertainty of the<br />
hand.-rgiting, and later scientists have made some comments on slips '<br />
G.O. Malme says that the hand. is not unlike that of swartz, but more<br />
neat. The titl-e of ,rDr. ,, before swart z'name also casts suspici-On On<br />
i-ts authenticity. O. c,ertz states that the hand.-r^rriting j-s not found<br />
in letters by swartz. The specimens are preserved in modern packets<br />
with G3 herbarium labels. Of special interest here is an explanation<br />
in the ha'd of A.I[. Magnusson: "From the lichen corlection of Dr-<br />
Westring through lagnan C-J. Ergelblon, 18rr"'<br />
It is possible that the material was given io the Natural Eisto<strong>ry</strong>
165<br />
Museum j-n Giiteborg (Naturhistoriska Musdet) at that time. lde lceow with<br />
certainty that Scandinaviarr lichens fron Westring's herbarir:m belonged<br />
to this museum around 1870 (linaeuerg lBBB). This collection contained.<br />
the species that Westring used for his famous book frsvenska lafvarnas<br />
fii.rghistoria ( t BO5 ) . fn 1BB2 Naturhistoriska Museet recei-ved ad-d.itionalhistorical-<br />
material the herbarium by Prof . J.W. Zettersted.t, gi.ven<br />
by the merchant Th.G. Cederberg (linaeUerg lBBB). This latter collection<br />
is also of great interest as it contained original naterial- by Acharius,<br />
Swartz and Westri-ng as noted already by Jdgerskidld (l9ll). In 1926 the<br />
herbarium at' Natr:rhistori-ska Musdet was transferred to the Botanic Garden<br />
in Giiteborg, and was taken over by the State in 1962 (University of<br />
Gciteborg) . This ancient Scand.inavian lichen collection still- awaits a<br />
thorough presentation.<br />
In spite of the insecurity of the hand-r+-riting on the lttest fnd-j-an<br />
lichens, there is no reason to doubt that this is original material by<br />
0. P- Swart z. We ineov that Swart z exchanged lichens with E. Acharius<br />
(ll>l -1819 ) and. perhaps also with J. P. westring (tl>l-l}jil. Both Acharius<br />
and Westring worked in the province of Ostergcitland., and. the acknowledgements<br />
in various works by Acharius ind.icate a close collaborat<br />
ion.<br />
A survey of the West Indian lichens at GB is given below. The material<br />
is fertile if not othen^rise stated.<br />
Liehen /,unaoi-d,QA Sr<strong>wL</strong>tz t7 88:146. Jamaica. = Baeomyces fungoides (S". ) Ach.<br />
kobably iso-Lvpe. See al_so Galloway 1980.<br />
Lichen dinphsalA Sle,)Ltz l78S:147. Jasraica" = Leptogir:m oiaphanum (Sr.) Mont.<br />
Pro max parte. Mixed. collection (ttt. Lind.strcim, pers, comm. ) . Probably<br />
i-so-type. See forthcoming revisi-on by M. Lindstrtirn.<br />
Lichen rchainellrJA gaaltz 17 88 :1 47. Jamaica. = Leptogir:m marginellum ( Sr. )<br />
S . F. Gray. kobabl-y iso-type . See f olthcoming revision by I"l. Lj-ndstrdm.<br />
Liehen tnemet-I-oide.s- L. (i.t., nom. i{-Leg. Jarnaica. = Leptogium tremerloides<br />
(Sr.) S.F. Gray. The material belongs to Leploeiun punctulatum<br />
Nyf . (M. Lind.stron, pers. comm. ) .<br />
Liehen di.saecfuus g,MrLtz 17 88 :1 47 . Jamaica. = Lobaria d.issecta (s'. )<br />
Raeuschel. Probablv iso-t<br />
Lichen paytno,suus 9^wltz t 7 88 : t 46. Jamaica. = Pa::meliel_Ja pannosa ( Sr. )<br />
Miil]. Arg. Sterlle. Probably iso-tvpe even though the original material<br />
is 6liven as fertiLe ( "scute]Lis convexls rtrfis " ) . Fig. 1 .
Liehen pen|ona,fuA<br />
The name on the<br />
infund ibulis " .<br />
Lichen nanuLoatys SrJa)Ltz 17 8I : I 47 . Janaica. = Stereocaulon ramuLosum<br />
/^ \ -<br />
(Sw. ) Raeuschel. Frobably iso-t See also Lamb (t977 ) .<br />
Lielte-n danaeconni.s Sr<strong>wL</strong>tz 1788:146. Jamaica. = Sticta daqaec.qrnfs<br />
( Sr. ) Aci:. Probably iso-ty<br />
Lichen Iaciwintys Sr<strong>wL</strong>tz 17 88 : I 47. Ja,maica. = Sticta laciniata (sr. )<br />
Ach. Pl9bablv iso-tvpe.<br />
Liclten llnvicatu 9Anlltz 17 88 :147 , Dominica. = Teloschistes fl-avicans<br />
(Sr. ) Uo:m. Sterj-le. Not type material. The present specimen orj-ginates<br />
from Doroinica and not Jamaica as stated in the protologue.<br />
See also A1rnborn' ( 1 989 ) "<br />
166<br />
Jaecq. Jamaica. = Pa:motrema perforata (.lacq. ) Mass.<br />
speeimen by Swartz has later been changed to "L.<br />
Lichen tomentoawb gntttz 1788:147. Jarnai-ca. = Siicta tomentosa<br />
Ach. Probablv iso-t<br />
(sr.)<br />
I am indebted to FiI. Lic. Bo Peterson, fo:mer Curator at the Botanical<br />
Museum at Giiteborg and to Fil. I(and. Ivlarie Lind.strcin, G
167<br />
Lamb, I. M- 1977 z A' conspectus of the l-ichen genus Stereocaulon (Schreb. )<br />
Iloffm. - :1)1_ii5.<br />
lindeberg' c..l- .BBB: 2!-irs berdttelse frin den botaniska afdelningen<br />
af Gbteborgs Museum. In: G6teborgs Musei tjugoferntrs_berdttelse:<br />
I tv- | | z. uo.leDors-<br />
Swariz, O.P. ITSB: iova eenera er species pfantarur Holmiae,<br />
Upsaliae & Aboae.<br />
Graphis Scripta 2z 167, 1989.<br />
Xanthoria elegans spreadinq in Derunark.<br />
Ulrik_Sdchting, Institut for Sporeplant?r, 1tr. Farirnagsgade 2D,<br />
DK-1353 Kobenhavn K.<br />
xanthoria elegans, a Lichen cornmon on eutrophicated, calcareous<br />
rock in most of Europe, !,ras reported in 19gg frorn Jutland bv<br />
Al"strup et a1.. In the spring 1989 it was also found i;<br />
abundance on asbestos roofs in HvaIsO and on mortar at RisO,<br />
both in central Sea1and..<br />
Mortar has been in use fo! centuries, and asbestos was<br />
already introduced in Denmark in 1,929. candelariella med.ians<br />
anq Caloplaca teicholyta, tvro other species of artificial,<br />
calcareous substrates was recorded several years ago<br />
(Christiansen et aI. L979). Why bas X. elegans n6t arrived<br />
earlj.er from the Elb area of northern Germany, where it has<br />
occurred for many years (Erichsen 1952)? It rnay have spread<br />
more sLowly to artificial substrates in Denmark, because its<br />
only means of dispersal are ascospores. Another explanation<br />
that it<br />
is<br />
is a more nitrogen demanding species than the others.<br />
Only during the last decades, when a harked increase in the<br />
nitrogen deposition has taken place, have the calcareous<br />
substrates become suffi-cient<strong>ry</strong> eutrophicated for x. eregans<br />
occur. rt<br />
to<br />
may thus be regarded as an indicator of ai_rborne<br />
nj.trogen deposition.<br />
_ xantoria elegans was also recently reported from concrete at<br />
the Faroe Islands (Alstrup & Alstnip Ltgg), but has not been<br />
reported from the southern part of sweden (santesson 1gg4).<br />
Here it may, however, also be expected to colonize.<br />
titerature:<br />
AJ.strup, V. & K. Al-strup. 1989- Epiphytic lichens. In: A. H6j9aard, J.<br />
J6hansen & S. odum (eds.). A centu<strong>ry</strong> of tree-planting in th" f"ro"<br />
Islands: I57-764-<br />
- , s- svane & u.. sochting. 1988. Notes on the lichen frora of Denmark rr<br />
- Graphis Scripta'2: 72-j7 .<br />
christiansen, !1. s., K. Ranker, F. Rose and ulrik sochting. 1979- Additions<br />
to the Danish lichen flora. - Bot. Tidssk!. ?4r 89-115.<br />
Erichsen, C. F. E. 195?. Flechtenflora von Norilwestdeutschlandl.<br />
Santesson, R. 1984. The lichens of Sweden and Norwav.
168<br />
Graphis Scripta 2: 168-170, 1989.<br />
A new species of Caloplaca (section Gasparrinia) from California,<br />
with notes on some other American Caloplaca<br />
William A. Weber, Prof. Emeritus<br />
University of Colorado Museum<br />
Boulder. CO 80309, USA<br />
Caloplaca bra1iae W. A, Weber, a maritime saxicolous species in Section Gasparrinia, is<br />
described frbm Santa Cruz lsland, Santa Barbara County, California.<br />
The genus Catoplaca has been a special interest of Ove Almborn for many years. His work<br />
with the maiine licheni of Halland's Vliderd inspired my first visit to that area, where I became<br />
acquainted with the remarkable zonation of the lichen flora, including several species of Caloplaca.<br />
It is a pleasure for me to describe a distinctive endemic maritime species in this volume dedicated<br />
to him.<br />
Catoplaca (*ct. Gasparrinia) brattiae, sP' nov.<br />
Thattus epilithicus, plagas rotundas vet rotundatas radiatim crescentes, in centro primum<br />
verruculoso-areoiatus et ap;th;cia crebra et approximata gerens' usque ad 2l <strong>ry</strong>n lat?s formans,<br />
dispersas vel hinc inde confluentes, flavus, fere opacus, KHO purpureus: lobi thalli prostrati,<br />
subcylindrici, paulum subtorulose inaequales, tenues,O.5-1.0 mm lati et plus minus 0.5-3'0 mm longi'<br />
nriitd, hciniis dictrotome vel subdichotome divisis, ad apicem rotundatis,. sorediis et isidiis<br />
aestitutii, subtus albidis; areolae centrales butliformes; stratum corticale non distincte cellulosum,<br />
medulla alba, ex hyphis longitudinalibus conglutinatis formatum.<br />
Apotiecia iicanorini, et iD centro thallo, et in lobis marginalibus superficialia, alte sessilia,<br />
rOtunda, parra, osque ad I mm lata; discus flavus, Opacus, KHO purpureus, epruinOsus, e concavo<br />
subplanui; marg thallinccrassiusculus, integer, interdum pustulatus (sorediaincipieutes?), penistenter<br />
Ue"'e proniiaulis, thallo coDcolor; hymeniuh 40-50 r,pr/ altum; sporae decolores, angusti-ellipsoideae,<br />
iectai, polari-di6Ustae, luminibus'ca. l/3 longitudinis sporarum metientibus, isthmo tenui junctis,<br />
lo-l I mr, longae et 3-4 mp latae.<br />
Pycnoconidia non visa.<br />
Tha[us epitithic, growing radiately in round or roundish plaques, verru.ulose-areolate in the<br />
center, up to 2j mm broad, separatc oi confluent, yellow, nearly opaque, KOH+ purple, with<br />
crowdid or adjacent apothecia; thallus lobes prostrate, subcylindric, subtorulose, unequal, 0.5- 1.0 mm<br />
wide and 0.5-3.0 mmlong beyond the first areotae, dichotomous or subdichotomous, rounded at the<br />
apGs, white ventrally, s-oredia or isidia lacking; central_ areoles bulliform, the cortical stratum not<br />
distinctly cellular, medulla white, of conglutinated longitudinal hyphae.<br />
Apothecia lecanorine, superficial on the central areoles and marginal lobes, sessile, round,<br />
small, up to I mm wide; disc yellow, opaque, KOH+ purple, epruinose,. a,lmost plane to concave;<br />
ifrattiire'margin thickish, cntiie, occasionally pustulate (incipienr soredia?),-persistent and quite<br />
prominent, cincolorous with the thallus; hymenium 40-50 mp high; spores l0-ll-mp x 3-4 mp,<br />
iyalio", narrow-eltipsoid, straighr, polaiildcular, each lumen ca. l/3 the length of the spore, the<br />
isthmus narrow. Pycnoconidia not seen,<br />
Hototype: California, U.S.A, Santa Barbara County. Channel Islands, Santa_Cruz Island.<br />
West end of tf,L ishnd, on rop of the rocky headland just above the spray zone, ca. 50-100 msm., an<br />
at;ost pure stand dominatin! the level oigently sloping area; o99u11ing Yith Caloplaca rosei Hasse<br />
anaiooieti.es overgrown w,lth Xanthoriaianditaria. 8 Jan. 1986, W. A.lleber &Charis Bratt, Lich-<br />
Exsicc. COLO No.660 (COLO).<br />
Other collections: California. San Luis Obispo County. On exposed boulders along the ocean<br />
at Morro Rock Reserve. I June 1987, R. E. Rielner 87-209 (COLO).<br />
The most recent treatment of the genus Caloplaca for western North America is an<br />
unpublished bul1ogeth€less extremely useful key (McCune l9E9). McCune lists the-followinS-taxa<br />
of yellow, saxicolous, effigurate-lobate, mariti'me Gasparrinie Caloplaca verruculilera (Yainio)<br />
Zsilbr., C. thaltincota (We?de[) DuRietz, C. scopularis (Nyl.) Lettau, nd Q. <strong>ry</strong>alna (Wecldell)<br />
Zahtbr. C. grotulosa (Mue[.-Aig.) tata, while no! clearly mentioned as such ia the key, is a nonmaritime<br />
species.
I ov<br />
, , . Qaloplaca brattiae belongs to this maritime series. According to the key provided by Nordin<br />
(1972),C.brattiaewouldfallclosest_toC. wrruculifera,whichisdistinguished-fiomallottrerspeciei<br />
!Y havin8 isjdia-like $,arts (probably better referred to as papiltae). Like C. brattiae. it is rosettefgrqtjgq_and<br />
clear yellow, end ecologicatly it is ornithocoprophilous, calciphobe, ani marlni, Uut<br />
the "isidia-like warts' are ve<strong>ry</strong> small, numerous, and crowded.- They irise tin tne iurfu"e of normal<br />
convex'areoles'. I use the term areoles ve<strong>ry</strong> loosely to mean simpiy the parts of the older thallus<br />
lobes which are cut off ftqp {t_a marginal ones, TLey are not autonomous areoles in the sense oi<br />
m-any crustose lichens. 'Isidia-like warts'are lacking iri C. brattiae. Instead, the individual segments<br />
of the internal thallus themselv-es are highly convei and even somewhat iirnriti"tea U"ro*,just.i<br />
are thos-e of C. uerruculifera before being overgrown by papillae. Nevertheleis, theie euiAeirifv iJ<br />
close relationship between the two species.<br />
Two features noted.on the type coltection may or may not be of taxonomic importance, The<br />
thalline margin of the apothecia commonly develop -pustulei wtrictr appiai i" ui trtii and possibly<br />
incipiently sorediate. Also, the lowermost margins oi the marginal lobei often rraue -aiatirig-;lrii6<br />
spicules which resemble minute rhizines but ttrly may, in faci, u. "rtiusion, oi r"tii.yrt"tr.<br />
Among the esorediate.species of section Gasparrinia, C. brauiae ve<strong>ry</strong> closely resembles the<br />
- European C. thallincola (weddelD Du Rietz, but in rhit speciei the thallus is diitincitytrange, ttricter<br />
and with broader tobes, and the. spores are lemon-shaped' (in sygdi+, ,'c!ri"iirir"iil septum. utri;r;i;i;;<br />
Ecologically, c. lhallinco-la is characteristic, in Scandinavii, or irt" io*"ijeotinorine-beii<br />
or verrucaria maura facies (Almborn 1955), whire c. trauii b;tk;i;';;il;;; georittorine<br />
aerohaline belt-.Caloplaca sco-pularis lacks tle narrow, highly conue* ilargioaito-ffs-of<br />
mentioned<br />
the aborre-<br />
species. It is a truly marine species with a narrow vertical<br />
(from<br />
distribution on coastal<br />
1.5-4.0<br />
rocks<br />
m above sea levil (Nordin; r.c.).<br />
The coastal California.lichen flora is.highly endemic, but it must atways be borne in mind<br />
that thele are close relationships betwee! ttris frori ana tnat or trre ioiCicoaiiJin-orttrern chile<br />
(Zahlbruckner.l924' 1925). paloptaca orthocladazantvr. (c. tiilii-i"'liruil Ju"tJ,i.ly is a close<br />
relative occurring in similar sites on the chitean and peruviad coass. it i, i-niti'"tlii*J by unusualy<br />
etonsated marginal robes. An isidiate species, c. isidiia(vlinjzatib;.-(e'iiiiiti, zahrbr.) is<br />
also known fr-o_m c-hile, B-rasil, and Galipagos. A more brbad<strong>ry</strong> itru.tur"a* .Jnfi*pi;i. study than<br />
was attempted bv Nordin is much ngqged, because of the probaLte occurh* "i-,iiJllttiunitloni.<br />
Furthermore, because the subtle differjnces betwein t-he species har" p;;;;;;;<br />
adequate description,<br />
difficutt of<br />
a special attempt must be made to quantify th;;.- '- -<br />
Arthough c- brattiae,is a_ve<strong>ry</strong> yelrow species at the typ€ locality, I would not emphasize<br />
differences in thatlus color. since I betieve-th"t.nJ"iiylogly site probably inhibits the development<br />
of an intense parietin coloration (see also Nordi;, ,.c.;1 ti:Tne thictness 6r trre coitei"rro produces<br />
differences in the intensity of color, as aiscusse'O bet-ow-l'<br />
c' brattia4 exhibits what might te considered incipient soredia. This phenomenon can best<br />
be noted on the-margins of the apotiecia, where a patei citor ana "i*uuine "'r;riio-i.orn a smal<br />
pustule. In section, this is seer.ro be a sright<strong>ry</strong> rupiured jart of ttre cortex.'silir;; ;; spots with<br />
small nrpture-s. may be seen on the.tips of ttre.tiraltus lobisi but soredia have not been observed. I do<br />
not believe this phenomenonnas.been described in any olne. ip""i* oirirfd*iirrlri" thus far,<br />
but I would hesitate to consider it of taxonomic signiricance r"itrroui icreinin;;;h across the<br />
group.<br />
A firm-like prothallus-has.not been observed to develop in c, brauiae. However, on rocks<br />
'-'.-r9rgl of sea-salt. sprav at pichidangui, chii;, fcoiL;;ea rnateriaf ;{e'.-;;;;r;;i (coto z-<br />
64241) in which a broad band of thislrothalluisurrounoea the thallus and in some instances the<br />
prothallus almost totally replaced the lobate thallus as if by some sort of.ttrition. On the California<br />
coast' the crustose c- rosei Hasse typicarty has a ye[ow fih-rike protrr"Gl. --' --' "'<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Almborn, ove. 1955- Lawegetation och lavflora pA Hallands ylider6. K. Vetensk. Akad. Avh.<br />
Naturskydd. )l:t-92. I2 plates.<br />
Mccune' Bruce- 1989. The genus caropraca in western North America. 19 pp. private<strong>ry</strong> printed.<br />
Nordin, Ingvar. 1972. caroplaca, sect. Gasparrinia i Nordeurope taxonomiska och ekologiska<br />
studier. Skriv Service AB, Uppsala.
170<br />
Zahlbruckner, A. 1924. Die Flechten der Juan Fernandez-Inseln. [In] C. Skottsberg, Natural Histo<strong>ry</strong><br />
of the Juan Fernandez Islands 2:315-407.<br />
Zahlbruckner, A. 1925. Chilenische Flechten gesammelt von C. Skottsberg. Medd. Gdteb. Bot.<br />
Tridg.2:I-26.<br />
Glaphis Sctipta 2: 170-171, 1989.<br />
ADDIfiOE IO THE I.ICIIEN II.ORA CF FINi,A},ID<br />
O.\ro Vitikairen, Botanical l,hrseLn, tniversity of flelsinki, unioninkatu 44,<br />
tr{0170 ltelsinki, Finlard<br />
lecartcola canpestris, L. morccncle ard Thelma ocellatuo aLe taeptrt€d<br />
fro Finllrd.<br />
I€carm cactrig (Sdnets) tLs<br />
Ihis species ee€G hith€rto unrecotded fro Finlard. Thcugh Vainio (1878: 103)<br />
rrepctea L. subfusca f . canpetris (fru llfianka parish in ttrc Fvltince of<br />
Sorttr t*iml he laten cfiarEed his identification ard coined L. alloptnrn anbsp.<br />
epib./on f . litlrootrila Vainio (Vainio 1881: 156) fq- tttis firditEl ard anothen<br />
Epecinen collected in the princ€ l(tru:taDo, TI|e latter \rqrc*€r (its locality<br />
Kroppooja rrr belqErirg to U.S.S.R., t{.roard< District) is aporently nissirg<br />
in his herbarirn GUFI,) hrt it nay hlve ref!€sented a ea:
171<br />
The species is for the present lcnown in the follo$ing localities: V,/}b.<br />
Korpo: Avensor, Kir.no, linestone qr.rar<strong>ry</strong> abardoned 35 years ago, 19gg Vitikainen<br />
11988; Juu'rc, on big erratic bor.rlder, 1989 Vitikainen. l,lagu (!,tawo): lkit6, (as<br />
L. ntuolis), 1981 c. Kvist; all at H.<br />
The cheuist<strong>ry</strong> of the Kiroo ard Nag.r specinere irere tested ard fcr:rd to<br />
agrree vell with r€ference Daterial frm gneden ard the obsenrations }<strong>ry</strong> Tidal<br />
(19881. A few speciners of I.. gchariana corhronatogranDed rrith L. nacrocycle<br />
shoffed. a_pa.ttern of po:esunable triterpenoids uor"e r"eseoblirg L. nGfis than L<br />
r0ac?oo/clos, fc' ee
Graphis Scrj.pta 2z 1V2'174, 1989.<br />
172<br />
So clqse but yet so different - a brief report friom an excurcion in Estonia<br />
Ingvar lld,rnefelt, Department of Systematic Botany, University of Lund,<br />
Ostra Vallgatan 18-20, 223 61 Lund, Sweden.<br />
Abstract. An excursion to Estonian Saaremaa is briefly reported or, where four<br />
botanists from department of systematic botany at university of Lund took part,<br />
hosted by professor Hans Trass and three colleagues from department of botany<br />
and ecolo<strong>ry</strong> at Tartu state university. The excursions were mainly emphasized on<br />
the alvar localities in western Saaremaa and their lichen vegetation, which will be<br />
reported on in more detail in further publications.<br />
In the wake of the since some time now arurounced new open policy in the<br />
I1.S.S.R. I also saw a chance of fulfilling one old wish of mine to visit the<br />
calcareous islands of Estonian S.S.R. Therefore a year ago I took up the<br />
contact with Hans Trass again, whom I knew earlier basically from<br />
exchange of lichen material and reprints. Trass responded positively and<br />
he also believed that we would share many common interests especially<br />
concerning the lichen flora of the calcareous islands of the Baltic Sea.<br />
Soon we hid also made a mutual agreement to pay a visit to our countries<br />
during the following summer. W; only ne_eded to prepar some official<br />
documents such aslnvitations covering the e)qpenses for the visiting<br />
group in the foreign count<strong>ry</strong>. Hans Trass small group fo_*!"rmore<br />
Included fiina Rand.Iane, Iftistjan Zobel and Martin Zobel, all from the<br />
Department of Botany and Ecology_ at Tartrr State Universrtyr and I was<br />
invited together with Stefan Ekman, Lars Frdberg and Jan-Eric<br />
Mattsson.<br />
After a nice trip over the Finnish Bay we finally se! {9ot on the Estonian<br />
gror:nd in Tallinn on Sahrrday the 8:th of July.The following customs and<br />
passport controls were unexpectedly <strong>ry</strong>nid and we were soon received by<br />
the small Estonian gtr.oup, immediately in a ve<strong>ry</strong> informal and friendly<br />
manner. Before startittg the botanical excFrsionS we were brought to a<br />
charming medieval .Jttt"t of Tallinn, whete symbolically the new<br />
pl"*itt"i blo", black and white Estonian flag_ flow high in the winds on<br />
the tower Tall Herman above the red flag on top of the local<br />
administrative center of the lf-S.S-R.<br />
After this ve<strong>ry</strong> informal reception we set out on the trip towards the<br />
western istands full loaded altogether with luggage and ever5rbhing in a<br />
small va1. \Me had, however, to spend the week end on the western<br />
Estonian coast in ttle Haapsalu district at Puhtu, since we needed some<br />
kind of document to be allowed into the westetn islands which could only<br />
be arranged on the next Monday. The ornithological research station<br />
where we spent the two following nights was situated in a deciduous
173<br />
forest which appeared to the ve<strong>ry</strong> rich in corticolous lichens including<br />
several species of Arthonia, Calicium and Chaenothec@, Bacidea<br />
fraxinea,, Lobaria pulmonaria, Pertusaria flauida, P. leioplaca,<br />
Phlyctis agelaea and many other common epiphytes. Apart from<br />
excursions in the deciduous forest we also visited smaller semi-steppe like<br />
habitats on calcareous soils which were also dominated by large erratic<br />
boulders with a locally ve<strong>ry</strong> rich lichen flora.<br />
On Monday after having received the necessa<strong>ry</strong> documents we could<br />
finally set out for the excursions to Saaremaa. The Estonian people is not<br />
particularly fond of the name Osel which only reminds them of times<br />
during German or Swedish influence. There on the island of Saaremaa,<br />
we were later accommodated in a private flat of good western standard in<br />
the main industrial and commercial center at Kuressaare. We visited<br />
many interesting localities during our visit which will not be reported in<br />
detail here but in a later joint publication on the main results of the<br />
excursions. I should only briefly mention the general appearance of the<br />
alvar localities, of which we at least visited three localities which could be<br />
refered to as alvar habitats, i.e. AtIa and Eeriksaare alvars located in the<br />
westernmost part of the island and thirdly Loo alvar located on the<br />
northern isthmus of the Stirve peninsula.<br />
From my time as student of botany through lectures in plant geography<br />
and literature with references to Eric Hult6n's Atlas iiver vf,,xternas<br />
utredning i Norden, Sten Selander s Det levande landskapet and Sjiirs'<br />
Nordisk viixtgeografi, I had imagined that at least this largest Estonian<br />
island of Saaremaa (which means island land ) should be ve<strong>ry</strong> similar to<br />
southern Oland. However, this was not the case, since Saaremaa and also<br />
Hiiumaa (Dagci) are mainly covered by forests or agricultural land. The<br />
small scattered alvar localities which are present there more remind one<br />
on alvar localities in Gotland, where similar localities are mainly covered<br />
by shnrbs of especially ,Iuniperus and the flat calcareous rocks have been<br />
covered by much more glacial deposits resulting in more closed vascular<br />
plant communities. The scattered limestone pavements appeared to be<br />
rather small, compared to what we can study e.g:, between Vickleby and<br />
Resmo on the great alvar of Oland.<br />
Concerning the typical lichen communities which we know from the<br />
alvar localities in Oland and also in C'otland we found many of the most<br />
typical calcicolous species e.g. in the genera Acarospora,, Aspicilia,<br />
Caloplaca, Diploschistes, Fulgensia, Ionaspis, Lecanora, Lecidea,<br />
Protoblastenia, Polyblastia, Staurothele, Thelidium and Verrucaria.<br />
Also among the larger lichens many comrnon species within the genera<br />
Cetraria, Cladina, Cladonia, Collema, Physcia, and Xanthoria were also<br />
found. Altogether the calcicolous lichen flora compared to that of the<br />
Swedish Baltic islands seemed to be slightly poorer in number of sp.ecies.<br />
Especially conspicuous species occurring on the alvar localities in Oland<br />
such as Cetraria cucullata, Squamarina. cartilaginea and Thamnolia
174<br />
uerrnicularis seemed to absent in Saaremaa. The material is, however,<br />
not yet entirely analysed for a closer comparison between alvar localities<br />
in the larger Baltic islands.<br />
It was, however, not only the possibility to see a fragment of the lichen<br />
flora from the island of Saaremaa during a ve<strong>ry</strong> pleasant week which<br />
was the most important thing with the exchange, but perhaps foremost<br />
the contact and the friendship we established with the small group of<br />
estonian scientists. They all seem to work ve<strong>ry</strong> hard and apparently also<br />
achieve a lot with surprisingly minor resources compared to our western<br />
standard. They all have to struggle for the nse of facilities which we take<br />
for granted such as copy machines, well organized libraries, telephones,<br />
typewriters, computers etc. During nights we also discussed possible<br />
comrnon projects and further contacts. Concerning the possibilities for<br />
the Nordic Lichenological Society to visit Estonia'Hans Trass of course<br />
welcomed this suggestion and he would be ve<strong>ry</strong> happy to arrange a<br />
meeting at any time after 1991. We urilt continue to discuss these plans at<br />
any possible event and in connection with the'next Nordic meeting in<br />
Sweden.<br />
I was ve<strong>ry</strong> happy to see my Estonian friend,s again at the Silja terminal in<br />
Stockholm in mid Augrrst to be their host for a week during excursions in<br />
OUna and Gotland. In a way it was a little embarrassing to confront them<br />
too much with our increasingly developing coca cola culture. I think we<br />
all felt that when we looked out over the Baltic Sea in eastern Gotland. It<br />
is so close but yet so differenL<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
I wish to thank our estonian hosts and especially Hans Trass for<br />
arranging such a nice and interesting excursion for us. Furthermore I<br />
wish to thank Universitets- och Htigskoledmbetet for covering the<br />
expenses for the exchange with the Estonian group.
Graphis Scripta 2: 175, 1 989<br />
175<br />
Coordl-nated Brrcroean LLcleere marroL-req?<br />
Report from a meeting in Stuttgart<br />
by U1rik Sochting<br />
Increased mappi-ng activities in many European countries have<br />
made it attractive to initiate a European standard for lichen<br />
mapping and to harmonLze data in such a way that an atlas of<br />
European lichens could eventually be produced.<br />
In order to discuss this 35 ]ichenologists f rom 1,8 countries<br />
met in Stuttgart 22. -24. september L989 on the initiative of<br />
Dr. Volkmar Wirth.<br />
European mapping projects hrere presented in 28 papers, which<br />
will be published as proceedings from the meeting. A central<br />
theme of many papers was the changing lichen vegetation due to<br />
air pollution, but much emphasis was put to mapping of endangered<br />
and red-listed species. A particularly strong impression<br />
was made by the paper of professor Hans Trass from Estonia, who<br />
ended by proposing the formation of an International Lichen<br />
I"lapping Comitte€, ILMC, to initiate mapping of particularly<br />
threatened species.<br />
An important matter, wh5-ch was discussed by many participants,<br />
was the use of different grid systems and sizes. Almost<br />
eve<strong>ry</strong> count<strong>ry</strong> had their own standard, but in most cases the<br />
grids used had a size close to 10 km. It was stressed by<br />
several persons, that transformation of data from one system to<br />
another was a problem rather easily solved by computers without<br />
too much loss of accuracy. tvlany pro j ects involved the use of<br />
computorized databases and programs for calling data and<br />
drawing maps. PauI Diederich from Luxembourg presented a most<br />
comprehensive and convincing computor progrErm, but such computor<br />
programs were also in use in ltaly, Austria, Switzerland,<br />
The Netherlands, Franc€, Great Britain and Germany.<br />
The closing session discussed aims and actions in connection<br />
with a coordinated mapping of lichens in Europe. Eve<strong>ry</strong>body<br />
agreed that the conmon map to be used for mapping should be the<br />
Flora Europaea map with a 5 0 km grid based on UTl,l. Almost any<br />
national grid could be converted to this grid without serious<br />
loss of accuracy, Even the lvlacaronesian Islands and the Azores<br />
might be included on these maps, if this is necessa<strong>ry</strong> to obtain<br />
support from the European Community. An actual mapping of<br />
selected species, e.g. species red-Iisted in several European<br />
countries should be decided on later by a committee with one<br />
member f rom each European count<strong>ry</strong>. A provis j-onal committee was<br />
elected representing the countries present. A subseguent<br />
committee meeting appointed Volkmar Wirth, Stuttgart and Roland<br />
Ivloberg, Uppsala to constitute a provis j-onaI secretariate, that<br />
should organi.ze the election of a committee, which could<br />
possibly meet during the 4. International Mycological Congress<br />
in Regensburg in 1990.<br />
Volkmar Wirth is to be congratulated for<br />
well-organized meeting, and for having made it<br />
many east European lichenologists to participate.<br />
an extremely<br />
possible for<br />
Thanks to his<br />
initiative European lichen mapping has been put on the track.<br />
Realization of the vi-sions of the meeting is now<br />
the community of european lichenologists.<br />
dependant on
Indhold:<br />
Ingvar Kirnefelt: Ove Almborn 75 Ar L23<br />
Einar Timdal: The production of rhodocladonic acid in<br />
CLadonia baciTliformis and C. norveqica triggered by<br />
the presence of a lichenicolous mite L25<br />
Mikko Kuusinen, Soili Stenroos & Teuvo Ahti : CTadonia<br />
norvegica and C. incrassa ta in Finland L28<br />
Ingvar KArnefelt: Evolutionsgrader hos TeToschistac5erna<br />
en lAngrsam procgss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-34<br />
Per M. Jgrgensen & Svengunnar Ryrnan: The correct names of<br />
the lichenised Onphalina species in Scahdinavia . o L38<br />
Mats Wedin: Floristic notes from Sweden . . L44<br />
Maria Olech & Vagn AIs trup : Lichens new to Spi tsbergren . . ]-46<br />
Ulf Arup, Stef an Ekman, Lars Froberg, Tommy Knutsson 6G<br />
Jan-Eric Mattsson: Changres in the lichen f lora on<br />
Romeleklint, S. Sweden, over a SO-year period . . . . 1-48<br />
Arne Thell: FSrandringar i utbredningsbilden hos Parmelia<br />
eJegantuLa och Parmelia Taciniatul-a i SkAne och Blekinge L55<br />
Vagn Alstrup z Gyalidea diaphana and TrapeTiopsis fTexuosa<br />
ngw tO Gfggnland . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . o . L51<br />
Lars-Erik Muhr: .Sco-L iciosporum sarothamni ny f 6r Sverige L52<br />
Lars Arvidsson: Lichen material by O. P . Swartz in the<br />
herbarium at G6t,eborg . . . . . . . - - 1-54<br />
Ulrik S6chting z Xanthoria eTegans spreading in Denmark . . L67<br />
William A. Weber: A new species of Caloplaca (Sect.<br />
Gasparrinial frorn Calif ornia, with notes on some other<br />
American CaTopIac'a . . . . 158<br />
Orvo Vitikainen: Additions to the lichen flora of Finland L70<br />
Ingrvar Kirnef elt: So close but yet so dif f erent a brief<br />
report from an excursion in Estonia L72<br />
Ulrik SOchting: Coordinated European lichen mapping? . L75