Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia - Universidade Federal do Acre

Revista Brasileira de OrnitologiaEDITOR / EDITOR IN CHIEFAlexandre Aleixo, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi / Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Belém, PA.E-mail: aleixo@museu-goeldi.brSECRETARIA DE APOIO À EDITORAÇÃO / MANAGING OFFICEFabíola Poletto – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisBianca Darski Silva – Museu Paraense Emílio GoeldiEDITORES DE ÁREA / ASSOCIATE EDITORSArtigos publicados na Revista Carlos Brasileira A. Bianchi, de Universidade Ornitologia Federal são de indexados Goiás, Goiânia, por: GOBiological Abstract, Scopus (Biobase, Ivan Sazima, Geobase Universidade e EMBiology) Estadual de Campinas, e Zoological Campinas, Record. SPComportamento / Behavior:Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MGManuscripts Conservação / Conservation: published by Revista Brasileira Alexander Ornitologia C. Lees, Museu are covered Paraense Emílio by the Goeldi, following Belém, PAindexing databases:Ecologia Biological / Ecology: Abstracts, Scopus (Biobase, Geobase, and EMBiology), and Zoological Records.Sistemática, Taxonomia e Distribuição /Systematics, Taxonomy, and Distribution:Caio Graco Machado, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BAJames J. Roper, Universidade de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ESLeandro Bugoni, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RSLuís Fábio Silveira, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SPLuiz Antônio Pedreira Gonzaga, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJBibliotecas de referência para o depósito da versão impressa: Biblioteca do Museu de ZoologiaMarcos Pérsio Dantas Santos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PAda USP, SP; Biblioteca do Museu Nacional, RJ; Biblioteca do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi,PA; National Museum of Natural History Edwin Library, O. Willis, Smithsonian Universidade Estadual Institution, Paulista, Rio USA; Claro, Louisiana SP StateEnrique Bucher, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.University, Museum of Natural Science, USA; Natural History Museum at Tring, Bird Group, UK.CONSELHO EDITORIAL / EDITORIAL COUNCILRichard O. Bierregaard Jr., University of North Carolina, Estados UnidosJosé Maria Cardoso da Silva, Conservation International, Estados UnidosReference libraries for the deposit of the Miguel printed Ângelo Marini, version: Universidade Biblioteca de Brasília, do Museu Brasília, DF de Zoologia daUSP, SP; Biblioteca do Museu Nacional, RJ; Biblioteca do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, PA;National Museum of Natural History Library, Smithsonian Institution, USA; Louisiana StateUniversity, Museum of Natural Science, USA; Natural History Museum at Tring, Bird Group, UK.Luiz Antônio Pedreira Gonzaga, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ** O trabalho do Editor, Secretaria de Apoio à Editoração, Editores de Área e Conselho Editorial da Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia é estritamente voluntárioe não implica no uso de quaisquer recursos e infraestrutura que não sejam pessoais**** The work of the Editor in Chief, Managing Office, Associate Editors, and the Editorial Council of Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia is strictly voluntary, anddoes not involve the use of any resources and infrastructure other than the personal ones**SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ORNITOLOGIA(Fundada em 1987 / Established in 1987)www.ararajuba.org.brDIRETORIA /Presidente / president: Cristina Yumi Miyaki, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SPELECTED BOARD1° Secretária / 1 st Secretary: FICHA Carla Suertegaray CATALOGRÁFICAFontana, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto-Alegre, RS(2011-2013) sbo.secretaria@gmail.com2° Secretária / 2 nd Secretary: Maria Alice dos Santos Alves, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ1° Tesoureira Revista / 1 st Treasurer: Brasileira Celine de Melo, Ornitologia Universidade Federal / Sociedade de Uberlândia, Brasileira Uberlândia, MG de - tesouraria@gmail.com2° Tesoureira Ornitologia. / 2 nd Treasurer: Luciana Vol. Vieira 20, de n.1 Paiva, (2012) Faculdade - Anhanguera de Brasília, Brasília, DFBelém, A Sociedade, 2005 -CONSELHO DELIBERATIVO / 2008-2012 v. : il. ; 30 Caio cm. Graco Machado, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BAELECTED COUNCILORS 2011-2015 Márcio Amorim Efe, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, ALJames J. Roper, Universidade de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ESContinuação de:. Claiton Ararajuba: Martins Ferreira, Vol.1 Universidade (1990) Federal - 13(1) do Rio (2005). Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RSMárcia Cristina Pascotto, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MTCONSELHO FISCAL / 2011-2013 Fabiane Sebaio de Almeida, Associação Cerrado Vivo para Conservação da Biodiversidade, Patrocínio, MGFINNANCIAL COUNCILRudi Ricardo Laps, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MSISSN: 0103-5657 Paulo de Tarso (impresso) Zuquim Antas, PTZA Consultoria e Meio Ambiente, Brasília, DFISSN: 2178-7875 (on-line)A Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia (ISSN 0103-5657 e ISSN 2178) é um periódico de acesso livre editado sob a responsabilidade da Diretoria e do ConselhoDeliberativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia, com periodicidade trimestral, e tem por finalidade a publicação de artigos, notas curtas, resenhas, comentários, revisõesbibliográficas, notícias e editoriais versando sobre1.o estudoOrnitologia.das aves em geral,I.comSociedadeênfase nas avesBrasileiraneotropicais. Todosde Ornitologia.os volumes Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia podemser acessados gratuitamente através do site http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/ararajuba/revbrasorn.htmThe Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia (ISSN 01035657 e ISSN 2178-7875) is an open access jornal edited by the Elected Board and Councilors of the BrazilianOrnithological Society and published four times a year. It aims to publish papers, short communications, reviews, news, and editorials on ornithology in general, with anemphasis on Neotropical birds. All volumes of Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia can be dowloaded for free at http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/ararajuba/revbrasorn.htmProjeto Gráfico e Editoração Eletrônica / Graphics and electronic publishing: Regina de Siqueira Bueno (e-mail: mrsbueno@gmail.com).Capa: Três espécies de aves típicas das florestas de bambu do estado do Acre, cuja avifauna é analisada neste volume por Guilherme (da esquerda para a direita): chocado-bambu(Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae; Foto: Andrew Whittaker), anambé-de-cara-preta (Conioptilon mcilhennyi; Foto: Edson Guilherme) e ferreirinho-de-cara-branca(Poecilotriccus albifacies; Foto: Andrew Whittaker).Front cover: Three bird species typical of the bamboo dominated forests in the Brazilian state of Acre, whose avifauna is analyzed in this volume by Guilherme (fromleft to right): Bamboo Antshrike (Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae; Photo: Andrew Whittaker), Black-faced Cotinga (Conioptilon mcilhennyi; Photo: Edson Guilherme), andWhite-cheeked Tody-Tyrant (Poecilotriccus albifacies; Photo: Andrew Whittaker).

Revista Brasileira de OrnitologiaVolume 20 – Número 4 – Dezembro 2012 / Issue 20 – Number 4 – December 2012SUMÁRIO / CONTENTSartigos / PAPERSBirds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme ............................................................................................................................................................First record of Augastes scutatus for Bahia refines the location of a purported barrier promoting speciation in theEspinhaço Range, BrazilMarcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Anderson Vieira Chaves and Fabrício Rodrigues dos Santos.................................................Records of the Crowned Eagle (Urubitinga coronata) in Moxos plains of Bolivia and observations about breedingbehaviorIgor Berkunsky, Gonzalo Daniele, Federico P. Kacoliris, Sarah I. K. Faegre, Facundo A. Gandoy, Lyliam González andJosé A. Díaz Luque..........................................................................................................................................................393443447NOTAS / SHORT-COMMUNICATIONSPredation of Long–tailed Silky Flycatcher (Ptilogonys caudatus) by Ornate Hawk–Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) in a cloudforest of Costa RicaVíctor Acosta-Chaves, Federico Granados-Rodríguez and David Araya-Huertas...................................................................First record of the Chaco Earthcreeper Tarphonomus certhioides (Furnariidae), in Brazil.Márcio Repenning, Eduardo Chiarani, Mauricio da Silveira Pereira and Carla Suertegaray Fontana...................................A first documented Brazilian record of Least Seedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Thinocoridae)Felipe Castro, João Castro, Aluisio Ramos Ferreira, Marco Aurélio Crozariol and Alexander Charles Lees...............................451453455Instructions to Authors

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 393-442Dezembro de 2012 / December 2012artigo/ARTICLEBirds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity,zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme 11Universidade Federal do Acre, Museu Universitário, Laboratório de Ornitologia. Campus Universitário - BR 364, Km 04, Distrito industrial, RioBranco - Acre, Brazil. CEP: 69915-900. E-mail: guilherme@ufac.br.Received 12 March 2012. Accepted 27 July 2012.ABSTRACT: The Brazilian state of Acre borders Peru and Bolivia to the west and south, and the Brazilian states of Amazonas andRondônia to the north and east, respectively. The state is located within the lowlands of the western Amazon basin, adjacent to thefoothills of the Andes, within a “megadiverse” region of the Brazilian Amazon basin. Despite its diversity, the region is still onlypoorly known in scientific terms, and is considered to be a priority for future biological surveys. Given this situation, the presentstudy aims to contribute to the scientific knowledge of the avian fauna of southwestern Amazonia, by evaluating the followingquestions – (a) how many and which bird species occur in the state of Acre?; (b) how are these species distributed within the state?;and (c) what are the priority areas for new ornithological surveys within the state of Acre? My methodological procedures included(a) a wide literature search; (b) two years of field surveys, including observation records and the collection of voucher specimens;(c) map the distribution of avian taxa within the two main interfluvial regions (east and west of the Purus River) of the state; and(d) the identification of contact and possible hybridization zones, based on the distribution of parapatric sister taxa. The literaturesearch and fieldwork resulted in the compilation of 9550 avian records, encompassing 4763 specimens, of which 2457 (51.5%) werecollected during the past five years. A total of 667 species were confirmed for the state of Acre, representing 75 families and 23 orders.A total of 64 migratory species were also recorded, of which 46.8% (n=30) are Nearctic migrants, 15 (23.4%) were considered tobe intratropical migrants, and 19 (29.6%) were classified as austral migrants. Overall, 41 of the recorded species and subespecieswere endemic to the Inambari center of endemism. Of all forest avian taxa present year round in the state, 79% are distributed inboth main interfuvial regions, 16% were recorded only in the central-western sub-region (west of the Purus), and 5% only in theeastern sub-region (east of the Purus). At least five pairs of purported sister taxa presented allopatric distributions, whereas 15 hadparapatric distribution within the state. Two zones of secondary contact (east and west) were identified, which coincided with twopossible hybridization zones. The main conclusions of this study are: (a) the total number of species recorded in the state is high butwill probably increase as new surveys are conducted; (b) neither of the state’s major rivers – the Purus and the Juruá – act as physicalbarriers to the dispersal of most of the resident species found in the state; (c) the zones of secondary contact found do not coincidewith the basins of these two major rivers, which supports the idea that factors other than physical barriers to dispersal determinethe present distribution of some of the resident bird taxa of Acre; and (d) birds restricted to the white-sand forests (campinas andcampinaranas) found only in the western portion of the state, as well as those found only in the dense forests of eastern Acre,constitute together the most threatened elements of the state’s avifauna since no conservation units protect these specific habitats.KEY-WORDS: Amazonia; areas of endemism; contact zones; hybridization; Purus; white sand forests.INTRODUCTIONThe Amazon basin encompasses the largest andmost diverse tract of continuous tropical rainforestfound anywhere in the World. Covering more than sixmillion square kilometers in nine countries of northernSouth America, the region is home to more than 40,000plant species, 427 mammals, 1294 birds, 378 reptiles,427 amphibians, and more than 3,000 species of fish,representing around 10% of the planet’s biodiversity(Mittermeier et al. 2003). Despite this biologicalrichness, few of the plans proposed for the developmentof the region have contemplated the effective protectionof these natural resources. In most cases, this is justifiedby the lack of adequate information on this diversity,which might enable its inclusion in the decision-makingprocesses underpinning strategic planning. However,relatively little has been done to compile the existing dataand catalog the species that occur in the region, or theirgeographic ranges.Brazil has one of the richest avian faunas inSouth America, with a current total of 1832 species(CBRO 2011). Despite this diversity and the fact thatornithological research began in Brazil in the 16thcentury, the first systematic catalog of Brazilian birds wasonly produced in the mid-20th century (Pinto, 1938;1944; 1978). The seminal work on the country’s birdsis that of Sick (1985; 1997), which provides detailed

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme395meandrous—their courses change constantly, resulting ina mosaic of oxbow lakes and islands throughout the basin(Toivonem et al. 2007). This process favors the migrationor passive dispersal of animals between margins (Ayres& Clutton-Brock 1992; Silva et al. 2005a; Haffer 2001).These whitewater rivers include the Purus and Juruá in thesouthwestern Amazon basin, which are two of the majorright-bank tributaries of the Solimões (Amazon River).Whatever the color of their water, however, all the majorrivers, such as the Amazon, Tapajós and Negro, tend to beless effective as barriers in their headwater reaches, wheretheir margins are much closer together (Haffer 1992b;2001; Hayes & Sewlal 2004).A common distribution pattern in the Amazonbasin is the occurrence of two or more closely relatedtaxa within contact zones. These contact zones are oftencharacterized by the parapatric distribution of sister taxawithin a relatively narrow and well-defined area (Haffer1987). Parapatric taxa occur in adjacent areas (Haffer1992a), which are often delimited by physical or ecologicalbarriers, although in some cases, there is contact, and evenoverlap between their geographic ranges (Haffer 1992a;1997; Aleixo 2007). In some cases, these contact zonesare characterized by intense interspecific competition(Haffer 1986; 1987; 1992a; Price, 2008). One of thedirect consequences of this contact is the possibility ofgene flow between neighboring populations, dependingon the genetic similarity of the taxa involved, which maylead to hybridization (Haffer 1986; 1997; Price, 2008)and the formation of distinct hybrid zones (Haffer 1987).These zones are usually characterized by the coexistenceof pure and hybrid individuals within the same areas(Aleixo 2007).Contact zones may be either primary or secondary.Primary contact zones arise as a consequence of thedifferentiation of local populations in response to selectionpressures associated with environmental gradients (Endler1982), whereas secondary zones are the result of the reencounterof previously isolated populations, whichhave differentiated under distinct ecological conditions(Haffer 1997). Haffer (1987, 1997) believed that allcontact zones between Amazonian birds are secondary,resulting from the geographic expansion of sister taxa,which were previously isolated in forest refuges, as aconsequence of global climate changes. In this case, thepresence of contact zones may indicate the location ofancient ecological barriers, which have disappeared overtime (Haffer 1987).Ornithological research in the Brazilian state of AcreOrnithological research in Acre only began inthe 1950s, when two pioneering expeditions wereundertaken in what was, at the time, still only a Brazilianterritory rather than a state. The first of these took placein the eastern portion of the territory (Vanzolini, 1952;Pinto & Camargo, 1954), with the subsequent excursionexploring the western portion (Novaes, 1957; 1958).Eastern Acre was visited firstly by the privatecollector José Hidasi, in 1968, and then in 1976 byGeraldo Pereira da Silva, an employee of the EvandroChagas Institute in Belém. Records of some of thespecimens collected during these expeditions can befound in the ornithological literature (Novaes 1978;Pierpont & Fitzpatrick 1983; Teixeira et al. 1994; Hidasi& Bankovics 1997; Sick 1997).During the 1990s, a number of professionalornithologists visited western Acre, in particular the Serrado Divisor National Park and the Alto Juruá ExtractivistReserve. The occurrence of more than 500 local species ofbirds was recorded during these expeditions (Whittaker& Oren 1999; Whittaker et al. 2002).In 2005, I began the research for my doctoraldissertation, which was entitled “Bird fauna of theBrazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, andconservation”. This project included more than 20expeditions to poorly-known or unexplored areas withinthe state. The results of this research were presented in mydissertation (Guilherme 2009) and have been publishedin a number of papers (Guilherme 2007; Guilherme &Santos 2009; Aleixo & Guilherme 2010; Guilherme &Borges 2011; Guilherme & Dantas 2011a).During this same period, Dante Buzzetti carried outa detailed ornithological survey of the Chandless StatePark (Buzzetti 2008), while Luiz Mestre and GregoryThom studied the bird communities in areas affected byfire within the Chico Mendes Extractivist Reserve (Mestreet al. 2010a). The compilation of the data from all thesestudies and the description of the distribution patterns ofthe bird species in the Brazilian state of Acre constitutethe principal theme of this paper.MATERIAL AND METHODSStudy AreaThe Brazilian state of Acre in located in thesouthwestern Amazon basin, bordering Bolivia and Peruto the south and west, and the Brazilian states of Amazonasand Rondônia to the north and east, respectively (Figure1). The state covers a total area of 164,221.36 km², whichcorresponds to 4.26% of the area of Brazil’s northernregion, and 1.92% of the country as a whole (Governodo Acre 2012).Most of the state is located within two adjacenthydrographic basins, that of the Purus River, in theeastern and central portions of the state, and the Juruá,in the west (Figure 2). All the watercourses of these twobasins belong to the hydrographic basin of the AmazonRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

396Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFIGURE 1. Location of the Brazilian state of Acre with respect to other neighboring national states and countries.FIGURE 2. Location of the two main hydrographic basins within the Brazilian state of Acre, roughly corresponding to the western and eastern subregionsof the state as adopted here.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme397River. The state’s drainage system is well distributed, andis composed of meandering rivers with short straightchannels that flow over sedimentary rocks mainly in asouthwest to northeast direction.The climate of Acre is hot and humid, with therelative humidity of the air ranging from 80% to 90%.As in other parts of the Amazon basin, there are twomain climatic seasons – a dry season, from May toOctober, when precipitation decreases substantially, anda rainy season, from November to April, when rainfallis almost constant (Duarte & Marcarenhas 2007).Abrupt cold snaps are common during the dry season.This phenomenon is known locally as “friagem”, and isthe result of the movement of polar fronts, which areforced northwards by the Atlantic Polar Air Mass, whichadvances over the Chaco plain to western Amazonia (Acre2000). Annual precipitation ranges from 1600 mm to2750 mm, with the highest values being recorded in thewest of the state, which is closer to the equator, and hassuffered less habitat destruction, while the lowest rainfalllevels occur in the eastern portion of the state, which isless preserved (Cunha & Duarte, 2005).Three subtypes of climate can be found in the state,following Köppen’s classification (Duarte 2007). In thisscheme, the climate of the Juruá basin can be assignedto subtype Af3, in which the precipitation in the driestmonth is above 60 mm, and the annual total is between2000 and 2500 mm (Cunha & Duarte, 2005; Duarte,2007, 2008). The Purus basin climate is classified as Am3,in which annual precipitation is the same as Af3, but thatof the driest month is lower, between 30 mm and 60 mm.The Acre River basin climate (subtype Am4) is even drier,with annual precipitation of 1500-2000 mm and meanrainfall in the driest month (June) of around 30 mm.The mean annual temperature of the state as a whole isapproximately 24.5°C, with a maximum of around 32°C(Acre 2000).The Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ) of thestate of Acre (Acre 2000) defined three phyto-ecologicalregions – the dense rainforest, open rainforest, and thecampinas-campinaranas (white-sand forest) domains. Ihave adopted this classification to identify the principalhabitats occupied by the different bird species in thestate (Appendix 1). The principal characteristics of thesedomains are as follows:Dense Rainforest (hereafter DRF): This domain ischaracterized by large trees (20-50 m in height), lianas,and epiphytes. The distribution of this habitat within thestate of Acre is related to that of tertiary and quaternarysediments in areas with annual precipitation above 2300mm, and average temperatures of 22° to 23°C (IBGE2005). These geomorphological and climatic conditionsprevail primarily in the west of the state, where theclimate is more humid (dry seasons are shorter) thanthe east. The diagnostic feature of this type of forest is auniform canopy with emergent trees and sparse or absentundergrowth (Acre 2000). Depending on the edaphicconditions and topography, the region’s DRFs can besubdivided into three distinct formations – alluvial,lowland, and submontane forests (IBGE, 2005).Open Rainforest (hereafter ORF): Like the denserainforest, this type of forest is composed of mediumto large trees, but with a predominance of shrubbytrees and woody lianas (IBGE, 2005). This type ofhabitat is associated with areas of sedimentary rocks ofPlio-Pleistocene origin in lowland Amazonia, whichare characterized by undulating hills – the SolimõesFormation – or hilly interfluvia (Acre 2000). The ORFhabitats are found throughout most of Acre, on a varietyof geomorphological units, but can be subdivided intotwo formations – lowland and alluvial – based on edaphicand topographic criteria (IBGE, 2005). These habitatscan also be differentiated into a number of differentforest types, based on the relative dominance of palms,bamboos and/or lianas (IBGE 2005; Acre 2000).Campinas and Campinaranas: These habitats arefound throughout the Amazon basin, where they grow onwhite sandy soils (Anderson 1981; IBGE 2005; Silveira2003), which are extremely nutrient-poor and have ahighly permeable subsoil (Jirka et al. 2007). Given thesesoil characteristics, campinaranas have a relatively thicklayer of superficial roots when compared with othertypes of Amazonian vegetation (Jirka et al. 2007; Silveira2003). The campinas are characterized by irregular, openvegetation, with undergrowth of reduced stature. Thesehabitats are made up of relatively dense stands of small,thin trees, with few emergent trees (Silveira, 2003). In Acre,campinaranas are only found in the Juruá basin, mainlyin the municipalities of Cruzeiro do Sul and MâncioLima. The habitats are normally found in areas drained byblackwater rivers, such as the Bagé and the Machadinho(Acre 2000). Silveira (2003) described four distinct typesof white-sand vegetation in southwestern Amazonia – openshrubby campina, campina dominated by buriti (Mauritiaflexuosa) palms, campina grasslands, and campinaranasensu lato. In addition to the campinaranas located alongthe border with the Brazilian state of Amazonas, a smallarea of this vegetation was sampled on the left bank ofthe Cruzeiro do Vale stream in the municipality of PortoWalter (Guilherme & Borges 2011).Literature searchI derived a preliminary list of birds that occur inAcre from a systematic review of the available literature.The first step was to identify and compile all the availablereferences to construct a database containing all therecords of birds available for the state. For each record,I searched for the following information: 1) the preciselocation of the observation and/or specimen collection;Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

398Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme2) species and, when available, subspecies identification;3) the observer(s) and/or collector(s) associated with therecord; 4) the date of the record; and 5) when applicable,the institution in which the specimen(s) were deposited.I used these data to establish a spreadsheet in MicrosoftExcel® in which each line represented a record and eachcolumn contained the different types of informationlisted above. The next step was to update the scientificnomenclature of many records, given that the names ofsome general, species and the status of some subspecieshave changed during recent taxonomic reviews.The references I used to compile the preliminaryspecies list for the period between 1950 and 2005were Pinto & Camargo (1954), Novaes (1957; 1958),Whittaker & Oren (1999), Guilherme (2001),Whittaker et al. (2002), and Rasmussen et al. (2005). Thesubsequent period (since 2005) is covered by my doctoralthesis (Guilherme 2009) and all subsequent publications(Guilherme & Santos 2009; Aleixo & Guilherme 2010;Guilherme & Dantas 2011a, Guilherme & Borges 2011,Mestre et al. 2010a).Specimens deposited in natural history museumsBased on the references reporting on theornithological expeditions conducted in Acre, I couldtrace the whereabouts of practically all bird specimenscollected in the state. Collections holding bird specimenscollected in Acre are the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi(MPEG), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de SãoPaulo (MZUSP), Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro(MNRJ), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadualde Campinas (ZUEC/UNICAMP), Louisiana StateUniversity Museum of Natural Sciences (LSUMZ), FloridaMuseum of Natural History (FMNH), and the AmericanMuseum of Natural History (AMNH). An additional 34specimens are deposited in the private collection of Prof.José Hidasi (CPJH), in Goiânia, Goiás (Brazil).The vast majority (ca. 85%) of the bird specimenscollected in Acre have been deposited in the Dr. FernandoC. Novaes Collection of the Goeldi Museum in Belém,Brazil, and all of these specimens were examinedduring the present study. I obtained information on thespecimens from all other museums directly from thecurators responsible for each collection via electronic mail.Whenever a doubt arose with regard to the identificationor locality of a specimen, I contacted the curator onceagain. In these cases, the queries were resolved eithertextually or by photographs.LocalitiesI established a database for the cataloguing of allthe localities in Acre for which at least one avian recordis available, that is, at least one record in the literatureor a specimen deposited in a museum. For recordsobtained prior to 1990, I traced localities and theirrespective coordinates in the Ornithological Gazetteerof Brazil (Paynter & Taylor 1991). For records obtainedafter 1991, locality information and coordinates wereretrieved from the techni cal reports, scientific papers,and specimen labels. For the expeditions conductedby myself between 2005 and 2009 (Guilherme 2009),geographic coordinates were obtained directly in the fieldwith a Garmin 72® GPS receiver.Taxonomy and nomenclatureHere, I adopt the taxonomy and nomenclature ofthe Brazilian Checklist Committee (CBRO 2011). At thepresent time, this Committee recognizes a total of 1832bird species in Brazil, representing 95 families distributedin 26 orders. The presence of a number of polytypicspecies represented by distinct, parapatrically-distributedsubspecies was recorded in Acre. For the zoogeographicanalyses, I treated all subspecies that could be diagnosedand were considered to be allopatric / parapatric as distincttaxa, following the recommendation of Aleixo (2007).Subspecific identification of species represented by morethan one visibly diagnosable taxon in Acre was initiallybased on analyses of series of specimens deposited atMPEG. Confirmation of descriptions of these subspeciesand their geographic distributions were obtained in Pinto(1978), Isler & Isler (1999), Restall et al. (2006), and delHoyo et al. (1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002,2003, 2004, 2005, 2006).Species statusI classified the bird species recorded during thepresent study as resident or migrant. I considered speciesto be resident if they breed within the limits of the stateof Acre. I identified three groups of residents: nativespecies (native to the Amazon basin), invaders (native toother South American biomes, and which only enteredAcre following anthropogenic modifications of theenvironment), and introduced species (native to othercontinents).I inferred a resident status based on gonad size ofspecies represented by museum specimens as well dataavailable in the literature. Some sources, such as Hilty &Brown (1986), Ridgely & Tudor (1994; 2009), Stotz et al.(1996), Sick (1997), Schulenberg et al. (2007), and theHandbook of the Birds of the World collection provideimportant information on the reproductive behavior ofAmazonian species. Birds classified as migratory are thoseknown to breed outside the Amazon basin. Based on thedefinition of Hayes (1995), three groups of migratorybirds are found in Acre – Nearctic, intratropical, andaustral migrants. The Nearctic migrants breed in NorthRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme399America and migrate to South America during the borealwinter. Intratropical migrants breed in the tropics, in thepresent case, South America, but migrate regularly toother areas within the same continent (Jahn et al., 2006;Hayes, 1995). This category includes only species thatbreed in other biomes – e.g., Cerrado, Pantanal, Chaco– and then migrate to the Amazon basin. The australmigrants are the species that breed in southern SouthAmerica and then migrate northwards during the winter.Zoogeography and identification of contact/hybridization zonesI tested whether the Purus River representsan important barrier and is associated with a majorbiogeographic break in the distribution of resident forestbirds in Acre by arbitrarily dividing the state into twoportions (west and east of this river), and calculating thesimilarity in species composition between these areas.Because of their overall high dispersal capabilities, neithermigratory species, nor those associated with aquatic habitats(Anatidae, Podicipedidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae,Ardeidae, Ciconidae, Aramidae, Heliornithidae, Jacanidae,Sternidae, Rynchopidae, and Alcedinidae), were includedin this analysis. I used Microsoft Excel® for the productionand analysis of the matrix.I based the identification of possible contact zoneson the selection of all taxa assumed to 1) be sister orclosely related species within a genus; or 2) representsubspecies grouped under the same polytypic species,that are parapatrically distributed within the state ofAcre, i.e., represented by adjacent populations within aspecific area (Haffer 1997; Aleixo 2007). I identified thecontact zones using the approach of Haffer (1987, 1997),which first establishes a “core” region of the distributionof each taxon, and then the overall limits of its range. Thehorizontal or vertical position of the contact zone wasdefined according to the expansion of the distributionof each taxon, that is, with a north/south or east/westexpansion of the geographic range (and vice versa). Thegeneral distribution of each taxon estimated based onPinto (1978), Ridgely & Tudor (1994, 2009), InfoNatura(2007), Schulenberg et al. (2007), and the Handbook ofthe Birds of the World series.If specimens were available from a purportedcontact zone, they were analyzed to determine whetheror not hybrids could be found within the zone. Ahybridization zone can be detected through the presenceof hybrid specimens in close proximity to a contact zone.The identification of potential hybrid specimens wasbased on the visual inspection of plumage characteristicsand other external morphological characters. However,it is important to note that any inferred hybrid statusis tentative and can only be confirmed throughcomplementary genetic studies.Checklist compilationThe inventory of the bird species that occur in theBrazilian state of Acre was compiled based on the criteriaproposed by Carlos et al. (2010), with the records beinggrouped in two distinct lists:a) The primary list: all the species with confirmedoccurrence via vouchered documentation(specimens, photos or audio recording) in thestate of Acre;b) The secondary list: species that are reported tooccur in the state, but have not been confirmedthrough observations or specimens, as well asspecies known to occur in neighboring areas,which are assumed to occur (“probableoccurrence”) in Acre, based on their distributionpattern and ecological characteristics.RESULTSSpecies richness and compositionA total of 9550 bird records were compiled for thestate of Acre. Of these, 4763 are specimens deposited inmuseums, more than half of which (51.5%, n = 2457)were collected during the past five years (Guilherme2009). Overall, it was possible to confirm the occurrenceof 667 species in the state (Appendix 1), of which17 have two well-differentiated subspecies with anallopatric or parapatric local distribution (Tables 3 and4). The five families with the highest number of speciesare the Thamnophilidae (61 species), Tyrannidae (61),Thraupidae (41), Accipitridae (29), and Furnariidae (26)which together account for 32.6% of the total numberof species recorded in the state (Appendix 1). The nonpasserinesare represented by 300 species, and thepasserines, by 367 species. In the case of the passerines,247 species are sub-oscines (Tyranni), while the other120 species are oscines (Passeri).The occurrence of most (79.3%, n = 529) of thespecies recorded for Acre has been confirmed by thecollection of voucher specimens (Appendix 1). Themajority of these specimens (84.9%, n = 4045) aredeposited at MPEG, and most of the others (11.7%,n = 558) at the MZUSP. The remaining specimens –approximately 3.5% – are found in other museums inBrazil and abroad (Appendix 1).A total of 113 localities were compiled for the aviantaxa of Acre (Guilherme 2009, Figure 3). At six of thesesites, more than 300 species have been recorded (Figure 3).In the case of 22 species, the data from Acrerepresent the only records for Brazil (Appendix 1). Thesecondary list (Appendix 2) was prepared based on theRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

400Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilhermeunconfirmed records of occurrence (41 species) andthe identification of the species of probable occurrence(n = 49) in the state. As Hylophilus pectoralis (Guilherme& Dantas 2011) and Turdus nudigenis (Aleixo &Guilherme 2010) were, respectively, misidentified andmistyped, they have been excluded from the list of birdsof Acre presented here (Appendix 2). The cumulativenumber of species recorded in the state since the firstpublication in the 1950s until the end of this study isshown in Figure 4.FIGURE 3. Localities where birds were collected and surveyed in the state of Acre between 1951 and 2011. Dot size corresponds to the number ofspecies recorded at each locality as shown in the legend.FIGURE 4. Cumulative number of bird species recorded in Acre between 1951 and 2011.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme401The vast majority of the 667 species recorded for thestate – 602 (90,2%) – were classified as residents, whereasfive (Bubulcus ibis, Geranoaetus albicaudatus, Caracaraplancus, Vanellus chilensis, and Athene cunicularia) wereconsidered to be invaders, and another five as introducedspecies (Columba livia, Passer domesticus, Sicalis flaveola,Sporophila maximiliani, and Estrilda astrild; Guilherme2000, 2011). The last species has adapted well to theregion (Silva 2004), and all introduced species nowreproduce in the wild independently.A total of 64 migratory species were identified, ofwhich almost half 46.8% (n = 30) are Nearctic migrants,whereas 23.4% (n = 15) are considered to be intratropicalmigrants, and 29.6% (n = 19) austral migrants. Twospecies – Phoenicoparrus jamesi (Guilherme et al. 2005)and Heliomaster furcifer – were considered to be vagrants(Appendix 1).Endemic speciesAcre is located within the Inambari center ofendemism (Haffer 1978; Cracraft 1985; Silva et al.2005b). Of the 57 taxa listed as endemic to this centerby Cracraft (1985) and the 45 listed by Haffer (1978),41 were recorded in Acre (Appendix 1). The speciesOdontophorus stellatus, Phaethornis phillipii, Pteroglossusbeauharnaesii, Simoxenops ucayalae, Hemitriccusflammulatus, and Ramphotrigon fuscicauda are not listedas endemic in Appendix 1 because subsequent studies (seedel Hoyo 1994, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004; Perlo 2009)have extended their known ranges beyond the limits ofthe Inambari center. However, four species were addedto this list, including three more recently described taxa(Nannopsittaca dachilleae, Thamnophilus divisorius andCnipodectes superrufus) and one (Hypocnemis subflava) thathas been raised to full species status. Therefore, currently41 Inambari endemic species are known to occur in Acre(Appendix 1).Endangered speciesNone of the native species recorded in the presentstudy is included in the Brazilian list of bird speciesthreatened with extinction (Machado et al. 2008). Onthe other hand, Sporophila maximiliani, which wasintroduced into the state by bird fanciers, and is nowfound naturally in the wild, is the only species listedas endangered by Machado et al. (2008). However, theIUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)red list includes 10 species resident in Acre in the nearthreatened (NT) category – Harpia harpyja, Morphnusguianensis, Primolius couloni, Nannopsittaca dachilleae,Formicarius rufifrons, Grallaria eludens, Synallaxis cherriei,Simoxenops ucayalae, Conothraupis speculigera, and Cacicuskoepckeae.HabitatsMost (77.8%) of the bird species recorded in Acreare found in the dense or open terra firme rainforest, withpalms and/or bamboo (Appendix 1). With the exceptionof a small proportion of species that are restricted tobamboo forest (Appendix 1), all other forest speciesrecorded in Acre are associated with forests where palmsare present. Approximately 12.9% of the recorded speciesare associated with aquatic environments, such as várzeaswamp forest, riverbank habitats, creeks, reservoirs, lakes,and the sandy beaches formed by meandering riversduring the dry season (Appendix 1).A small, but nevertheless important, proportion ofthe species (2.1%) is strictly associated with the vegetationthat grows on sandy soils, that is, the campinas andcampinaranas (Appendix 1). These habitats are located onlyin the extreme west of the state. Of all bird species associatedwith this type of habitat in Acre, at least nine (Patagioenasspeciosa, Polytmus theresiae, Dendrocolaptes certhiapolyzonus, Formicivora grisea, Schiffornis amazona, Neopipocinamomea, Xenopipo atronitens, Cnemotriccus fuscatusduidae, and Tachyphonus phoenicius) can be consideredto be restricted to these habitats, and at least a furthertwelve (Crypturellus strigulosus, Topaza pyra, Frederickenaunduligera, Heterocercus linteatus, Machaeropterus striolatus,Manacus manacus, Hemitriccus minimus, Hemitriccusgriseipectus, Lophotriccus vitiosus, Poecilotriccus latirostris,Ramphotrigon ruficauda, and Attila citriniventris) arepartially restricted to them (Guilherme 2009, Guilherme& Borges, 2011, Guilherme & Aleixo, unpubl. data).Distribution patternsThe majority (79%) of the 667 species of birds foundin Acre occur in both of its sub-regions (separated by thePurus River), and hence throughout the state (Appendix1). A further 16% were recorded only in the centralwesternsub-region of the state (west of the Purus), and5% only in its eastern portion (east of the Purus). Noneof the species are restricted to the central portion of thestate - the intermediate region between the Juruá andPurus rivers.At least five pairs of purported sister taxa wereidentified with a distribution pattern consistent withclassic allopatry (Table 1). In all these cases, one or otherof each pair of taxa was found in different areas of thestate, e.g., Crypturellus undulatus undulatus/yapura andLepidothrix coronata coronata/exquisita.A total of 15 sets of parapatric purported sistertaxa were identified during this study, encompassing30 taxa, 26 of which are currently treated as subspecies(Table 2). In most cases, one of the parapatric taxa iswidely distributed in Acre, whereas the other has a morerestricted range (Table 2, Figure 5).Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

402Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeTABLE 1. Sub-areas in the Brazilian state of Acre inhabited by allopatric pairs of diagnosable purported sister / closely related avian taxa.The Central-Eastern and Central-Western areas roughly correspond to the main river basins in the state and are separated by the Purus River.Taxon Central-Eastern Central-WesternCrypturellus undulatus undulatusXC. u. yapura XThrenetes leucurus cervinicaudaT. l. rufigastra XXMyrmothera campanisona minorM. c. cf. modesta XXCnemotriccus fuscatus duidaeC. f. cf. beniensis XXLepidothrix coronata coronataL. c. exquisita XXTABLE 2. Sub-areas in the Brazilian state of Acre inhabited by parapatric pairs of diagnosable purported sister / closely related avian taxa. TheCentral-Eastern and Central-Western areas roughly correspond to the main river basins in the state and are separated by the Purus River.Taxon Central-Eastern Central-WesternRupornis magnirostris cf. magnirostris* X XR. m. occiduus XBrotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera* X XB. c. beniensis XThalurania furcata boliviana* X XT. f. cf. jelskii XMomotus momota simplexM. m. cf. nattereri* X XXGalbula dea amazonumG. d. phainopepla XXCapito auratus orosaeC. a. insperatus X XXPteroglossus castanotis australisP. c. castanotis* X XXThamnophilus aethiops juruanus* X XT. a. kapouni* X XRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme403Taxon Central-Eastern Central-WesternHypocnemis peruviana* X XHypocnemis subflavaXGlyphorynchus spirurus castelnaudii* X XG. s. albigularis XDendrocincla fuliginosa neglectaD. f. atrirostris* X XXDendrocolaptes certhia juruanus* X XD. c. polyzonus XXiphorhynchus ocellatus* X XXiphorhynchus chunchotamboXPipra filicaudaPipra fasciicauda* X XXArremon taciturnus taciturnus* X XArremon t. cf. nigrirostrisX* Taxon with a wide distribution within the stateFIGURE 5. Geographic distribution of the parapatric taxa Dendrocincla fuliginosa neglecta and D. f. atrirostris in western Acre and the proposed zoneof secondary contact (see text). The arrows point from the core to the periphery of the ranges of the respective taxa.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

404Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeContact and hybridization zonesTwo contact zones were identified within the studyarea (Acre) based on the distribution of parapatric taxa(Table 2). I have denoted these zones as the (a) westerncontact zone and (b) eastern contact zone (Figures 5, 6,and 7). The western contact zone is based on the presenceof the following sister taxa – Pipra filicauda/P. fasciicauda(Figure 6), Dendrocincla fuliginosa neglecta/D. f. atrirostris(Figure 5), and Pteroglossus castanotis castanotis/P. c.australis (Guilherme 2009). The eastern zone is definedby the occurrence of Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo/ocellatus, Hypocnemis subflava/peruviana (Figure 7), andGlyphorhynchus spirurus castelnaudii/G. s. albigularis(Guilherme 2009).Two possible hybridization zones were identifiedwithin the study area, coinciding with the contact zones.The western hybridization zone is defined on the basis ofthe presence of specimens with intermediate characteristicsbetween Pteroglossus castanotis castanotis/P. c. australisand Dendrocolaptes certhia juruanus/D. c. polyzonus,whereas the eastern zone is characterized by the presenceof morphologically intermediate specimens betweenBrotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera/B. c. beniensis and Momotusmomota cf. nattereri/M. m. simplex (Guilherme 2009).DISCUSSIONBird diversity in AcreThe large number of bird species recorded in theBrazilian state of Acre further emphasizes the biologicaldiversity of southwestern Amazonia (Haffer 1990). Infact, the number of species recorded for Acre – 667 –represents more than half of the total recorded for thewhole of the Amazon basin (Marini & Garcia, 2005;Mittermeier et al. 2003), and if only the fauna of thesouthern basin (south of the Solimões/Amazon channel)is considered (Stotz et al. 1996), 74.4% of the specieswere recorded in Acre.The avifauna of Acre is composed primarily ofresident species, but also includes migrants and invaders.Five of the nine new species added to the list of Brazilianbirds since 2005 were recorded in Acre (Guilherme et al.2005, Guilherme & Aleixo 2008, Aleixo et al. 2008, Regoet al. 2009, Zimmer et al. 2010, CBRO 2011). Anotherspecies – Cacicus koepckeae – should also be added to thislist, based on the recent record from the Chandless River(Buzetti 2008). Of the 1832 bird species known to occurin Brazil (CBRO, 2011), 22 have been recorded only inAcre (Appendix 1), which testifies to the singularity ofthis state. Acre is located entirely within the Inambaricenter of endemism, the largest such area in the lowlandsof the southern Amazon basin (Silva et al. 2005b).According to Cracraft (1985), the geographic rangesof the 57 bird taxa endemic to the southwestern Amazonbasin define the limits of the Inambari center. Almostthree quarters (73.6%) of these endemic taxa have beenrecorded in Acre, with four new species (all described since1985) being added to the list subsequently (Appendix 1).Acre can be considered to be an excellent sample of theInambari center, given that it covers only 12% of its area,but contains more that 70% of its endemic species. Giventhis, Acre is an excellent natural laboratory for the studyof historic biogeography.The migratory species were recorded in both of thegeographic sub-regions (Appendix 1). However, some ofthe species arriving from south-central South Americawere only observed in eastern Acre (Appendix 1). Australand intratropical migrants such as Myiopagis viridicata,Tyrannus albogularis, Casiornis rufus, and Turdusamaurochalinus, arrived in the state from the southeast(e.g., Bolivian Chaco), where they breed (Davis 1993;Jahn et al. 2002, Appendix 1). Some migratory species,in particular tyrannids, tend to occupy the forest edges,secondary vegetation, and open areas (Chesser 1997). Asthe forest cover of easternmost Acre has been extensivelydisturbed, the resulting open and regenerating habitatscontribute to an increase in the probability of recordingother forest edge species such as Micrococcyx cinereus,Contopus cinereus, and Elaenia flavogaster (Appendix 1). Itseems likely that the occurrence of these species will alsobe confirmed for the central-western sub-region of thestate as new surveys are carried out in these areas duringthe migration season.A group of species, previously known only from thefoothills of the Andes and lowlands in Peru and Bolivia,was recorded in the central eastern sub-region of Acre.For some species, such as Picumnus subtilis, Xiphorhynchuschunchotambo, and Cacicus koepckeae, these recordsdo not represent either migrations or recent shifts indistribution, but rather, these species are residents thathad simply not been recorded previously, due to thelack of surveys in the area adjacent to the borders withPeru and Bolivia. Other species, such as Conothraupisspeculigera and Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis neverthelessappear to migrate from the Pacific slope and Andes to thelowlands of Amazonia.Vagrancy also plays a role in the Acre avifauna.Phoenicoparrus jamesi, which is typical of the salt lakesof the Andean altiplano, was observed in Acre on a singleoccasion, and was considered to be an accidental visitorby Guilherme et al. (2005). The nearest record of thisspecies is from the Manu National Park in southwesternPeru, at an altitude of 350 m asl, where it was alsoconsidered to be an vagrant (Walker et al. 2006), giventhat this lowland area is equally distant from the naturaldistribution of the species (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Anotherspecies considered to be a vagrant here is HeliomasterRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme405FIGURE 6. Geographic distributions of Pipra filicauda and P. fasciicauda according to Natureserve (2007). The arrows point from the core to theperiphery of the ranges of the respective species. The red triangles and black dots indicate the parapatric occurrence, respectively, of Pipra filicauda andP. fasciicauda in western Acre.FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of the parapatric species Hypocnemis peruviana and H. subflava in eastern Acre showing the estimated “secondarycontact zone”. The arrows point from the core to the periphery of the ranges of the respective speciesRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

406Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilhermefurcifer. The only record of this species for Acre is a singlespecimen (ZUEC – 1565) deposited in the ornithologicalcollection of zoology museum at UNICAMP (Appendix1). This specimen was found dead on the Campus of theFederal University of Acre by herpetologist Adão JoséCardoso, in February 1988. The species is consideredto be a vagrant because its known range is restricted tosouthern central South America (del Hoyo et al. 1999).Whereas this species might be considered an austral orintratropical migrant, the date on which the specimen wasfound (during the austral summer) is inconsistent withthis classification. Another possibility is that the speciesis resident in Acre, but is rare and occurs at a low densityin the region. However, the lack of records from northernBolivia, eastern Peru, and other parts of Acre, togetherwith the single records available from Leticia (southeastColombia) and Napo, in northeastern Ecuador (del Hoyoet al., 1999) reinforce the conclusion that the species is asporadic vagrant in the Amazon basin.Invasive species were concentrated primarily inthe eastern extreme of the state, presumably due to itsrelatively high human population density and greater areaof altered habitats. This part of Acre is connected to theneighboring state of Rondônia by a major highway alongwhich many large cattle ranches occur, which explains whysome species, such as Geranoaetus albicaudatus, Caracaraplancus, Vanellus chilensis, and Athene cunicularia, beganto colonize the state from the east, even though they havenow reached its western portion, towards Cruzeiro do Sul,as well as areas in the southeast, in the direction of thetowns of Brasiléia and Assis Brasil, on the border withBolivia and Peru. A similar situation has arisen in the caseof species that have escaped from captivity, such as Estrildaastrild (see Silva 2004), or that have been released intourban environments on purpose, such as Sicalis flaveolaand Passer domesticus (Guilherme 2000, 2011). Thesespecies were first recorded in the state capital (Rio Branco),but have since colonized practically all the urban centerslocated along the main highways that cross the state.Few regional ornithological studies are availablethat can be used for systematic comparisons with theinventory presented here, although similar studies havebeen conducted in the Brazilian state of Roraima andthe Bolivian department of Pando. Roraima is the onlyBrazilian state localized within the Amazon basin whichhas had its avifauna surveyed systematically – includinghistorical records – in recent years (Santos 2005; Naka etal. 2006). Santos (2005) and Naka et al (2006) recorded741 bird species in Roraima, a total 10.3% higher thanwhat I am reporting here for Acre. There are two mainfactors that may account for this difference. One is thefact that Roraima’s area is almost a third (32%) largerthan that of Acre, and the other is the fact that Roraimais a more heterogeneous region, with a number of typesof habitat not found in Acre, such as dry and montaneforests, tepuis, and savannas (Santos 2005; Nakaet al. 2006).By contrast, the species richness recorded here forAcre was 25.5% higher than that reported by Remsenand Traylor (1989) for Pando, in Bolivia, although therewas a similarity of 91.6% between the species lists ofthe two territories, which is a result of their geographicand ecological similarities, including the same habitatsand similar altitudes (Parker & Remsen 1997; Tobias &Seddon 2007). The larger number of species recorded forAcre may be related to sampling effort, but also the factthat this state is more than twice the size of its Boliviancounterpart (164,221 km 2 vs 61,331 km 2 ).The number of bird species known to occur in Acremore than doubled over the past two decades, which reflectsthe increase in sampling effort during this period (Figure 4).However, whereas the number of species already recordedfor the state is substantial, it seems likely that the specieslist will still grow over the next few years. This conclusionis partly supported by some of the species that have beenrecorded in neighboring areas, such as southwesternAmazonas and the lowlands of Peru and Bolivia, but haveyet to be confirmed for Acre (Appendix 2).Recent surveys in Acre have recorded a numberof species that were previously known only for thePeruvian and Bolivian Amazon basin. The records ofXiphorhynchus chunchotambo, Pachyramphus xanthogenys,Picumnus subtilis, Glyphorhynchus spirurus albigularis,and Poecilotriccus albifacies presented here were the firstfor Brazil (Guilherme & Aleixo, 2008, Aleixo et al.2008, Rego et al. 2009, Guilherme 2009, Zimmer et al.2010). Some of these species were previously known onlyfrom the Peruvian and Bolivian Andean region at low tomoderate elevations and have only recently been recordedin the adjacent lowlands of the Brazilian Amazon basin(Guilherme & Aleixo 2008, Aleixo et al. 2008, Rego et al.2009, Aleixo & Guilherme 2010, Zimmer et al. 2010).One other example is Chrysolampis mosquitus, which wasrecorded from the upper Purus in 2007 (Guilherme &Dantas 2008, Guilherme & Dantas 2011a); previously,this species had been recorded two years earlier in Bolivia(Tobias & Seddon 2007).Overall, the sum of the confirmed species (Appendix1) with those of likely occurrence (Appendix 2) indicatesa potential count of 757 bird species for the Brazilian stateof Acre. If this prediction is confirmed even partially, Acrewould have one of the richest avifaunas of any Brazilianstate, despite its relative reduced area.Zoogeography of birds in AcreAcre resembles a butterfly wing in shape, with aconstriction in the center of two rounded lobes (Figure2), with its primary axis in an east-west orientation,rather than north-south. This means that the distributionRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme407of local species is best understood in an east-west, ratherthan a north-south dimension, with the Purus Riverforming the principal division within the state. The Purusdivides Acre into two main portions, an eastern portionon its right margin, and western portion to its left margin(Figure 2).Of the resident forest taxa in Acre, almost 80% arewidely distributed within the state, being found in bothits eastern and western portions. Among other things, thisreflects the mostly low-lying terrain (except in the westernextreme) and relatively homogeneous habitats foundthroughout most of the state. This low species turnoverwould be expected in the absence of major physicalbarriers, such as rivers or mountains, capable of limitingthe dispersal of most taxa. However, some taxa onlyoccur in one of the state’s two sub-regions, although thisdistribution pattern appears not related to the presenceof the two main rivers that cross the state, the Purus andthe Juruá. This may be primarily due to the fact that thesehighly meandering rivers arise in lowland Amazonia, andso, taxa can cross them often more easily than they wouldrivers whose headwaters are in unsuitable habitat (such asdry country or mountains). Genetic studies of primates(Peres et al. 1996), rodents (Patton et al. 1994; Patton andSilva 1998), birds (Aleixo 2004, Fernandes et al. 2012),and amphibians (Gascon et al. 1998) have all confirmedthat the Juruá is an ineffective zoogeographic barrier forthese groups.Other factors may nevertheless influence thedistribution of different taxa in southwestern Amazonia,including interspecific competition, edaphic conditionsand habitat characteristics (Tuomisto et al. 1995, 2003;Daly & Silveira, 2002; Roig & Martini, 2002; Silveiraet al. 2002). A closer examination of the geographicdistribution of birds within one of the sub-regions(Appendix 1) reveals that the pattern observed in Acre isrepeated on the Peruvian side of the border. Species suchas Phlegopsis erythroptera, Thamnomanes saturninus, Attilacitriniventris, Pipra filicauda, and Dixiphia pipra havealso been recorded only in northeast Peru (Schulenberget al. 2007). Similarly, Poecilotriccus albifacies, Cnipodectessuperrufus, and Micrococcyx cinereus, which were onlyfound in eastern Acre (Appendix 1), were also found onlyin adjacent southeastern Peru (Schulenberg et al. 2007).A similar pattern has also been recorded for palms(Arecaceae) in Acre. Some species, such as Wettiniaaugusta, Syagrus smithii, Socratea salazarii, Iriartellastenocarpa, Hyospathe elegans, Dyctyocaryum ptarianum,Bactris riparia, and Astrocaryum faranae, are foundonly in the western sub-region of Acre (Lorenzi et al.2004). Other species, such as Astrocaryum aculeatum,Astrocaryum murumuru, and Bactris elegans are restrictedto the eastern part of the state (Lorenzi et al. 2004). Eventhough practically all these species of palm also occurin areas adjacent to Acre, their east-west distributionwithin the state is similar to that observed in some birdspecies (Appendix 1). Some of these palm species arealso restricted to specific environments, such as plateaus,swamps, campinas, and campinaranas. This distributionpattern in Acre may be a reflection of the sedimentaryhistory of the Marañon–Ucayali–Acre basin, to the west,and the Madre de Dios basin, to the east. In the westernpart of the state, relatively ancient formations (e.g.,Fm Moa, Rio Azul, Divisor and Cruzeiro do Sul) wereexposed by the uplift of the Andes, and contrast withthe more recent Cenozoic formations in the east partsof the state, e.g., Fm Solimões and Fm Madre de Dios(Milani & Thomaz Filho, 2000, Campbell et al., 2006).In western Acre, the topography and variations in thecomposition of the soil have played an important role inthe formation of distinct ecosystems, which may certainlyhelp to explain the higher number of species of palms andbirds (and probably others groups of organisms) restrictedto western Acre (Lorenzi et al. 2004, Guilherme, 2009).For most of the species restricted to one of the subregions,Acre and the adjacent lowlands of Peru representthe southwestern extreme of their distribution in theAmazon basin. Species such as Thamnomanes saturninus,Pipra filicauda (Figure 6), and Dixiphia pipra are widelydistributed in northern Amazonia, ranging south as faras the southwestern extreme of the Amazon lowlands(Ridgely & Tudor, 2009). There are exceptions, however,such as Thamnophilus divisorius, which is endemic towestern Acre and northeastern Peru. The distribution ofthis species is associated with an area of moderate altitude,the submontane forests of the Serra do Divisor range.Many of the taxa restricted to the eastern sub-region ofAcre are associated with bamboo forests (e.g., Picumnussubtilis, Cnipodectes superrufus, and Poecilotriccus albifacies)or dense rainforest (e.g., Lepidothrix coronata exquisita).Eastern Acre encompasses the greatest concentration ofthese habitats than the western portion of the state. Thissuggests that habitat-related environmental gradientsmay play a more important role in the distribution ofthe species in eastern Acre than the mere presence of aphysical barrier such as the Purus River. Other taxarestricted to eastern Acre, such as Crypturellus undulatusundulatus, Antrostomus sericocaudatus, and Herpsilochmusrufimaginatus, are more widely distributed in the Amazonbasin, although this may represent the southwesternextreme of their distribution.Allopatric/parapatric rangesWhereas five pairs of purported sister taxa appear tohave an allopatric distribution in Acre (Table 1), it seemslikely that further ornithological surveys may confirmthat these taxa are actually parapatric in the state, and thattheir apparent allopatric distribution is merely a samplingartifact. A common feature of the taxa considered to beRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

408Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilhermeallopatric in this study is the presence of one of the twoforms in each of the two sub-regions of the state (Table1), which suggests that they are separated by the Purus,which may act as a physical barrier to dispersal. However,a closer examination of the taxa listed in Table 1 indicatesthat it is more likely that pairs such as Crypturellusundulatus undulatus/yapura may in fact be limited bycompetition. This conclusion is supported by the factthat these medium-sized birds are capable of flying acrosseven the largest of Amazonian rivers (Remsen & Parker1983; Ayres & Marigo 1995) and that they attract theirmates primarily through their vocalizations (Sick, 1997).However, Lepidothrix coronata coronata and L. c.exquisita are weak fliers, which tend to be restricted to theinterior of the forest. In this specific case, the Purus andthe floodplain (várzea forest) associated with it, which thespecies tends to avoid, may in fact function as a physicalbarrier to dispersal between the two populations. At thepresent time, Lepidothrix c. coronata is known only fromthe western sub-region (left margin of the Purus), whereasL. c. exquisita is thought to be restricted to the easternsub-region (right margin).Most of the species with two or more purportedsister or closely related taxa in Acre have a parapatricdistribution (Table 2), following a general distributionpattern within the state. This pattern is characterizedby the wide distribution of one taxon (marked with anasterisk in Table 2) and a more restricted range for theother. There were two exceptions to this general pattern,however. In the case of Thamnophilus aethiops juruanusand T.a. kapouni, both subspecies were recorded in boththe east and the west of the state, whereas both Galbuladea amazonum and G. d. phainopepla were only foundin eastern Acre. This configuration may reflect thecompetition between these pairs of taxa within secondarycontact zones (Haffer 1997; Price 2008).It seems possible that the parapatric taxa with arestricted distribution within the state represent formsthat have arrived recently from other regions within theAmazon basin (Haffer 1987; 1997). On arriving in a region,competition with the sister / closely related taxon likelyrestricts the distribution of the new arrival to a peripheralarea of the range of its congener / conspecific taxon.Contact zonesTwo principal zones of “secondary contact” wereidentified on the basis of the distribution of the parapatrictaxa within the state of Acre. One is a north-south contactzone (i.e., “vertical contact zone”) located in the westernpart of the state (Figures 5 and 6) whereas the secondwas a east-west contact zone (i.e., “horizontal contactzone”) in eastern Acre (Figure 7). The western contactzone is characterized by the meeting of replacement taxa,one of which is distributed northwards to the northernSolimões (Amazon) basin, whereas the other is distributedeastwards into the southern Amazon basin, as in the caseof Pipra filicauda/fasciicauda (Haffer 1997, Figure 6), oreven beyond the southern boundaries of Amazonia, suchas with Pteroglossus castanotis castanotis/australis (Pinto1978), and Crypturellus undulatus undulatus/yapura (delHoyo et al. 1992; Pinto 1978). A similar situation isobserved in the case of Dendrocincla fuliginosa neglecta/atrirostris, in which both forms are found only in theAmazon basin (del Hoyo et al. 2003).A different pattern can be observed in the easterncontact zone, where one of the replacement taxa is widelydistributed within the Amazon basin, whereas the otheris restricted to the foothills of the Andes and neighboringlowland areas. Examples of this pattern includeXiphorhynchus ocellatus/X. chunchotambo (Guilherme &Aleixo 2008), Hypocnemis peruviana/H. subflava (Isler etal. 2007, Figure 7), and Glyphorynchus s. castelnaudii/G.s. albigularis.Haffer (1997) identified two elongated zones ofsecondary contact in the southwestern Amazon basin,one adjacent to the right bank of the Solimões Riverand the other parallel to the first, but farther south,crossing the upper Juruá and middle Purus towards theeastern Amazon basin. The contact zone identified herein eastern Acre (Figure 7) is equivalent to the latter ofthese zones in Haffer’s scheme. Whereas at least one ofthese contact zones was known to exist in Acre, it wasnecessary to identify which of the local taxa corroboratedits occurrence, given that Haffer, in contrast with otherregions of the Amazon basin, did not identify the taxathat supported the proposed contact zone in southwesternAmazonia. Whereas Haffer identified the taxa thatconfigure the contact zones in the regions referred toas the Madeira/Tapajós interfluvium and the Teles PiresRiver on the upper Tapajós, the present study focused onthe region of Brazilian Amazonia for which there werepractically no recent ornithological data. Given thisscenario, it was possible not only to confirm the existenceof one of the contact zones in southwestern Amazonia,but also to provide support for the conclusion that thesezones are not related functionally to the configuration ofthe principal rivers that drain the region, i.e., the Purusand Juruá (Haffer 1997).Hybridization zonesThe hybridization zones identified in the presentstudy were characterized by the presence of inferredhybrid specimens, which supposedly resulted from geneflow between parapatric purported sister / closely relatedtaxa (Haffer 1986, 1992a; Aleixo 2007; Price 2008). Twohybridization zones, corresponding to the contact zones,were identified in the two extremes (eastern and western)of the state.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme409The hybridization zone of eastern Acre is supportedby the observation of transitional forms of the taxaBrotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera/beniensis and Momotusmomota simplex/cf. nattereri. The existence of the westernzone was supported only by the taxa Pteroglossus castanotiscastanotis/australis. In this case, the specimen MPEG26747 from the upper Juruá, which was originallyclassified as P. c. australis by Novaes (1957), presentsplumage traits and external morphology, such as the billcolor and shape, that appear to be intermediate betweenP. c. castanotis and P. c. australis. In addition to these twotaxa, it seems likely that other transitional forms may existbetween Dendrocolaptes certhia juruanus and polyzonus,given that they both occur within the same region. As thepresent study did not include the most modern analyticaltechniques available (e.g., molecular genetics andvocalization analyses), the two principal hybridizationzones identified here were considered to be “probable”rather than definitive. Obviously, the confirmation ofthe status of these zones will depend on the collection ofmore detailed data, derived from more extensive surveysusing alternative scientific approaches.Haffer (1987, p. 140) presented a map showinga wide hybridization zone that begins in the foothillsof the Andes, in northeastern Peru, and extends as faras the Amazonian lowlands, crossing the upper Juruáin Acre, which corresponds exactly to the westernhybridization zone identified in the present study. Eventhough Haffer (1987) did not provide informationon the taxa supporting his southwestern Amazonianhybridization zone, the parapatric distribution oftaxa such as P. c. castanotis and P. c. australis, andDendrocolaptes certhia juruanus and polyzonus in westernAcre provide some additional evidence for the existenceof this hybridization zone.ConservationAcre is covered almost entirely by Amazonianrainforest (Acre 2000), although 11% of its originalforest cover has been lost as a consequence of recenthuman activities in the region (Souza et al. 2006). Evenso, Acre is still one of the least deforested of BrazilianAmazonian states (Fearnside 1993). One of the principalreasons for this has almost certainly been the creation andconsolidation of a wide network of protected areas, whichnow covers almost half of the state’s territory (Acre 2000).The identification of taxa that only occur in habitatsthat are either under-represented or non-existent in thestate’s protected areas pointed clearly to two main gaps inits conservation coverage: the campinas and campinaranasof westermost Acre and the dense lowland rainforests ofthe extreme eastern portion of the state.The campinas and campinaranas of western Acremust be protected not only because these habitats arenot represented adequately in any of the state’s protectedareas, but primarily because some bird species are onlyfound in these habitats (see Guilherme & Borges 2011).The creation of protected areas within the dense rainforestof easternmost Acre is strongly encouraged due to thepresence of taxa associated specifically with this type ofhabitat, such as Lepidothrix coronata exquisita. Other taxawith similar distributions include Brotogeris cyanopterabeniensis, Momotus momota simplex, and Hemitriccusminor. These zoogeographic considerations are furtheremphasized by the fact that eastern Acre dense lowlandrainforests are within the most densely-populated partof the state, which has suffered high deforestation rates(Acre 2000).Priority areas for new ornithological surveysBirds are considered to be the best known and mostadequately sampled vertebrate group in the Amazonbasin. Even so, many areas have yet to be explored byornithologists, and represent gaps in our knowledge onthe region’s avifauna (Oren & Albuquerque 1991). InAcre, the areas with the best ornithological samplingto date are the Alto Juruá Extractivist Reserve and theSerra do Divisor National Park, located in the westernpart of the state, and the Rio Acre Ecological Station andChandless National Park in the eastern sub-region. Allother areas are either under-sampled, or have never beenvisited by ornithologists (Figure 3). The primary factorlimiting the number of surveys is the logistical difficultiesof visiting these remote areas, which can only be reachedonly by river or, in some cases, only by plane. The humanpopulation density of these areas is extremely low, andthere is very little infrastructure.Given the current situation, the following areascan be considered to be of the highest priority for futureornithological surveys in the Brazilian state of Acre:Western sub-regiona) Enclaves of campina and campinarana in themunicipalities of Cruzeiro do Sul, MâncioLima, Porto Walter, and Marechal Taumaturgo;b) Interfluvium of the Liberdade-Gregório rivers;c) Interfluvium of the Muru-Tarauacá rivers;d) Interfluvium of the Envira-Purus rivers;Eastern sub-regiona) Areas surrounding the town of Santa Rosa doPurus, on the Brazil-Peru border;b) Interfluvium of the Caeté-Iaco rivers;c) Dense rainforests of the municipalities ofSenador Guiomard, Plácido de Castro, andAcrelândia.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

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Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme415APPENDIx 1List of the bird species confirmed for the Brazilian state of Acre based on vouchered material (specimens, recordings, and pictures).Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Tinamidae (12)Tinamus tao AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 48Tinamus major AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEGTinamus guttatus AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 8, 13, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36 MPEGCrypturellus cinereus AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28 MPEG, MZUSPCrypturellus soui AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCrypturellus obsoletus AF, PF A R V 2, 5, 20, 25, 48Crypturellus undulatus AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM A* R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCrypturellus strigulosus BF, PF, SF, CAM A R V 8, 20, 25Crypturellus atrocapillus (a) AF, BF, PF, SF A R V 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 47, 48Crypturellus variegatus BF, PF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGCrypturellus cf. brevirostris BF, PF A R V, S 5, 20 MPEGCrypturellus bartletti AF, BF, PF A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 27, 28, 48 MPEG, MZUSPAnhimidae (1)Anhima cornuta BF, AF W R O, P 5, 11, 20, 48Anatidae (6)Dendrocygna viduata AR, L, R A R V, O, S, P 20, 48 MPEG, UFACDendrocygna autumnalis AR, L, R A R O 5, 20, 48Cairina moschata AR, L, R A R O 2, 5, 19, 20, 48Nomonyx dominica L, R W R O 20, 48Amazonetta brasiliensis L, R A R O, P 20, 25, 48Anas discors AR, L, R W N O 20, 26, 48Cracidae (4)Ortalis guttata AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPenelope jacquacu AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEGAburria cumanensis AF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 UFAC, MZUSPPauxi tuberosa AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 20, 25 , 48 MPEG, MZUSPRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

416Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Odontophoridae (2)Odontophorus stellatus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28 MPEGOdontophorus gujanensis AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V 13, 20, 48Podicipedidae (1)Tachybaptus dominicus L, R A R O, S, P 13, 20, 48 MPEGPhalacrocoracidae (1)Phalacrocorax brasilianus AR, L, R A R O, P 2, 11, 20, 36, 48Anhingidae (1)Anhinga anhinga AR, L, R A R S, P 20, 36, 48 UFAC, MZUSPArdeidae (11)Trigrisoma lineatum AR, L, R, AF A R O, S, P 5, 13, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, MZUSPAgamia agami AR, L, R A R O 20, 48Cochlearius cochlearius AR, L, R, AF A R O, S 20, 48 MPEGNycticorax nycticorax AR, L, R A R O, S 5, 20, 48 MPEGButorides striata AR, L, R, AF A R O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPBubulcus ibis P, AR, L A R, In O, P 5, 11, 13, 20, 36, 48Ardea cocoi AR, L, R, AF A R O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 48 MPEGArdea alba AR, L, R A R O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 36, 48 MPEGPilherodius pileatus AR, L, R, AF A R O, P 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48Egretta thula AR, L, R A R O, P 2, 11, 13, 19, 20, 36, 48Egretta caerulea AR, L, R A R O, S, P 20, 48 MPEGThreskiornithidae (1)Mesembrinibis cayennensis AR, L, R, AF A R O, S, P 2, 5, 13, 20, 48 MPEGCiconiidae (3)Ciconia maguari AR, L, R A R O 5, 20, 36, 48Jabiru mycteria AR, L, R A I O 5, 20, 25, 48Mycteria americana AR, L, R A I O, S 5, 11, 20, 48 UFACPhoenicopteridae (1)Phoenicoparrus jamesi (a) OA E Va S 15, 20 MPEGCathartidae (4)Cathartes aura FE, P, OA, AA A R O, P 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48Cathartes melambrotus FE, P, OA, AA A R O, S, P 2, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme417Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Coragyps atratus FE, P, OA, AA A R O, S, P 2, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGSarcoramphus papa FE, OA A R O, P 2, 5, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48, 18, 36Pandionidae (1)Pandion haliaetus AR, L, R, AF A N O, S, P 5, 20, 24, 25, 48 MPEGAccipitridae (29)Leptodon cayanensis FE W R O, P 5, 20, 48Chondrohierax uncinatus BF, PF W R O 20, 48Elanoides forficatus AF, BF, PF, P, OA A R, I O, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48Gampsonyx swainsonii FE, P A R O, S, P 8, 13, 20, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACRostrhamus sociabilis L, R E R O, S, P 17, 20 UFACHelicolestes hamatus FE, P, OA, AA W R O, S, P 5, 20, 48 MPEG, UFACHarpagus bidentatus AF, BF, PF, SF A R O, S, P 5, 2, 8, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEGIctinia plumbea FE, SF, P, AO, AA A R O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGAccipiter superciliosus AF, PF W R O, S 5, 19, 20, 48 MPEGAccipiter bicolor BF, DF, SF A R O, P 20, 36, 48Geranospiza caerulescens PF, DF, P A R O, S 20, 25, 36 48 MPEGButeogallus schistaceus AF, BF, PF, SF, P, OA A R O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPLeucopternis kuhli PF, DF, SF A R O, S 20, 27, 48 MPEGPseudastur albicollis AF, PF A R O 2, 20, 25, 48Urubitinga urubitinga FE A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 MPEGHeterospizias meridionalis PF W R O 20, 48Busarellus nigricollis AF, PF, P A R O, S 5, 13, 20, 48 MPEGPercnohierax leucorrhous AF E R O 2, 20Rupornis magnirostris FE, P, AO, AA A* R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACGeranoaetus albicaudatus BF, PF, P A R, In V, O, S, P 5, 13, 20, 36, 48 MPEGButeo nitidus FE, P, OA, AA A R V, O, S, P 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGButeo swainsoni PF W N O 20, 26Buteo brachyurus BF, PF, SF, P A R V, O, P 20, 36, 48Buteo albonotatus AF, BF, PF, SF, P A R V, O, S 20, 36, 47 MPEGMorphnus guianensis BF, PF A R V, O 20, 36, 48Harpia harpyja AF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O 5, 20, 32, 48Spizaetus tyrannus AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 MZUSPRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

418Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Spizaetus melanoleucus AF, PF, DF, SF, P A R O, S 11, 20, 48 UFACSpizaetus ornatus AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48Falconidade (11)Daptrius ater FE, AF, P A R V, O, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 33, 48Ibycter americanus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MZUSPCaracara plancus P A R, In V, O, S, P 20, 25, 48 MPEGMilvago chimachima FE, P A R O, V 13, 20, 25, 48Herpetotheres cachinnans FE, P A R O, V 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 48Micrastur ruficollis AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG; MZUSP, UFACMicrastur gilvicollis AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 48 MPEG; MZUSPMicrastur mirandollei BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 48 MPEGMicrastur semitorquatus AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48Micrastur buckleyi AF, BF, PF A R O, V 11, 20, 48Falco rufigularis FE, P, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEGAramidae (1)Aramus guarauna AR, L, R, W A R O, S 20, 48 UFACPsophiidae (1)Psophia leucoptera AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG; MZUSPRallidae (9)Aramides cajanea AF, W A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEGAnurolimnas castaneiceps AF, W A R V, O, S 5, 20, 25, 48 MPEGLaterallus viridis AF, W A R O, S 20, 27, 48 MPEGLaterallus fasciatus AF, W A R O, S 5, 20, 27, 48 MPEG; MZUSPLaterallus melanophaius AF, W A R V, O, S 19, 20, 48 MPEGLaterallus exilis AF, W A R V, O, S 5, 19, 20, 48 MPEG, UFACNeocrex erythrops AF, W A R O 17, 20, 48Gallinula galeata AF, W A R O, P 20, 48Porphyrio martinica AF, W A R V, O, S, P 11, 13, 17, 20, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACHeliornithidae (1)Heliornis fulica AF, AR, L, R A R O 2, 11, 20, 25, 48Eurypygidae (1)Eurypyga helias AF, AR, L, R A R O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme419Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Charadriidae (4)Vanellus cayanus AR, L, R A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 27, 48 MPEGVanellus chilensis OA, P, AR, L, A E R, In V, O, S, P 5, 11, 20, 25 MPEGPluvialis dominica BF A N O, S, P 20, 35, 48 MZUSPCharadrius collaris BF, W A R O, S, P 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 27, 48 MPEGScolopacidae (11)Gallinago paraguaiae BF, W, R A A O 17, 20, 48Tringa melanoleuca BF W N O 20, 48Tringa flavipes BF, W, R A N O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPTringa solitaria BF, W, R A N O, S, P 2, 11, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPActitis macularius BF, W, R A N O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 20, 27, 48 MPEGCalidris minutilla BF, W, R W N O 20, 48Calidris bairdii BF, W W N O 20, 48Calidris melanotos BF, W A N O, S, P 11, 20, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCalidris himantopus BF, W W N O 20, 48Tryngites subruficollis BF, W W N O, S 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPhalaropus tricolor BF, W W N O 20, 48Jacanidae (1)Jacana jacana W, R A R V, O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPLaridae (1)Leucophaeus atricilla BF W N O 20, 48Sternidae (2)Sternula superciliaris BF, AR A R O, S 5, 11, 20, 27, 48 MPEGPhaetusa simplex BF, AR A R O, P 5, 11, 20, 48Rynchopidae (1)Rhynchops niger BF, AR A R O, S, P 5, 11, 20, 48 MPEGColumbidae (11)Columbina talpacoti FE, OA, AA A R V, O, S, P 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEGColumbina picui FE, OA A R O 20, 48Claravis pretiosa PF, DF A R V, O 20, 25, 35, 48Columbia livia AA A R O, V 20Patagioenas speciosa CAM W R O 20Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

420Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Patagioenas cayennensis AF, BF, PF A R V, O 13, 20, 48Patagioenas plumbea AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 18, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPatagioenas subvinacea AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48Leptotila verreauxi AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 5, 8, 11, 20, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPLeptotila rufaxilla AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM, AO A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEG, UFACGeotrygon montana AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACPsittacidae (23)Ara ararauna AF, PF, SF A R V, O 2, 11, 19, 20, 48Ara macao AF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEGAra chloropterus AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 48 MPEGAra severus FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEGOrthopsittaca manilata AF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 11, 13, 20, 48 MPEGPrimolius couloni FE, BF, PF, OA, CAM A;Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 6, 13, 20, 25, 30, 41, 47, 48 MPEG; UFACAratinga leucophthalma FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, UFACAratinga weddellii FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACPyrrhura roseifrons AF, PF, SF, OA, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 20, 25, 27, 28, 48 MPEGPyrrhura rupicola (a) AF, PF, DF, SF, OA, CAM A; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 6, 11, 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEGForpus modestus FE, OA, CAM A R V, O, S, P 5, 17, 20, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPBrotogeris cyanoptera FE, CAM, OA, AA A* R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACBrotogeris sanctithomae FE, AA, OA A R V, O, S, P 5, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 36, 48MPEG, UFAC,MZUSPNannopsittaca dachilleae (a) AF, SF A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 20, 43 MPEGTouit huetii AF, PF W R V, O, S 5, 20, 47, 48 MPEGTouit purpuratus DF, CAM W R O, V Guilherme and Aleixo, unpub. dataPionites leucogaster AF, PF, OA, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPyrilia barrabandi AF, BF, PF, CAM A R O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 20, 48 MZUSPPionus menstruus AF, PF, DF, SF, CAM, OA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACAmazona festiva AF A R O 20, 48Amazona ochrocephala FE, AF, PF, DF, SF, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48MPEG, UFAC,MZUSPAmazona amazonica PF A R O 20, 36, 48Amazona farinosa FE, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM, OA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme421Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Opisthocomidae (1)Opisthocomus hoazin AF, W, AR A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 18, 19, 20, 48 MPEG, UFACCuculidae (12)Micrococcyx cinereus AF, BF, PF E A O, S 20, 36 MPEGCoccyzus erythrophthalmus BF, PF W N O, S 20, 47 MPEGCoccyzus melacoryphus BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 2027, 36, 48 MPEGPiaya cayana BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACPiaya melanogaster BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGCoccycua minuta FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 36, 48 MPEGCrotophaga major FE, AF, W, AR A R V, O, S 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACCrotophaga ani FE, P, AA, OA A R V, O, S, P 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACTapera naevia PF, SF A R O 25, 20, 48Dromococcyx phasianellus AF, BF A R V, O, S 2, 6, 13, 20, 48 MPEGDromococcyx pavoninus(b) BF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 20, 48 MPEGNeomorphus geoffroyi PF W R O 20, 48Tytonidae (1)Tyto alba PF, SF, P, AA A R V, O, S 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGStrigidae (11)Megascops choliba FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACMegascops usta AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGLophostrix cristata AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 27, 36, 48 MPEGPulsatrix perspicillata AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 13, 20, 25, 35, 48 MZUSPStrix virgata AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 48 MPEGStrix huhula AF,PF A R V, O, S 20, 48 MPEGGlaucidium hardyi AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48Glaucidium brasilianum AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPAthene cunicularia P, AA A R, In V, O, S, P 5, 13, 20, 25 MPEG, UFACAsio clamator AF, BF, PF, P A R V, O, S 5, 11. 13, 20, 36 UFACAsio stygius PF W R V 20, 48Nyctibidae (4)Nyctibius grandis AF, BF, PF, SF A R V 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48Nyctibius aethereus PF, CAM W R V 20, 47, 48Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

422Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Nyctibius griseus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGNyctibius leucopterus AF, SF W R O, V 3, 20, 48Caprimulgidae (12)Lurocalis semitorquatus AF, PF, CAM A R O, V 2, 5, 20, 36, 48Chordeiles rupestris AF, AR W R V, O, S, P 27, 20, 48 MPEGChordeiles nacunda P, AO, R A I O, S 17, 20 MPEGNyctiphrynus ocellatus AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 20, 35, 36, 48 MZUSPAntrostomus rufus SF W R V, S 20 MPEGAntrostomus sericocaudatus AF E R V 2, 5, 20Hydropsalis maculicauda AF, FE A R S 17, 19, 20 MPEGHydropsalis nigrescens PF, SF, CAM W R V, O 20, 48Hydropsalis parvula AF, BF, PF, P, AA A R S 5, 11, 20 MPEGHydropsalis albicollis FE, OA, P, CAM, BF A R V, O, S, P 5, 2, 11, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACHydropsalis climacocerca FE, BF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 27, 48 MPEG, MZUSPHydropsalis torquata BF E R S 20, 35 MZUSPApodidae (10)Streptoprocne zonaris AF, PF W R O 20, 48Chaetura spinicaudus AF, BF, PF E R O 2, 20, 36Chaetura cinereiventris AF, PF, P A R O, S 2, 5, 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPChaetura egregia AF, PF A R O, S 5, 20, 25, 35, 47, 48 MZUSPChaetura pelagica AF, PF, DF, SF A R O, P 20, 47, 48Chaetura viridipennis AF, PF, DF, SF, P A R O, S 5, 20, 35, 36, 47, 48AMNH, MPEG,MZUSPChaetura meridionalis AF E A O 2, 20Chaetura brachyura AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, OA A R O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 47, 48 LSUMZThachornis squamata AF, BF, PF, CAM, OA A R O, P 8, 13, 17, 20, 36, 47, 48Panyptila cayennensis AF A R V, O 2, 20, 11, 20, 48Trochilidae (25)Glaucis hirsutus AF, BF, PF, DF, OA, CAM, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACThrenetes leucurus AF, BF, PF A* R V, O, S 5, 8, 11, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPhaethornis ruber AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPhaethornis hispidus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme423Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Phaethornis philippii BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 8, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEGPhaethornis bourcieri AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 11, 13, 19, 20, 48 MPEGPhaethornis malaris AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 11, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEGCampylopterus larginpennis AF, BF, PF,DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 18, 20, 48 MPEGFlorisuga melivora AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 20, 48 MPEGAnthracothorax nigricollis AF, BF, PF, AA, OA, CAM A R V, O, S 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACTopaza pyra AF, SF, CAM W R O, S 8, 20 MPEGChrysolampis mosquitus FE E I O 9, 11, 20 MPEGChlorostilbon notatus AF W R O, S 20, 27, 48 MPEGChlorostilbon mellisugus AF,PF W R O, S 5911, 13, 20, 48 MPEGThalurania furcata FE, SF, BF, PF, AA A* R O, S 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 48 MPEG, UFACHylocharis sapphirina AF W R O 20, 48Hylocharis cyanus(b) BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A; Inamb. R O, S 11, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPolytmus theresiae CAM W R O Guilherme and Aleixo, unpb. data.Chrysuronia oenone AF, SF, CAM W R O, S 8, 20, 48 MPEGAmazilia fimbriata PF W R O 20, 48Amazilia lactea FE, AF, DF, AA, OA, CAM A; Inamb. (a) R V, O, S, P 2, 9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 25, 35, 36 MPEG, UFACHeliothryx auritus AF, PF, SF A R O 2, 20, 25, 48Heliodoxa aurescens AF, SF A R O 2, 20Heliomaster longirostris AF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R O, S 8, 20, 35, 48 MPEGHeliomaster furcifer AA E Va S ZUECCalliphlox amethystina AF W R O 20, 48Trogonidae (7)Trogon viridis AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 8, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGTrogon curucui AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 48 MPEGTrogon violaceus AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 20, 27, 48 MPEGTrogon collaris AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPTrogon rufus AF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 8, 11, 13, 20, 27, 48 MPEGTrogon melanurus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACPharomachrus pavoninus BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM W R S 20 MPEGAlcedinidae (5)Megaceryle torquata AF, AR, L, A, W A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 35, 48 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

424Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Chloroceryle amazona AF, AR, L, A, W A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEGChloroceryle americana AF, AR, L, A, W A R V, O, S 2, 13, 17, 19, 20, 36, 48 MPEGChloroceryle inda AF, BF, PF, SF A R O, S 5, 13, 20, 25, 48 MPEGChloroceryle aenea AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R O, S 2, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMomotidae (3)Electron platyrhynchum AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPBaryphthengus martii AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEGMomotus momota AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A* R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACGalbulidae (8)Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus AF A; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 20, 48 MPEG, MZUSPBrachygalba albogularis AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 11, 17, 20, 47, 48 MPEG, MZUSPGalbula albirostris PF, SF W R O 20, 48Galbula cyanicollis AF, CAM W R O, S 5, 8, 20, 27 MPEGGalbula cyanescens AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPGalbula leucogastra PF W R O 5, 20, 48Galbula dea FE, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPJacamerops aureus AF, PF, SF W R V, O, S 2, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGBucconidae (15)Notharchus hyperrhynchus AF, PF, SF A R V, O 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48Nothrarcus ordii AF, PF, SF, CAM W R V, O, S 38, 20 MPEGNotharchus tectus AF,SF W R O 5, 20Bucco macrodactylus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 8, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACBucco tamatia AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 11, 13, 20, 48 MPEGBucco capensis AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 13, 20MPEG, UFAC,MZUSPNystalus striolatus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMalacoptila semicincta AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGNonnula rubecula AF, PF, SF W R O, S 20 MPEGNonnula sclateri (b) BF, DF A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 11, 20, 27, 28, 47, 48 MPEGNonnula ruficapilla (b) AF, BF, PF, SF A; Inamb. (b) R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48, MPEG, MZUSPMonasa nigrifrons FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMonasa morphoeus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme425Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Monasa flavirostris(b) FE, BF A R O, S, P 2, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGChelidoptera tenebrosa FE A R O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCapitonidae (3)Capito auratus FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A* R O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACEubucco richardsoni AF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 6, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGEubucco tucinkae (a) AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A; Inamb. R O, S 2, 19, 20, 44, 48 MPEGRamphastidae (8)Ramphastos tucanus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACRamphastos vitellinus AF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEG, UFACAulacorhynchus atrogularis (a) AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 56, 8, 11, 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEGSelenidera reinwardtii AF, BF, PF, DF A; Inamb. (c) R V, O, S 5, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGPteroglossus inscriptus BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPteroglossus mariae AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEGPteroglossus castanotis AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, OA, CAM, AA A* R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, CPJHPteroglossus beauharnaesii AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 18, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACPicidae (18)Picumnus aurifrons PF, SF W; Inamb. (d) R O 5, 20, 48Picumnus rufiventris (b) BF, DF A R O, S 2, 11, 17, 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACPicumnus subtilis (a) BF E R O, S, P 11, 20, 37 MZUSP, UFACMelanerpes cruentatus FE, CAM, OA, P, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACVeniliornis passerinus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, MZUSPVeniliornis affinis AF, BF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPiculus leucolaemus AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGPiculus flavigula AF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 20, 25, 48 MPEGPiculus chrysochloros AF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 20, 35, 48 MPEGColaptes punctigula FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 20, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCeleus grammicus AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 8, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGCeleus elegans AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 5, 8, 13, 20, 27, 48 MPEGCeleus flavus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGCeleus spectabilis (a), (b) BF A R V, O, S, P 2, 11, 13, 20, 25, 47 MPEG, MZUSPCeleus torquatus BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGDryocopus lineatus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

426Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Campephilus rubricollis FE, OA, CAM, P, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCampephilus melanoleucos FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPThamnophilidae (61)Terenura humeralis PF, SF W R V, O, S 5, 20, 48 MPEGPygiptila stellaris AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 11, 20, 27, 48 MPEGMicrorhopias quixensis (b) AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMyrmeciza hemimelaena AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACMyrmeciza atrothorax AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 40, 48MNRJ, MPEG,MZUSPMyrmeciza melanoceps AF W R S 20, 27 MPEGMyrmeciza goeldii (b) AF, BF, SF A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMyrmeciza hyperythra BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 MPEGMyrmeciza fortis AF, BF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPNeoctantes niger AF, BF, PF, CAM A R V, O, S 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEG, MZUSPEpinecrophylla leucophthalma AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 25 MPEGEpinecrophylla haematonota BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 13, 19, 20, 27, 36, 48 MPEGEpinecrophylla ornata (b) AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 511, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36 MPEG, MZUSPMyrmotherula brachyura AF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGMyrmotherula ignota AF, BF, PF, SF W R V, O 20, 48Myrmotherula sclateri AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 56, 20, 25, 48 MPEGMyrmotherula multostriata AF, PF, SF W R V, O, S 20, 48 MPEGMyrmotherula hauxwelli AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACMyrmotherula axillaris AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEGMyrmotherula longipennis AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMyrmotherula iheringi (b) AF, BF, PF, SF A; Inamb. (e) R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 13, 20, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMyrmotherula menetriesii AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACFormicivora grisea CAM W R O, S 20, Guilherme & Aleixo unpubl. data MPEGThamnomanes ardesiacus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 5, 8, 11, 18, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEGThamnomanes saturninus AF, PF, SF, CAM W R V, O, S 19, 20, 27, 28, 48 MPEGThamnomanes schistogynus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACDichrozona cincta AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 20, 48 MPEGHerpsilochmus rufimarginatus PF E R V, O, S 2, 5, 20 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme427Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Thamnophilus doliatus FE, OA, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPThamnophilus schistaceus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPThamnophilus murinus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 8, 13, 17, 20, 48 MPEGThamnophilus aethiops AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACThamnophilus amazonicus AF, SF W R V, P 20, 48Thamnophilus divisorius (a) SF W; Inamb. R V, O, S 20, 46 MPEGCymbilaimus lineatus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGCymbilaimus sanctaemariae (b) AF, BF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 34, 47, 48, 49 LSUMZ, MPEGTaraba major FE, BF, PF, DF, SF, W A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 20, 27, 28, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPFrederickena unduligera AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 20, 27, 36, 48 MPEGSclateria naevia AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 20, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACSchistocichla schistacea BF, PF, SF W R V, O, S 19, 20, 27, 48 MPEGSchistocichla humaythae BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGHypocnemoides maculicauda AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 20, 27, 28, 48 MPEGHylophylax naevius AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, UFACHylophylax punctulatus AF W R V, S 5, 20 MPEGPercnostola lophotes (a), (b) BF A; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMyrmoborus leucophrys AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACMyrmoborus myotherinus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCercomacra cinerascens AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCercomacra nigrescens AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCercomacra serva BF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 25, 48 MPEGCercomacra manu (b) BF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 47, 48 MPEGDrymophila devillei (b) BF A R V, O, S 2, 4, 5, 13, 20, 25, 36, 47, 48 MPEG, MZUSPHypocnemis peruviana AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACHypocnemis subflava (a), (b) BF E; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 13, 20, 23, 25 MPEGHypocnemis hypoxantha AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 4, 19, 20, 48 MPEGWillisornis poecilinotus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGPhlegopsis nigromaculata AF, BF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACPhlegopsis erythroptera PF W R V, O, S 19, 20, 48 MPEGGymnopithys salvini AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACRhegmatorhina melanosticta BF, PF, SF A; Inamb. (f) R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

428Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Conopophagidae (2)Conopophaga aurita AF, PF, SF, CAM W R V, O, S 8, 20 MPEGConopophaga peruviana BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 20, 25, 27, 47, 48 MPEGGrallariidae (3)Grallaria eludens (a) BF, PF, SF W; Inamb. R V, O 20, 47, 48Hylopezus berlepschi AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 47 MPEG, UFACMyrmothera campanisona AF, BF, PF A* R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGRhinocryptidae (1)Liosceles thoracicus BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEGFormicariidae (4)Formicarius colma AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEGFormicarius analis AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPFormicarius rufifrons (a) AF, BF, PF A; Inamb. R V 2, 20, 47, 48Chamaeza nobilis PF W R V Aleixo & Guilherme unpbl. data.Scleruridae (4)Sclerurus mexicanus BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 25, 48 MPEGSclerurus rufigularis PF, SF W R V, O, S 20, 48 MPEGSclerurus caudacutus BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 27, 48 MPEGSclerurus albigularis BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 13, 20, 47, 48 MPEGDendrocolaptidae (20)Dendrocincla fuliginosa AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A* R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 2527, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPDendrocincla merula AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACDeconychura longicauda BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEGSittasomus griseicapillus AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACCerthiasomus stictolaemus BF, PF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 17, 20, 48 MPEGGlyphorynchus spirurus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A* R V, O, S 2, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGXiphorhynchus chunchotambo (a) AF, BF, PF E R V, O, S 5, 7, 11, 13, 20, 25 MPEG, UFACXiphorhynchus ocellatus BF, PF A R V, O, S 7, 20, 27, 28, 35, 36 MPEGXiphorhynchus elegans AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEGXiphorhynchus obsoletus AF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 20 MPEGXiphorhynchus guttatus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACCampylorhamphus trochilirostris (b) AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 48 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme429Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Dendroplex picus AF, BF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACLepidocolaptes albolineatus BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 27, 48 MPEGNasica longirostris AF, PF A R V, O 2, 5, 27, 28, 48Dendrexetastes rufigula AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGDendrocolaptes certhia AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPDendrocolaptes picumnus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPXiphocolaptes promeropirhyunchus BF, PF, SF A R V, O 2, 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGHylexetastes stresemanni BF, PF, DF, CAM A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEGFurnariidae (26)Xenops tenuirostris BF, PF A R V, O 2, 20, 25, 36, 48Xenops minutus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACXenops rutilans BF, PF, SF A R V, O 20, 48Berlepschia rikeri AF, SF, CAM W R O 8, 20Microxenops milleri BF, PF, SF W R O 20, 48 MPEGFurnarius leucopus AF, DF, AR, L, R A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEGAncistrops strigilatus AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 20, 36 MPEGHyloctistes subulatus AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 20, 48 MPEG, UFACAutomolus ochrolaemus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACAutomolus infuscatus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEGAutomolus melanopezus (b) AF, BF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACAutomolus rubiginosus BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 13, 20, 25, 29, 36, 48 MPEGAutomolus rufipileatus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 27, 28, 48 MPEG, MZUSPAnabazenops dorsalis (b) BF A R O, V 2, 5, 20, 48Philydor ruficaudatus BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 11, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEGPhilydor erythrocercum BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 5, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPhilydor erythropterum AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 8, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPhilydor rufum AF A R V, O, S 2, 20, 48 MPEGPhilydor pyrrhodes BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, MZUSPSimoxenops ucayalae (b) BF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 6, 13, 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEG, MZUSPSynallaxis albigularis AF W R O, V 20, 48Synallaxis rutilans BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 13, 20, 25 MPEG, UFACSynallaxis cherriei (b) BF A R V, O, S 2, 13, 20, 48 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

430Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Synallaxis gujanensis AF, SF W R V, O, S 5, 20, 25, 48 MZUSPMetopothrix aurantiacus AF A R V, O, S 2, 20, 48 MPEGCranioleuca gutturata BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPipridae (14)Neopelma sulphureiventer AF, BF, PF, SF A; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEG, MZUSPTyranneutes stolzmanni AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM W R V, O, S 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGPipra filicauda AF, DF W R O, S 20, 27, 28, 48 MPEGPipra fasciicauda AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACPipra rubrocapilla BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPipra chloromeros (a) AF, BF, PF A; Inamb. R V, O, S 2, 20, 47, 48 MPEGLepidothrix coronata AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A; Inamb. (h) R V, O, S 2, 5, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48CPJH, MPEG,MZUSP, UFACManacus manacus AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM W R V, O, S 8, 19, 20, 48 MPEG, UFACHeterocercus linteatus CAM W R O 20Machaeropterus striolatus AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 8, 20, 47, 48 MPEGMachaeropterus pyrocephalus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 17, 20, 25, 36, 47, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACDixiphia pipra AF, BF, PF, CAM W R V, O, S 8, 19, 20, 27, 48 MPEGXenopipo atronitens CAM W R O, S 8, 20 MPEGChiroxiphia pareola PF, SF, CAM A R O, V 5, 20, 25, 48Tityridae (17)Onychorhynchus coronatus BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACTerenotriccus erythrurus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMyiobius barbatus AF, PF, SF, CAM W; Inamb. (g) R V, O, S 20, 27, 48 MPEGMyiobius atricaudus AF, SF W R V, O, S 20, 48 MPEGSchiffornis major AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 13, 17, 20, 27, 48 MPEGSchiffornis amazona PF, CAM W R V, O, S 8, 20, 48 MPEG, UFACLaniocera hypopyrrha AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 8, 11, 13, 20, 36, 48 MPEGIodopleura isabellae PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S, P 5, 8, 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEGTityra inquisitor AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEGTityra cayana AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48 FUTityra semifasciata AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPachyramphus xanthogenys (a) BF, PF E R V, O, S 1, 2, 20 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme431Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Pachyramphus rufus BF, PF E R O 20, 36Pachyramphus castaneus BF, PF W R O, V 5, 2048Pachyramphus polychopterus BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACPachyramphus marginatus AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 35 MPEG, MZUSPPachyramphus minor BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 11, 20, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCotingidae (8)Lipaugus vociferans AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPorphyrolaema porphyrolaema BF, PF W R V, O 20, 48Gymnoderus foetidus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGConioptilon mcilhennyi (a) AF, BF, PF, DF A; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 31 47, 48 MPEGCotinga maynana BF, PF, SF W R V, O 20, 48Cotinga cayana AF, BF, PF W R V, O, S 5, 20, 25, 48 MPEGQuerula purpurata AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 36, 47, 48 MPEGCephalopterus ornatus AF, SF W R O, S 20, 48 MPEGIncertae sedis (4)Platyrinchus coronatus AF, PF, SF W R V, O, S 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGPlatyrinchus platyrhynchos PF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 20, 25, 48 MPEGPiprites chloris AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPNeopipo cinamomea SF, CAM W R O, S 6, 20, Guilherme & Aleixo unpubl. data MPEGRhynchocyclidae (23)Cnipodectes subbrunneus AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM W R V, O, S, P 8, 11, 20, 27, 48 MPEGCnipodectes superrufus (a), (b) BF E; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 13, 20, 42 MPEGMionectes oleagineus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 13, 18, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, UFACMionectes amazonus PF W; Inamb. R S 20 MPEGLeptopogon amaurocephalus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACCorythopis torquatus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEGRhynchocyclus olivaceus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R S, O, V, P 2, 11, 13, 17, 20, 48 MPEGTolmomyias sulphurescens BF, PF W R O, V 11, 20, 48Tolmomyias assimilis FE, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 20, 48 MPEGTolmomyias poliocephalus FE, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGTolmomyias flaviventris FE, OA, P, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, MZUSPTodirostrum maculatum AF, BF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

432Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 CPJH, MPEG, UFACPoecilotriccus albifacies (a), (b) BF E; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 20, 49 MZUSPMyiornis ecaudatus BF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 5, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPHemitriccus minor BF, PF E R V, O, S 17, 20, 25 MPEGHemitriccus flammulatus (b) AF, BF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACHemitriccus griseipectus PF, BF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 8, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, UFACHemitriccus iohannis BF, PF A R V, O, S 6, 20, 48 CPJHHemitriccus minimus BF, PF, SF, CAM W R V, O, S 3, 8, 13, 20, 25 MPEGPoecilotriccus latirostris BF, PF, SF W R V, O 20, 48Lophotriccus vitiosus PF, CAM W R V, O, S 20, 27, 48 MPEGLophotriccus eulophotes (b) BF, PF A; Inamb. R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 36, 47, 48 MPEG, UFACTyrannidae (61)Zimmerius gracilipes FE, SF, P, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGInezia inornata AF, BF, PF A I V, O, S 6, 20, 48 CPJH, UFACOrnithion inerme AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48Camptostoma obsoletum FE, SF, OA, P, CAM A R V, O 5, 13, 17, 20, 25, 48Elaenia flavogaster BF, PF E A O, S 20, 25, 35 MZUSPElaenia spectabilis AF, BF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM A A V, O, S 11, 19, 20, 27, 48 MPEG, UFACElaenia albiceps FE, PF, OA, P, CAM A A V, O 20, 36, 48Elaenia parvirostris FE, OA, P, CAM A A V, O, S 20, 25, 48 MPEG, UFACMyiopagis gaimardii AF, BF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGMyiopagis caniceps AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O 2, 5, 20, 25, 36, 48Myiopagis flavivertex AF, SF A R V, O 20, 27, 28 MPEGMyiopagis viridicata BF, PF E A S 17, 20 MPEGTyrannulus elatus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 17, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEG, UFACPhaeomyias murina AF, PF, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 20, 48 MPEG, UFACPseudocolopteryx acutipennis PF E I O 5, 20Attila cinnamomeus AF, DF W R V, O, S 11, 20, 27, 48 MPEGAttila citriniventris BF, PF, CAM W R V, O, S 8, 20, 48 MPEGAttila bolivianus AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 27, 48 MPEGAttila spadiceus AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, UFACLegatus leucophaius FE, AO, P, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme433Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Ramphotrigon megacephalum (b) AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, MZUSPRamphotrigon ruficauda BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 8, 11, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPRamphotrigon fuscicauda (b) BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 14, 20, 25, 36, 47, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMyiarchus tuberculifer FE, OA, P, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGMyiarchus swainsoni FE A A O 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MZUSPMyiarchus ferox FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMyiarchus tyrannulus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 5, 27, 20, 35 MPEG, MZUSPSirystes sibilator AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPRhytipterna simplex BF, PF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCasiornis rufus FE E I S 20 MPEGPitangus sulphuratus FE, AO, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPhilohydor lictor FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 5, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MZUSPMyiodynastes luteiventris FE W N V, O 20, 47, 48Myiodynastes maculatus FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGTyrannopsis sulphurea FE, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM A R V, O, S, P 20, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACMegarhynchus pitangua FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACMyiozetetes cayanensis FE, AO, P, CAM, AA, AR, R A R V, O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACMyiozetetes similis FE, AO, P, CAM, AA, AR, R A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACMyiozetetes granadensis AF, FE, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 20, 48 MPEGMyiozetetes luteiventris (a) FE, AO, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPTyrannus albogularis FE, OA, P, CAM, AA E I O, S 11, 20 MPEG, UFACTyrannus melancholicus FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACTyrannus savana FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A A O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 17, 20, 25, 35, 48 MZUSPTyrannus tyrannus FE A N O, S 2, 5, 10, 18, 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEGGriseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPEmpidonomus varius FE, OA W R O, V, S 5, 13, 20, 25, 48 UFACConopias trivirgatus AF, PF, SF A R O, V 2, 5, 20, 47, 48Conopias parvus AF, PF, SF, CAM A R O, V, P 3, 20, 47, 48Colonia colonus FE, AR A R O 2, 25, 11, 20, 48Myiophobus fasciatus PF, SF, OA, P, CAM A A V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPSublegatus modestus AF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM A A O, S 13, 17, 20, 35, 48 MZUSPPyrocephalus rubinus FE, AO, P, CAM A A O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

434Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Fluvicola albiventer FE, AR A A O, S 20, 35, 48 MZUSPOchthornis littoralis FE, AR A R O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACCnemotriccus fuscatus AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM A R, A V, O, S, P 20, 36 MPEGLathrotriccus euleri AF, BF, PF A A O, S 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGEmpidonax alnorum FE A N V, O, S 25, 20, 47, 48 MPEG, UFACContopus cooperi FE A N V, O 20, 25, 48Contopus virens FE A N V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 20, 25, 48 MPEGContopus cinereus FE A N V, O, S 20 MPEGMuscisaxicola fluviatilis FE, AR W; Inamb. R O 5, 20, 48Vireonidae (7)Cyclarhis gujanensis AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, AA A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 48 MZUSPVireolanius leucotis BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGVireo olivaceus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R, A V, O, S, P 2, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPVireo flavoviridis AF, BF, PF A N V, O, S 2, 8, 20, 45, 47, 48 MPEGHylophilus thoracicus BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MZUSPHylophilus hypoxanthus AF, BF, P F, SF, CAM A R O 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48Hylophilus ochraceiceps AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGCorvidae (1)Cyanocorax violaceus AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 19, 20, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEGHirundinidae (10)Pygochelidon cyanoleuca FE, AR, L W R V, O 25, 20, 47, 48Atticora fasciata FE, AR, L, A A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACAtticora tibialis FE, AR A R V, O, S 20, 35, 48 MZUSPStelgidopteryx ruficollis FE, AR, L, A, OA, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACProgne tapera AA, FE, AR, L, A, OA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGProgne subis FE, OA, AA A N O 20, 25, 48Progne chalybea AA, AR, L , OA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEGTachycineta albiventer AR, L, A A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 MPEGRiparia riparia FE, AR, L W R V, O 20, 47, 48Hirundo rustica FE, AR, L , OA A N V, O, S 20, 35, 47 MZUSPTroglodytidae (6)Microcerculus marginatus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme435Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Troglodytes musculus FE, OA, CAM, AA A R V, O, S 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCampylorhynchus turdinus FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPheugopedius genibarbis FE, AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACCantorchilus leucotis FE, AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S, P 5, 20, 27, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACCyphorhinus arada AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A; Inamb. (i) R V, O, S 13, 20, 27, 28, 35, 48 MPEGDonacobiidae (1)Donacobius atricapilla AF, W A R V, O, S 5, 11, 17, 20, 35, 36, 48 MZUSPPolioptilidae (2)Ramphocaenus melanurus AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPolioptila plumbea BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O 2, 5, 11, 20, 48Turdidae (8)Catharus minimus PF E N S 20, 29 MPEGCatharus swainsoni BF, PF, DF, CAM A N O, S 8, 17, 18, 20, 25, 48 MPEG, MZUSPTurdus amaurochalinus FE, AA, OA E A O, S 17, 18, 20, 35, 36 MPEG, MZUSPTurdus ignobilis FE, OA, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACTurdus lawrencii AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 8, 20, 48 MPEGTurdus hauxwelli AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 58, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEG, UFACTurdus albicollis BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 5, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGTurdus sanchezorum AF, PF E R S, O 20 MPEGCoerebidae (1)Coereba flaveola FE, AF, PF, CAM A R O, V 2, 20, 13, 48Thraupidae (41)Saltator grossus BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGSaltator maximus FE, CAM, OA, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACSaltator coerulescens FE, OA, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 11, 17, 20, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACPakerthraustes humeralis BF, PF W R V, O 5, 20, 48Conothraupis speculigera (a) FE W I O, S 19, 20, 39, 47 MPEG, MZUSPLamprospiza melanoleuca FE, AF, PF, DF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 47, 48 MPEGNemosia pileata AF, BF, PF W R V, O 5, 20, 48Thlypopsis sordida PF W R O 20, 48Tachyphonus phoenicius CAM W R O Guilherme & Aleixo unpubl. data UFACRamphocelus nigrogularis AF, FE A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 18, 19, 20, 27, 30, 48 LSUMZ, MPEGRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

436Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Ramphocelus carbo FE, CAM, OA, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACLanio luctuosus AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPLanio cristatus BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MZUSPLanio rufiventer AF, BF, PF, SF W, Inamb. R V, O, S 5, 20, 48 MPEGLanio versicolor AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 11, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGLanio surinamus AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM W R V, O, S 11, 20, 27, 48 MPEGLanio penicillatus AF A R V, O, S 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEGTangara gyrola AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O 2, 11, 20, 48Tangara schrankii AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPTangara mexicana AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 27, 28, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACTangara chilensis AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACTangara velia AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 5, 8, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGTangara callophrys AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGTangara xanthogastra AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 20, 36, 48 MZUSPTangara episcopus FE, CAM, OA, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPTangara palmarum AF, FE, CAM, OA, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACTangara nigrocincta AF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCissopis leverianus FE A R V, O, S, P 2, 11, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPSchistochlamys melanopis P, OA E R O, S, P 20, 36 UFACParoaria gularis AF, FE, AR A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPTersina viridis FE, AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 48 MPEGDacnis lineata AF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGDacnis flaviventer AF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 11, 20, 27, 28, 48 MPEGDacnis cayana AF, BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGCyanerpes nitidus AF, BF, PF, SF W R V, O, S 8, 20, 48 MPEGCyanerpes caeruleus AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM W R V, O, S 8, 20, 48 MPEGCyanerpes cyaneus AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O 13, 19, 20, 48Chlorophanes spiza AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 5, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGHemithraupis guira BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPHemithraupis flavicollis AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O 5, 20, 25, 36, 48Conirostrum speciosum AF E R V, O 11, 20Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme437Families and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Emberizidae (13)Ammodramus aurifrons FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPSicalis flaveola OA, AA A R V, O, P 16, 20, 21, 48Volatinia jacarina FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACSporophila schistacea FE A R O, S 20, 47 MZUSPSporophila bouvronides FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A I V, O, S, P 18, 20, 47, 48 MPEG, UFACSporophila lineola FE, OA, P, CAM A I V, O, S 17, 20, 25 UFACSporophila luctuosa (a) FE, OA, P, CAM W I V, O, S 20, 47, 48 MPEGSporophila caerulescens FE, OA, P, CAM A I V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 17, 20, 35, 48 MZUSPSporophila castaneiventris FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 5, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACSporophila angolensis FE, OA, P, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACSporophila maximiliani OA W R O 20Tiaris sp. FE E I V 2, 20Arremon taciturnus BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, UFACCardinalidae (3)Habia rubica AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEGPiranga rubra PF W N O 20, 48Piranga olivacea AF, BF, PF A N V, O, S 20, 47, 48 MPEGCyanoloxia cyanoides BF, PF, DF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACParulidae (2)Wilsonia canadensis AF W N O 20Phaeothlypis fulvicauda AF, BF, PF, DF, SF A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 MPEGIcteridae (16)Psarocolius angustifrons AF, BF, PF, OA, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 18, 20, 48 MPEGPsarocolius viridis BF, PF, SF, OA, CAM W R V, O, S 8, 2027, 48 MPEGPsarocolius decumanus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, OA, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPPsarocolius bifasciatus AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, OA, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPProcacicus solitarius AF, BF, PF, OA, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 19, 20, 48 MPEG, MZUSPCacicus haemorrhous BF, PF A R O 20, 36, 48Cacicus oseryi AF, BF, PF, SF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 8, 20, 47, 48 MPEGCacicus latirostris AF, BF, PF, SF W R V, O, S 11, 20, 47, 48 MPEGCacicus cela FE, OA, CAM, AA A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

438Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamilies and species 1 Habitat 2 Distribution/Status4 Type ofReferences 3 Institution 75Endemism 4 record 6 Cacicus koepckeae (a) AF E; Inamb. R O 5, 20Icterus cayanensis AF, PF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 8, 5, 20, 48 MPEGIcterus croconotus AF, PF, SF, OA, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 20, 36, 48 MPEGLampropsar tanagrinus AF,PF A R V, O, S 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGMolothrus oryzivora FE, AR, L, OA, CAM A R V, O, S, P 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 MPEG, MZUSPMolothrus bonariensis FE, OA, AA, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 17, 20, 48 MPEGSturnella militaris AA, CAM, AA, OA, P A R V, O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 36 MPEG, MZUSP, UFACFringillidae (6)Euphonia chlorotica FE, CAM, AA A R O, V 2, 19, 20Euphonia laniirostris AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 MPEGEuphonia chrysopasta AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM A R V, O, S, P 5, 11, 13, 20, 35, 48 MPEG, MZUSPEuphonia minuta AF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 20, 25, 48 MPEGEuphonia xanthogaster AF, BF, PF A R V, O, S 2, 5, 17, 20, 27, 48 MPEGEuphonia rufiventris AF, PF, CAM A R V, O, S 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 MPEGEstrildidae (1)Estrilda astrild AA E R, In V, O, S 20, 38 UFACPasseridae (1)Passer domesticus AA A R, In V, O 16, 201 Families and species - Nomenclature and taxonomy follow CBRO (2011)(a) – Species known to occur in Brazil based solely on records from the state of Acre;(b) – Species associated with the bamboo forests of the state of Acre.2 HabitatAF – Alluvial open rainforest; BF – Bamboo forest (terra firme rainforest); PF – Open rainforest with palms; SF – Dense submontane rainforest; DF – Dense rainforest; FE – Forest edge;CAM – Campinas and campinaranas (white sand forest); R – Reservoirs; L – Lakes; AR – Associated with rivers; OA – Open area; AA – Anthropogenic area; W – Wetlands; FB – Fluvialbeach; P – Pasture.3 Distribution/ EndemismA – Occurs throughout the state of Acre; E – Recorded only in the eastern sub-region (right margin of the Purus River); W – Recorded only in the western sub-region (left margin of thePurus River); Inamb – Species restricted to the Inambari area of endemism.* Species represented by more than one subspecies in Acre. In this case, at least one of the subspecies occurs only in one of the sub-regions of the state (see Tables 1 and 2).(a) Only the subspecies Amazilia lactea bartletii is endemic to the Inambari center;(b) Only the subspecies Nonnula r. ruficapilla is endemic to the Inambari center;Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

440Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeAPPENDIx 2Secondary (hypothetical) list of birds for the Brazilian state of Acre. Includes species for which vouchered recordsfor the state are lacking as well as those recorded from nearby localities in neighboring Brazilian states and countries.Taxonomy and nomenclature follow CBRO (2011).Family/Species Locality Source CommentsTinamidaeCrypturellus tataupa Acre Aleixo & Whittaker (in litt.) Requires confirmationAnatidaeDendrocygna bicolor Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceNeochen jubata Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceCracidaeNothocrax urumutum Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationCrax globulosa Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationPodicipedidaePodilymbus podiceps Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationArdeidaeZebrilus undulatus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationIxobrychus exilis Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceThreskiornithidaeCercibis oxycerca Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationPhimosus infuscatus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationPlatalea ajaja Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationCathartidaeCathartes burrovianus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationVultur gryphus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationAccipitridaeCircus buffoni Peru, Bolivia Walker et al. 2006; Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceAccipiter poliogaster Acre Whittaker & Oren 1999 Requires confirmationAccipiter striatus Acre Guilherme 2001 Requires confirmationFalconidaeFalco sparverius Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationFalco femoralis Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationFalco deiroleucus Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceFalco peregrinus Peru, Amazonas Walker et al. 2006; Aleixo & Poletto 2006 Probable occurrenceRallidaeAramides calopterus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationAmaurolimnas concolor Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationPardirallus nigricans Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationPorphyrio flavirostris Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationRecurvirostridaeHimantopus mexicanus Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceScolopacidaeBartramia longicauda Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationCalidris fuscicollis Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationColumbidaeGeotrygon saphirina Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme441Family/Species Locality Source CommentsPsittacidaeDeroptyus accipitrinus Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceCuculidaeNeomorphus pucheranii Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceNyctibidaeNyctibius bracteatus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationCaprimulgidaeHydropsalis leucopyga Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceChordeiles minor Peru, Bolívia Walker et al. 2006; Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceTrochilidaePhaethornis stuarti Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceLophornis chalybeus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationDiscosura langsdorffi Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationAmazilia versicolor Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceBucconidaeMicromonacha lanceolata Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceCapitonidaeCapito aurovirens Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceThamnophilidaeMyrmeciza castanea Peru Alvarez-Alonso & Whitney 2003 Probable occurrenceEpinecrophylla erythrura Acre Whitney et al. 1998 (in litt.) Requires confirmationMyrmotherula sunensis Acre Forrester 1993 Requires confirmationMegastictus margaritatus Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceHerpsilochmus sp. Amazonas Aleixo 2003 (in litt.) Probable occurrenceSakesphorus sp. Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceHypocnemoides melanopogon Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceDendrocolaptidaeCampylorhamphus procurvoides Acre Rasmussen et al. 2005; Whittaker et al. 2002 Requires confirmationDendroplex kienerii Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceFurnariidaeSynallaxis cabanisi Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceCranioleuca vulpecula Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceCranioleuca vulpina Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceThripophaga fusciceps Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceCotingidaeXipholena punicea Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceRhynchocyclidaeHemitriccus striaticollis Amazonas Poletto & Aleixo 2005 Probable occurrencePoecilotriccus capitalis Acre Rasmussen et al. 2005 Requires confirmationTyrannidaeElaenia pelzelni Bolívia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceElaenia strepera Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceElaenia gigas Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceCapsiempis flaveola Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceMachetornis rixosa Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationRhytipterna immunda Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

442Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson GuilhermeFamily/Species Locality Source CommentsSublegatus obscurior Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceAurundinicola leucocephala Acre Ridgely & Tudor, 1994 Requires confirmationKnipolegus hudsoni Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceSatrapa icterophrys Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceVireonidaeHylophilus pectoralis 1 Acre Guilherme & Dantas 2011 ExcludedHylophilus semicinereus Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceHirundinidaeTachycineta leucorrhoa Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceProgne elegans Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrencePetrochelidon pyrrhonota Peru, Bolivia Walker et al. 2006; Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceTroglodytidaeMicrocerculus bambla Acre Ridgely & Tudor, 1994 Requires confirmationOdontorchilus sp. Acre Whitney et al. 1998 (in litt.) Requires confirmationPheugopedius coraya Acre Ridgely & Tudor, 1994 Requires confirmationCantorchilus griseus Acre Ridgely & Tudor, 1994 Requires confirmationHenicorhina leucosticta Acre Rasmussen et al. 2005 Requires confirmationPolioptilidaePolioptila sp. Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrenceTurdidaeCatharus fuscescens Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Probable occurrenceTurdus nudigenis 2 Acre Aleixo & Guilherme 2010 ExcludedThraupidaeTangara cyanicollis Acre Whitney et al. 1998 (in litt.) Requires confirmationPipraeidea melanonota Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Requires confirmationDacnis albiventris Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceConirostrum margaritae Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceEmberizidaeSporophila hypoxantha Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceSporophila ruficollis Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrenceSporophila americana Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Probable occurrenceSporophila nigricollis* Acre Ridgely &Tudor 1994 Probable occurrenceParulidaeDendroica striata Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Requires confirmationOporornis agilis Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Requires confirmationGeothlypis aequinoctialis Acre Forrester, 1993 Requires confirmationBasileuterus culicivorus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmationIcteridaeAgelasticus xanthophthalmus Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrenceFringillidaeChlorophonia cyanea Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation1, 2- The species Turdus nudigenis and Hylophilus pectoralis were, respectively, mistyped (Aleixo and Guilherme 2010) andmisidentified (Guilherme and Dantas 2011), and are thus excluded from the checklist of Acre birds.* Two photographs taken in Tarauacá (in December, 2010) were attributed to Sporophila nigricollis on the Wikiaves site.As I was not sure to determine whether this specimen represents S. nigricollis or Sporophila luctuosa, S. nigricollis wasmaintained in the secondary list until further documentary evidence is collected.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 443-446Dezembro de 2012 / December 2012artigo/ARTICLEFirst record of Augastes scutatus for Bahia refines thelocation of a purported barrier promoting speciationin the Espinhaço Range, BrazilMarcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos 1,3 , Anderson Vieira Chaves 2 and Fabrício Rodrigues dos Santos 21Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Pós-graduação em Zoologia de Vertebrados and Museu de Ciências Naturais. Avenida Dom JoséGaspar, 500, Prédio 41, Coração Eucarístico, CEP 30535-610, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Caixa Postal 486, CEP 31270-901, BeloHorizonte, MG, Brasil.3Corresponding author: mfvasconcelos@gmail.com.Received on 13 October 2011. Accepted on 19 August 2012.ABSTRACT: First record of Augastes scutatus for Bahia refines the location of a purported barrier promoting speciation in theEspinhaço Range, Brazil. We present the first records of Augastes scutatus for the state of Bahia, whose range now is only 150 kmaway from that of its purported allospecies (A. lumachella). Based on geological evidence and vegetation cover, we suggest that thepossible vicariant barrier that led to the speciation of these allospecies would be represented by the Caetité plateau (covered mainlyby Cerrado) and the lowland areas of the Contas river valley (covered mainly by Caatinga), both in southern Bahia. Possibly, theisolation of those two species in different sectors of the Espinhaço Range (northern and southern parts) is related to climatic changesof the Plio-Pleistocene, which should led populations of an ancestral lineage to take refuge in these higher areas during one or moreinterglacial periods.KEY-WORDS: Augastes; biogeography; campos rupestres; geographical barrier; vicariance.INTRODUCTIONThe genus Augastes Gould, 1849 is represented bythree species: A. scutatus (Temminck, 1824), A. lumachella(Lesson, 1838) and A. geoffroyi (Bourcier, 1843)(Schuchmann 1999). Augastes scutatus and A. lumachellaare considered possible allospecies, both restricted to thecampos rupestres vegetation in the highlands of the EspinhaçoRange, eastern Brazil (Silva 1995, Sick 1997, Vasconcelos2008). Augastes scutatus is known to be restricted to thecentral and southern portions of the Espinhaço Range (inMinas Gerais state), while A. lumachella is distributed inthe northern section of this mountain range (ChapadaDiamantina region and northern mountains in Bahiastate; Ruschi 1962, 1963, Grantsau 1967, 1988, Silva1995, Sick 1997, Schuchmann 1999, Vasconcelos 2008,Souza et al. 2009). Both species of Augastes endemic to theEspinhaço Range are tightly linked to the campos rupestresflora (see Vasconcelos 2011), feeding on nectar and usingmaterial to build nests from various plant species endemicor typical of this vegetation type (Ruschi 1962, Grantsau1967, 1988, Vasconcelos & Lombardi 2001, Vasconceloset al. 2001, Machado et al. 2003, 2007, Rodrigues 2011).Augastes geoffroyi ranges in the Andean region, fromBolivia to Colombia and Venezuela (Ruschi 1963, Fjeldså& Krabbe 1990, Schuchmann 1999). Nevertheless, thereare doubts whether this species should be considered arepresentant of the genus Augastes or the genus Schistes(Schuchmann 1999), thus its evolutionary affinities stillneeds to be better studied under a phylogenetic perspective(see Abreu 2006).The mountains of the Espinhaço Range consistof an ancient unit belonging to the predominantlyquartzitic Espinhaço Supergroup, which was depositedin a continental rift (starting around 1,752 millionyears ago) and later metamorphosed and uplifted in theBrasiliano orogeny, between 650 and 550 million yearsago (Schobbenhaus 1996, Barbosa et al. 2003, Pedreira &De Waele 2008). With the tectonic events that resulted inthe fragmentation of Gondwanaland in the Mesozoic, theregion suffered differential movement and sag, with upliftof neighboring blocks. This movement was continued,but with less intensity, throughout the Cenozoic (Saadi1993, 1995, Uhlein et al. 1995, Horn et al. 1996, Potter1997, Ab’Sáber 2000, Cruz & Alkmim 2007, Knauer2007, Caxito et al. 2008).Considering both putative allospecies in easternBrazilian mountains (A. scutatus and A. lumachella), Silva

444First record of Augastes scutatus for Bahia refines the location of a purported barrier promoting speciation in the Espinhaço Range, BrazilMarcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Anderson Vieira Chaves and Fabrício Rodrigues dos Santos(1995) suggested that a vicariant event in the EspinhaçoRange region would be the responsible for their speciation.Meanwhile, until recently, there was a gap of more than300 km between the ranges of these two species ofAugastes in the Espinhaço Range (between Grão Mogol,Minas Gerais, and the southern Chapada Diamantina,Bahia). Thus, it was not possible to infer what would bethe geographical barrier that led to this probable vicariantevent. Later, Vasconcelos (2008) collected specimens ofA. scutatus in the extreme northern Minas Gerais (Serrado Pau D’Arco), and this gap was reduced to 180 km.Here, we report on the northernmost record to date forA. scutatus, which provides insights on the purportedvicariant barrier responsible for the speciation of bothAugastes species in eastern Brazil.MATERIAL AND METHODSBetween 4 and 7 January 2011, we collected birdspecimens at Morro do Chapéu (between 14°52’44”S/42°30’15”W and 14°54’11”S / 42°31’33”W), a mountainlocated in Jacaraci municipality, southern Bahiastate. Specimens were collected with air-compressedcarbines, prepared as study skins and deposited at theornithological collections of the Department of Zoologyof the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (DZUFMG)and of the Museu de Ciências Naturais da PontifíciaUniversidade Católica de Minas Gerais (MCNA), bothin Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONOn 5 January, a male of A. scutatus (DZUFMG 6668)was collected in a campo rupestre area at Morro do Chapéu(14°53’44”S; 42°30’59”W; elevation: 1,325 m). On thenext day, another male (MCNA 1314) was collected onthe mountain-top (14°54’00”S; 42°31’05”W; elevation:1,430 m). These are the first records of this species inBahia state, narrowing the gap between its range and thatof its northern supposed allospecies (A. lumachella) toonly about 150 km (Figure 1).Other species of plants and amphibians also sharea similar pattern of distribution of these two putativehummingbird allospecies, whereby a species occurs in thecentral-southern portion (in Minas Gerais state) while theother is distributed in the northern section (in ChapadaDiamantina region, Bahia state) of the Espinhaço Range(Harley 1995, Lugli & Haddad 2006a, b, Leite et al.2008). Some authors (e.g., Rapini et al. 2008, Ribeiro etal. 2008) admit that the disjunction between the camposrupestres of Minas Gerais and Bahia would be of 300km, with a lowland barrier imposed by the valleys of theContas, Pardo and Jequitinhonha rivers, all covered withxerophytic Caatinga and other semi-deciduous forestvegetations. These dry valleys would promote the vicarianceof these taxa inside the Espinhaço Range and also preventfloristic and faunistic exchange between the centralsouthern(Minas Gerais) and northern (Bahia) sections ofthis mountain range (e.g., Harley 1988, Borba et al. 2001,Lugli & Haddad 2006a, b, Rapini et al. 2008, Ribeiro etal. 2008). Nevertheless, the recent records of A. scutatus insouthern Bahia show that this possible disjunction is onlyhalf (c. 150 km) of the original presumed distance, andwould include only the Contas River valley.It is also important to stress that there is a smallplateau in the Caetité region (between 800 and 1,100 m),north of Jacaraci, which could represent a stepping-stonelinking both sections of the Espinhaço highlands (Figure1). Meanwhile, this plateau is predominantly coveredby typical Cerrado (savannah), and there are only smallpatches of rocky outcrops around the village of Brejinhodas Ametistas (with less than 3 ha each) with several typicalCaatinga plants (including several cacti), but only a fewtypical montane plant species, such as Vellozia sp. (M. F.V. pers. obs.). A survey conducted in this area by M. F.V. (between 29 April and 5 May 2008) failed to recordany Augastes. Thus, these small patches of rocky outcropsin the Caetité plateau probably do not represent suitablehabitat for any species of Augastes, especially because theylack several plants typical of the habitats used by those twohummingbirds. Also, the lithology of the Caetité plateauis completely different from that of the Espinhaço Range.It is predominantly composed by Cenozoic sedimentaryrocks of the last 60 million years that have been depositedin topographically lower areas in relation to the adjacentEspinhaço mountains (Schobbenhaus 1996, Barbosa et al.2003, Cruz & Alkmim 2007, Caxito et al. 2008). Thus,during the Cenozoic, the plateau in the Caetité region wasnot represented by high mountains, and, even with presentaltitudes above 1,000 m, it does not have any representativearea of campos rupestres typical of the Espinhaço Range thatcould maintain viable populations of plants and animalsassociated to this vegetation type (see Vasconcelos 2011).Thus, this region, together with the Contas lowland rivervalley, originally covered by Caatinga vegetation, is notsuitable for the modern occurrence and dispersal of bothspecies of Augastes in the Espinhaço Range, as well as severalother typical campo rupestre plants and amphibians fromcentral-southern (Minas Gerais) and northern (Bahia)sections of this mountain range.The possible vicariance between the two speciesof Augastes may be related to climate changes during thePio-Pleistocene. In this context, it is possible that duringglobal cooling events, taxa of plants and animals typical ofthe campos rupestres, which are currently restricted to themountain-tops, may have survived at lower altitudes (seeHarley 1988, Safford 2007). In this case, an ancestral lineageof the two species of Augastes would be formerly distributedin a wider area. During one or more warming cycles, thisRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

First record of Augastes scutatus for Bahia refines the location of a purported barrier promoting speciation in the Espinhaço Range, BrazilMarcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Anderson Vieira Chaves and Fabrício Rodrigues dos Santos445FIGURE 1: Occurrence of Augastes scutatus (circles) and Augastes lumachella (triangles), showing the first record of A. scutatus for Bahia (star) anda gap of 150 km between the ranges of both species. The plateau around Caetité, represented by Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, together with thelowlands of the Contas river hydrographic basin are the possible vicariant barrier for the genus in the Espinhaço Range (ellipse). Areas above 1,000m are shaded. Brazilian states: BA = Bahia; MG = Minas Gerais.lineage would have been forced to accompany the retractionof the campos rupestres palaeovegetation toward the summitand ridges of the Espinhaço mountains. Thus, ancestralpopulations would have been trapped in “islands” of camposrupestres on the Espinhaço Range mountain-tops, with onepopulation isolated in a southern area and another in thenorthern region, respectively originating A. scutatus and A.lumachella. Even if we consider potential dispersal amongridges located in the southern and northern portions ofEspinhaço Range, these two populations would have beenunable to cross areas of unsuitable habitats, such as thoserepresented by the Caetité plateau and the Contas Riverlowlands. All these hypotheses can be evaluated once aphylogeography /phylogeny is available for A. scutatus andA. lumachella and the genus Augastes as a whole, as well asother campo rupestre bird species with wider distributionsthroughout the Espinhaço Range, such as Polystictussuperciliaris and Embernagra longicauda.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe are grateful to J. E. dos Santos Júnior fortechnical support in the fieldwork. P. T. A. Castro helpedwith the interpretation of geological papers and providedimportant information on the geology of the EspinhaçoRange. D. Hoffmann kindly prepared the map thatillustrate figure 1. V. Q. Piacentini and A. Aleixo madeimportant suggestions to early versions of the manuscript.This study was made possible through research grantsfrom CNPq, FAPEMIG, Vale and CAPES.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

446First record of Augastes scutatus for Bahia refines the location of a purported barrier promoting speciation in the Espinhaço Range, BrazilMarcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Anderson Vieira Chaves and Fabrício Rodrigues dos SantosREFERENCESAbreu, C. R. M. 2006. Revisão taxonômica de Augastes scutatus(Temminck, 1824) (Aves: Trochilidae). M. Sc. dissertation. Rio deJaneiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Ab’Sáber, A. N. 2000. Summit surfaces in Brazil. Revista Brasileira deGeociências, 30: 515-516.Barbosa, J. S. F.; Sabaté, P. & Marinho, M. M. 2003. O Crátondo São Francisco na Bahia: uma síntese. Revista Brasileira deGeociências, 33: 3-6.Borba, E. L.; Felix, J. M.; Solferini, V. N. & Semir, J. 2001. FlypollinatedPleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species have high geneticvariability: evidence from isozyme markers. American Journal ofBotany, 88: 419-428.Caxito, F. A.; Santos, Y. L. O. P.; Uhlein, A.; Pedreira, A. J. &Faulstich, F. R. L. 2008. 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New species of Bokermannohyla(Anura, Hylidae) from central Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Herpetology,40: 7-15.Machado, C. G.; Coelho, A. G.; Santana, C. S. & Rodrigues, M.2007. Beija-flores e seus recursos florais em uma área de camporupestre da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia. Revista Brasileira deOrnitologia, 15: 267-279.Machado, C. G.; Moreira, T. A.; Nunes, C. E. C. & Romão, C. O.2003. Use of Micranthocereus purpureus (Guerke) F. Ritter, 1968(Cactaceae) hairs in nests of Augastes lumachellus Lesson, 1839 [sic](Trochilidae, Aves). Sitientibus, Série Ciências Biológicas, 3: 131-132.Pedreira, A. J. & De Waele, B. 2008. Contemporaneous evolutionof the Palaeoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic sedimentary basins ofthe São Francisco-Congo Craton, p. 33-48. In: Pankhurst, R. J.;Trouw, R. A. J.; Brito Neves, B. B. & De Wit, M. J. (eds.). WestGondwana: Pre-Cenozoic correlations across the South Atlanticregion. London: Geological Society (Special Publications 294).Potter, P. E. 1997. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleodrainage ofSouth America: a natural history. Journal of South American EarthSciences, 10: 331-344.Rapini, A.; Ribeiro, P. L.; Lambert, S. & Pirani, J. R. 2008. A florados campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade,4: 16-24.Ribeiro, P. L.; Borba, E. L.; Smidt, E. C.; Lambert, S. M.;Schnadelbach, A. S. & van den Berg, C. 2008. Geneticand morphological variation in the Bulbophyllum exaltatum(Orchidaceae) complex occurring in the Brazilian ‘‘camposrupestres’’: implications for taxonomy and biogeography. PlantSystematics and Evolution, 270: 109-137.Rodrigues, L. C. 2011. Beija-flores e seus recursos florais em umaárea de campo rupestre: composição de espécies, sazonalidade e redede interações. Ph. D. dissertation. Belo Horizonte: UniversidadeFederal de Minas Gerais.Ruschi, A. 1962. Algumas observações sôbre Augastes lumachellus(Lesson) e Augastes scutatus (Temminck). Boletim do Museu deBiologia Prof. Mello Leitão, Série Biologia, 31: 1-24.Ruschi, A. 1963. A atual distribuição geográfica das espécies esub-espécies do gênero Augastes, com a descrição de uma novasubespécie: Augastes scutatus soaresi Ruschi e a chave artificial eanalítica para o reconhecimento das mesmas. (Trochilidae – Aves).Boletim do Museu de Biologia Prof. Mello Leitão, Série Divulgação,4: 1-4.Saadi, A. 1993. Neotectônica da Plataforma Brasileira: esboço einterpretação preliminares. Geonomos, 1: 1-15.Saadi, A. 1995. A geomorfologia da Serra do Espinhaço em MinasGerais e de suas margens. Geonomos, 3: 41-63.Safford, H. D. 2007. Brazilian páramos IV. Phytogeography of thecampos de altitude. Journal of Biogeography, 34: 1701-1722.Schobbenhaus, C. 1996. As tafrogêneses superpostas Espinhaço eSanto Onofre, estado da Bahia: revisão e novas propostas. RevistaBrasileira de Geociências, 26: 265-276.Schuchmann, K. L. 1999. Family Trochilidae (hummingbirds),p. 468-680. In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.).Handbook of the birds of the world, Barn-owls to hummingbirds,v. 5. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Editora NovaFronteira.Silva, J. M. C. 1995. Biogeographic analysis of the South AmericanCerrado avifauna. Steenstrupia, 21: 49-67.Souza, E. A.; Nunes, M. F. C.; Simão, I.; Souza, A. E. B. A.; LasCasas, F. M. G.; Rodrigues, R. C. & Fonseca-Neto, F. P. 2009.Ampliação de área de ocorrência do beija-flor-de-gravatinhavermelhaAugastes lumachella (Lesson, 1838) (Trochilidae).Ornithologia, 3: 145-148.Uhlein, A.; Trompette, R. & Egydio-Silva, M. 1995. Rifteamentossuperpostos e tectônica de inversão na borda sudeste do Cráton doSão Francisco. Geonomos, 3: 99-107.Vasconcelos, M. F. 2008. Mountaintop endemism in eastern Brazil:why some bird species from campos rupestres of the EspinhaçoRange are not endemic to the Cerrado region? Revista Brasileira deOrnitologia, 16: 348-362.Vasconcelos, M. F. 2011. O que são campos rupestres e camposde altitude nos topos de montanha do Leste do Brasil? RevistaBrasileira de Botânica, 34: 241-246.Vasconcelos, M. F. & Lombardi, J. A. 2001. Hummingbirds andtheir flowers in the campos rupestres of southern EspinhaçoRange, Brazil. Melopsittacus, 4: 3-30.Vasconcelos, M. F.; Vasconcelos, P. N. & Fernandes, G. W. 2001.Observations on a nest of Hyacinth Visorbearer Augastes scutatus.Cotinga, 16: 57-61.Associate Editor: Caio Graco MachadoRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 447-450Dezembro de 2012 / December 2012artigo/ARTICLERecords of the Crowned Eagle (Urubitinga coronata)in Moxos plains of Bolivia and observations aboutbreeding behaviorIgor Berkunsky 1,2,6 , Gonzalo Daniele 2,3 , Federico P. Kacoliris 2,3 , Sarah I. K. Faegre 4 , Facundo A. Gandoy 3 , LyliamGonzález 5 and José A. Díaz Luque 21Grupo Ecología Matemática. Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional del Centro de laProvincia de Buenos Aires. Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco (B7000GHG) Tandil. Argentina.2Proyecto de conservación de la Paraba Barba Azul, World Parrot Trust. Casilla correos 101. Trinidad, Beni. Bolivia.3Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA) La Plata. Argentina.4Rota Avian Behavioral Ecology Program, University of Washington. P.O. Box 1298. Rota, MP 96951, USA.5Paraíso Travel. Calle 6 de Agosto Nº 138, Trinidad, Beni. Bolivia.6Corresponding author. Email: igorberkunsky@gmail.comReceived on 7 June 2012. Accepted on 13 September 2012.ABSTRACT: The Crowned Eagle (Urubitinga coronata, Accipitridae) is a globally endangered raptor, endemic to central andsouthern South America. Little is known about this species in Bolivia and no nesting or prey data have been reported for thecountry until now. Between 2007 and 2011, we detected Crowned Eagles in four different locations in Moxos Savannahs of BeniDepartment, Bolivia. We observed an active nest of Crowned Eagle on 23 November 2007. The nest contained a nestling and itwas placed on a living tree approximately 13 m in height and approximately 8 m above the ground. This nest was empty duringSeptember and October 2008, but contained another nestling on 15 November 2009. These represent the first breeding records forthe Crowned Eagle in Bolivia. Prey remains at the nest observed included two nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) andtwo six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus). The minimum number of individual Crowned Eagles in the surveyed area wasseven. Our observations of family groups, juveniles and two nestlings confirm the breeding of Crowned Eagles in the Moxos plains.Ectoparasites and uncontrolled burns may threaten the northwestern Bolivian population of the endangered Crowned Eagle.KEY-WORDS: Buteogallus coronatus; conservation; Crowned Solitary Eagle; diet; Harpyhaliaetus coronatus; Moxos savannas; nesting.INTRODUCTIONThe Crowned Eagle (Urubitinga coronata,Accipitridae) is a large raptor (approximately 2.9 kg)endemic to central and southern South America,including Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina (Collaret al. 1992, Thiollay 1994, Ferguson-Lees & Christie2001, BirdLife International 2012). This rare eagle occursin low densities in open and semi-open habitats, in openwoodland, savannah, brushy steppe, dry scrub, lowland,and open or lightly wooded foothills up to 1,200 m(Thiollay 1994, Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001, Barcellos& Accordi 2006, Monteiro Granzinolli et al. 2006). Thisspecies is considered globally endangered due to its small,fragmented population, and the severity of the threatsit faces strongly suggest a significant and continuingdecline in numbers (Sarasola & Maceda 2006, BirdLifeInternational 2012, IUCN 2012).The national conservation status of the CrownedEagle in Bolivia is Endangered (Balderrama et al. 2009).The presence of the species in Bolivia was confirmed in afew sites in two separated regions: southeastern Santa Cruz(Kratter et al. 1993, Aráujo et al. 2001, Quiroga & Malo2006, Vidoz et al. 2010a, Vidoz et al. 2010b), and BeniDepartment (Rocha 1990, Brace et al. 1997, Maillardet al. 2008, Kingsbury & McNeill 2010). In Bolivia theCrowned Eagle occurs in lowlands, generally between200-400m, inhabiting flooded savannahs and dry andsemi-deciduous forest (i.e. Chaco and Chiquitanía) ofBeni and Santa Cruz Departments of Bolivia (Hennesseyet al. 2003). While some aspects of the natural history,breeding biology, and population demographics areknown for this species in Argentina and Brazil (Bellocq etal. 1998, Sarasola & Maceda 2006, Monteiro Granzinolliet al. 2006), virtually no information exists aboutthe populations in Bolivia (Balderrama et al. 2009).Furthermore, no nesting or prey data have been reportedfor Bolivia.

448Records of the Crowned Eagle (Urubitinga coronata) in Moxos plains of Bolivia and observations about breeding behaviorIgor Berkunsky, Gonzalo Daniele, Federico P. Kacoliris, Sarah I. K. Faegre, Facundo A. Gandoy, Lyliam González & José A. Díaz LuqueThe Crowned Eagle has been recorded in the Moxossavannas at three localities: Estación Biológica del Beni(14º40’S; 66º16’W; Rocha 1990, Brace et al. 1997);Near to Río Ipuru-puru (14º10’S; 64º57’W; Maillard etal. 2008); and Estancia San Lorenzo (13º45’S; 66º06’W;Kingsbury & McNeill 2010). The Moxos savannahspopulation of Crowned Eagle is the northwestern mostpopulation in its geographical distribution range. Morethan 600 km separate localities in the Moxos savannahsfrom the closest localities in Santa Cruz department(Balderrama et al. 2009).Here we present three new localities and we confirmone historical locality for the species on the Moxossavannahs. We also report the first breeding and preyrecords for the Crowned Eagle in Bolivia.MATERIAL AND METHODSMoxos savannahs, Llanos de Mojos or Pampas delBeni is a wide savannah plain of edaphic associations.The region has a poor drainage, and in the wet season issusceptible to flooding. This combination of grasslandsincludes a mosaic of other habitats including carandampalm (Copernicia alba) groves, semi-deciduous woodlands,gallery forest and motacú palm (Attalea phalerata ) groveson higher, unflooded terrain, islands that may be natural orthe work of pre-Columbian aboriginals (Denevan 1980).For every observation of Crowned Eagles in thearea we recorded the date, time, location (coordinates),number of individuals, their ages (only as adult, juvenileor nestling), whether the birds were perched or flying,other behaviors, and type of prey, if any.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONBetween 2007 and 2011, we observed CrownedEagles in four different locations in Moxos Savannahs ofBeni Department, Bolivia (Figure 1):A. “Río Ipuru-puru” (14º07’S; 64º57’W).September 2008. An adult individual was observed by L.FIGURE 1. Map of the Crowned Eagle records for Bolivia. Historic records (white dots): ESL Estancia San Lorenzo (Kingsbury & McNeill 2010), EBBEstación Biológica del Beni (Rocha 1990, Brace et al. 1997), ST Área Protegida Municipal Santiago Tucavaca (Aráujo 2001), EP Estancia Perforación(Kratter et al. 1993), PN AO Parque Nacional and ANMI Otuquis (Quiroga & Malo 2006), EBC Estación Biológica Caparú (Vidoz et al. 2010a) andPI Palmar de Islas (Vidoz et al. 2010b) and records from this work (black dots): UK Urkupinia, AC Arroyo Colorado, IPR Ipuru Puru, and L Loreto.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Records of the Crowned Eagle (Urubitinga coronata) in Moxos plains of Bolivia and observations about breeding behaviorIgor Berkunsky, Gonzalo Daniele, Federico P. Kacoliris, Sarah I. K. Faegre, Facundo A. Gandoy, Lyliam González & José A. Díaz Luque449FIGURE 2. Nest tree (A), adult female at nest (B) and nestling (C) of Crowned Eagle (Photographs by S. K. I. F). Note botfly on nestling’s headG. between the entrance of Estancia Cutal and the roadSan Pedro – Trinidad. Vidoz reported an individual 5.6km south from this place in 29 July 2005 (Maillard et al.2008). In September 2010, L. G. observed an adult and ajuvenile perched near the main road.B. “Arroyo Colorado” (13º48’S; 64º35’W). On 23November 2007 we found a nesting pair with a nestlingat “Estancia Palma Sola.” We revisited the nest on 1December 2007 and 7 January 2008. The nest was emptyduring September and October 2008 and we did notdetect any Crowned Eagle on the territory during thatseason. On 28 October 2009 we found an adult eagleperched in a tree (Anadenanthera colubrine) (13º84’S;64º54’W) just a few meters from the previous year’s nesttree. On 15 November 2009, we visited the nest andfound that it was reoccupied and contained one nestling.C. “Urkupinia” (13º43’S; 65º07’W). On 28September 2010 we observed one sub-adult perched ina carandam palm and a Southern Caracara (Caracaraplancus) attacking it. On 21 September 2011 we observedone sub-adult eagle in the same area. The individual wasperched in a carandam palm.D. “Loreto” (15º06’S; 64º41’W). On 26 August2011 we observed a juvenile Crowned Eagle flying overthe road near the town of Loreto.Breeding behaviorThe nest was located approximately 2 km east ofthe Estancia Palma Sola (13º48’S; 64º35’W) in a naturalsavanna next to a stream (locally named Arroyo Colorado).Vegetation surrounding the nest tree was a savannah withscattered trees with an average height of 8 m. The nestwas a large platform of sticks placed 9.4 m high in a 13.5m non-identified thorny tree in a Curatella americanaopen woodland (Figure 1a). Between 23 November 2007and 7 January 2008 the nest contained one nestling. Onthe first and second visits to the nest we observed that thenestling was infested with botflies (Diptera, Oestridae).We also noted that the nestling had a deformed bill inwhich the upper mandible grew towards the right.We found four prey items in the nest: two ninebandedarmadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus; one individualon 23 November 2007 and another individual onRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

450Records of the Crowned Eagle (Urubitinga coronata) in Moxos plains of Bolivia and observations about breeding behaviorIgor Berkunsky, Gonzalo Daniele, Federico P. Kacoliris, Sarah I. K. Faegre, Facundo A. Gandoy, Lyliam González & José A. Díaz Luque1 December 2007) and two six-banded armadillos(Euphractus sexcinctus one individual on 23 November2007 and another individual on 7 January 2008). Reportedprey of Crowned Eagles in other countries includeterrestrial vertebrates such as armadillos (Dasypodidae),skunks (Mustelidae), opposums (Didelphidae), tinamous(Tinamidae), domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus),some reptiles, dead animals and fishes (Collar et al.1992, Bellocq et al. 2002, Maceda et al. 2003, Maceda2007, Tittarelli & Villarreal 2009, Pereyra Lobos et al.2011). As in other countries, armadillos seem to havean important role in the eagle’s diet during the breedingseason (Maceda et al. 2003, Pereyra Lobos et al. 2011).Armadillos and other terrestrial animals are usuallyaffected by fire, an annual human activity in Moxos plains(Langstroth Plotkin 1996). These fires could be affectingthe availability of prey for Crowned Eagles.New localities reported in this work suggest thatMoxos plains are a favorable environment for the speciesand its presence could be better known. The plains ofMoxos is an important site for the species. We observed atleast seven individuals, including family groups, juvenilesand a nestling, confirming the reproduction of CrownedEagles in Moxos plains. Botflies and fire may act aspotential threats for this northwestern-most populationof the endangered Crowned Eagle.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMost of these observations were possible thanks tothe Blue-throated Macaw Conservation Project (WorldParrot Trust). 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Raptors of the World. NewYork: Houghton and Mifflin Company.Hennessey, A. B.; Herzog, S. K. & Sagot, F. 2003. Lista anotada delas aves de Bolivia. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Asociación Armonía/BirdLife International.IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1.www.iucnredlist.org. (access on 27 August 2012)Kingsbury, J. & McNeill, D. 2010. Bolivia 2010, A joint GlasgowUniversity and Bolivian conservation expedition to the Beni savannahof Bolivia. Glasgow: Glasgow University.Kratter, A. W.; Scotts Illett, J. T.; Terry Chesser, R.; O’Neill, J. P.;Parker, T. A. & Castillo, A. 1993. Avifauna of a Chaco locality inBolivia. Wilson Bulletin, 105: 114-141.Langstroth Plotkin, R. 1996. Forest islands in an amazonian savannaof northeastern Bolivia. Ph.D. dissertation. Madison: University ofWisconsin-Madison.Maceda, J. J. 2007. Biología y conservación del Águila coronada(Harpyhaliaetus coronatus) en Argentina. Hornero, 22: 159-171.Maceda, J. J.; Sarasola, J. H. & María Pessino, M. E. 2003. Preyconsumed by the Crowned Eagle (Harpyhaliaetus coronatus) in thesouthern limits of its range in Argentina. Ornitologia Neotropical,14: 419-422.Maillard, O.; Quillén Vidoz, J. & Herrera, M. 2008. Registrossignificativos de aves para el departamento del Beni, Bolivia: parte2. Kempffiana, 4: 8-12.Monteiro Granzinolli, M. A.; Garcia Pereira, R. J. & Motta-Junior,J. C. 2006. The Crowned Solitary-Eagle Harpyhaliaetus coronatus(Accipitridae) in the cerrado of Estação Ecológica de Itirapina,southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira Ornitologia, 14: 429-432.Pereyra Lobos, R.; Santander, F. J.; Alvarado Orellana, S.; Ramírez,P. A.; Muñoz, L. & Fernández Bellón, D. 2011. Diet of theCrowned Eagle (Harpyhaliaetus coronatus) during the breedingseason in the Monte Desert, Mendoza, Argentina. Journal ofRaptor Research, 45: 180-183.Quiroga, O. A. & Malo, A. F. 2006. Composición de la avifauna delárea protegida Pantanal de Otuquis (Santa Cruz, Bolivia). RevistaBoliviana de Ecología y Conservación Ambiental, 19: 59-73.Rocha, O. 1990. Lista preliminar de aves de la Reserva de la Biosfera“Estación Biológica Beni”. Ecología en Bolivia, 15: 57-68.Sarasola, J. H. & Maceda, J. J. 2006. Past and current evidenceof persecution of the Endangered crowned eagle Harpyhaliaetuscoronatus in Argentina. Oryx, 40: 347-350.Thiollay, J. M. 1994. Family Accipitridae, p. 52-205. In: J. del Hoyo,J. Elliot. & J. Sargatal (eds.). Handbook of the birds of the world,New World vultures to guineafowl, v. 2. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.Tittarelli, R. F. & Villarreal, D. 2009. Alimentación piscívora deun pichón de águila coronada (Harpyhaliaetus coronatus) en losbañados del Atuel, La Pampa, Argentina. Nuestras Aves, 54: 41-42.Vidoz, J. Q.; Jahn, A. E. & Mamani, A. M. 2010a. The avifauna ofEstación Biológica Caparú, Bolivia. Cotinga, 32: 51-68.Vidoz, J. Q.; Aponte, M. A.; Velásquez, M. A. & Alarcón, R.2010b. Contribución al conocimiento de la avifauna del ParqueNacional Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco, departamento de Santa Cruz,Bolivia. Revista Brasileira Ornitologia, 18: 34-44.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 451-452Dezembro de 2012 / December 2012NOTA/SHORT-COMMUNICATIONPredation of Long–tailed Silky Flycatcher (Ptilogonyscaudatus) by Ornate Hawk–Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus)in a cloud forest of Costa RicaVíctor Acosta-Chaves 1,2,3,4 , Federico Granados-Rodríguez 2 and David Araya-Huertas 2,31Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.2Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica3Fundación Rapaces de Costa Rica. PO Box 1626-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica.4Corresponding author: vacosta@rapacesdecostarica.comReceived on16 February 2012. Accepted on 24 August 2012.ABSTRACT: Predation of Long–tailed Silky Flycatcher (Ptilogonys caudatus) by Ornate Hawk–Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) in a cloudforest of Costa Rica. This paper is the first record of a predation event made by an Hawk–Eagle (S.ornatus, Accipitridae) on a Long–tailed Silky Flycatcher (P. caudatus, Ptilogonatidae) in a cloud forest of Costa Rica, and this is the first prey item reported for thisraptor in a middle elevation forest. Also this is the first predation event reported for the Ptilogonatidae family.KEY-WORDS: Accipitridae; middle elevation forest; Ptilogonatidae; Río Macho.The Ornate Hawk-Eagle ranges from southernMexico through Central America to South America(Marquez et al. 2005). In Costa Rica, it is found almostexclusively in moist forests from sea level to 1500 meters,but can reach up 3000 m.a.s.l. (Stiles & Skutch 1989).The Ornate Hawk-Eagle is dependent on mature forestfor nesting which takes place in the forest canopy, but canuse clearings or open areas for foraging (Lyon & Kuhnigk1985, Stiles & Skutch 1989, Marquez et al. 2005).The diet of this hawk eagle has been studiedmainly in the Petén of Guatemala (Lyon & Kuhnigk1985, Madrid et al. 1991), Manaus in Brazil (Klein etal. 1988), Belize (Clinton et al. 1991) and AmazonianPeru (Robinson 1994), but few isolated predation eventshave been previously reported for other areas (Haymann1990, Boinski et al. 2003, De Luna et al. 2010). Itsdietary items include birds, small mammals and reptilessuch as snakes and lizards (e.g. Iguanidae Iguana iguana,Teiidae; Klein et al. 1988, Clinton et al. 1991, Rangel& Enriquez 1993, Robinson 1994). Avian prey itemsincluded members of the following families: Tinamidae(e.g. Tinamus sp., Crypturellus sp.), Rallidae (e.g.Aramides cajanea, Porphyrio martinica), Ramphastidae(e.g. Ramphastos sp. Pteroglossus sp.), Psittacidae (e.g. Araspp., Brotogeris sp., Aratinga sp.), Cracidae (e.g. Penelopesp., Ortalis sp.), Psophiidae (e.g. Psophia leucoptera),Columbidae (e.g. Leptotila sp.), Cotingidae (e.g. Rupicolarupicola), Icteridae (e.g. Psarocolius sp, Cacicus sp) aswell as unidentified small birds (Lyon & Kuhnigk1985, Klein et al. 1988, Clinton et al. 1991, Madrid etal. 1991, Robinson 1994). The mammalian prey itemsobserved included Echimyidae (e.g. Proecomys sp.),Sciuridae (e.g. Sciurus spp.), Didelphidae (e.g. Didelphismarsupialis, Methachiurus nudicaudatus), Dasyproctidae(eg. Dasyprocta sp., Myoprocta sp.), Erethizontidae (e.g.Coendu sp.), Procyonidae (e.g. Potus flavus, Procyon lotor),Canidae (e.g. Speothos venaticus), Cebidae (e.g. Alouattasp., Saimiri spp., Saguinus spp., Cebus sp., Callicebus sp.)and even Phyllostomidae bats (Lyon & Kuhningk 1985,Klein et al. 1988, Stiles & Skutch 1989, Haymann 1990,Madrid et al. 1991, Rangel & Enriquez 1993, Robinson1994, Boinski et al. 2003, De Luna et al. 2010). In CostaRica the prey items of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle have beenpoorly documented, except for some notes of guans,unspecified small mammals, lizards and snakes (Stiles &Skutch 1989) and a squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedi) inCorcovado National Park (Boinski et al. 2003).This raptor is known to occur in Río Macho, CartagoProvince, near the hydroelectric dam of the “InstitutoCostarricense de Electricidad” and the “Estación deBiología Tropical y Acuicultura Río Macho” of the“Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica”. This site belongsto the Premontane Rain Forest and Lower MontaneRain Forest life zones, with an average annual rainfall

452Predation of Long–tailed Silky Flycatcher (Ptilogonys caudatus) by Ornate Hawk–Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) in a cloud forest of Costa RicaVíctor Acosta-Chaves, Federico Granados-Rodríguez and David Araya-Huertasof 3200-3500 mm, temperature ranging between 14-26ºC (Calderón 1994) and altitude varying from 1500to 1900 m.a.s.l. The landscape consists of mature forestand secondary regenerating forest, forest plantations ofCupressus lusitanica and Alnus acumminata, coffee fields,grasslands and infrastructure for hydropower generationwith a few farmhouses.When visiting this site on 5 December 2010 along adirt road surrounded by secondary forest and grasslands,where the oscillation tank of the hydroelectric dam islocated (9°46’6.52”N; 83°51’8.02”W), we observed aflock of Emerald Toucanets (Aulacorhynchus prasinus)with a pair of Long-tailed Silky Flycatcher (P. caudatus)foraging in a bush (Lauraceae) at the border of the roadsideat about 7h 30 min. While we watched those birds, anOrnate Hawk-eagle emerged from the surrounding trees,then glided towards the bush and captured a LongtailedSilky Flycatcher while it was eating a fruit. At thatmoment, the Emerald Toucanets and the other LongtailedSilky Flycatcher that survived the attack escaped tothe secondary forest for protection, as even bigger toucansare also potential preys according to literature (Rangel &Enriquez 1993). The hawk-eagle flew very quickly to thedense vegetation on the other side of the road as we lostsight of the raptor.The Long-tailed Silky Flycatcher is endemic tothe highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama andinhabits middle and highland forest (it occurs at around1600 m.a.s.l. to timberline). This bird can use partiallyopen areas for feeding (Skutch 1965, Stiles & Skutch1989). To our knowledge, this is first predation reportinvolving an adult Long-tailed Silky Flycatcher andthe family Ptilogonatidae as a whole, since only nestpredation reports are avaliable for this species. (Skutch1965). This observation highlights the importance ofpredation reports obtained in the field, as many of thepasserine birds consumed by the Ornate Hawk-Eaglewere not identified to species level in studies based onpellet or bones analysis (Klein et al. 1988, Rangel &Enriquez 1993). Furthermore, these records contributeto a better understanding of the habits of this predatorin cloud forests, as current knowledge is limited to thehumid lowlands.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank the “Estación de Biología Tropical yAcuicultura Río Macho” for lending us facilities for birdwatching. To Oscar Ramirez, Pablo Camacho, PauloAraya, Juan Vargas and Roberto Vargas for data onsightings of the species, and for joining us in multipleoccasions to watch these birds of prey. Also thanks toRyan Phillips, Carmen Hidalgo, Otto Monge, PabloCamacho, Oscar Ramirez, Haiany Miranda and IgnacioEscalante for suggestions improved the manuscript.REFERENCESBoinski, S.; Kauffman, L.; Westoll, A.; Stickler, C. M.; Cropp, S& Ehmke, E. 2003. Are vigilance, risk from avian predators andgroup size consequences of habitat structure? A comparison ofthree species of squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis,and S.sciureus). Behaviour, 140 (11, 12): 1421-1467.Calderón, R. 1994. Rubiáceas y arbustivas de la Estación BiológicaTropical Río Macho, Orosi, Cartago. Undergraduate Thesis.Heredia: Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica.Clinton, J.; Gartside, M & Kainer, M. 1991. Ornate Hawk–Eaglefeeding on Green Iguana. Journal of Raptor Research, 25 (1): 19-20.De Luna, A. G.; Sanmiguel, R.; Di Fiori, A & Duque E. F.2010. Predation and Predation Attempts on Red Titi Monkeys(Callicebus discolor) and Equatorial Sakis (Pithecia aequatorialis)in Amazonian Ecuador. Folia Primatol, 81: 86-95. DOI:10.1159/000314948.Haymann, E. W. 1990. Reaction of wild tamarins, Saguinus mystaxand Saguinus fuscicollis to avian predators. International Journal ofPrimatology, 11(4): 327-337.Klein, B. C.; Harper, L. H.; Bierregaard, R. O. & Powell, G.V.1988. The nesting and feeding behavior of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle near Manaus, Brazil. The Condor, 90: 239-241.Lyon, B. & Kuhnigk A. 1985. Observations on nesting OrnateHawk-eagles in Guatemala. Wilson Bulletin, 97: 141-147.Madrid, J. A.; Madrid, H. D.; Funes, S. H.; López, J.; Botzoc, R &Ramos, A. 1991. Biología de la reproducción y comportamientodel Águila Elegante (Spizaetus ornatus), en el Parque Nacional deTikal, p. 157-187. In: Whitacre, D. F.; Burnham, W. A. & Jenny,J. P. (eds.). IV Reporte de avance, Proyecto Maya: Uso de avesrapaces y de otros integrantes de la fauna como indicadores delmedio ambiente, para el diseño de áreas protegidas y para fortalecerla capacidad del personal del lugar en orden a la conservación enAmérica Latina. Boise: The Peregrine Fund.Marquez, C.; Bechard, M.; Gast, F & Vanegas, V. 2005. Avesrapaces diurnas de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación deRecursos Biológicos “Alexander von Humboldt”.Rangel, J. & Enriquez, P.. 1993. Nest record and dietary itemsfor the Black Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus) from the YucatánPeninsula. Journal of Raptor Research, 27 (2): 121-122.Robinson, S. 1994. Habitat selection and foraging ecology of raptorsin Amazonian Peru. Biotropica, 26 (4): 443-458.Skutch, A. 1965. Life history of the Long-tailed Silky Flycatcher withnotes on related species. The Auk, 82: 375-426.Stiles, G. & Skutch, A. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica.Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 453-454Dezembro de 2012 / December 2012NOTA/SHORT-COMMUNICATIONFirst record of the Chaco EarthcreeperTarphonomus certhioides (Furnariidae), in Brazil.Márcio Repenning 1 , Eduardo Chiarani 1 , Mauricio da Silveira Pereira 1 and Carla Suertegaray Fontana 1,21Laboratório de Ornitologia, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia e Programa de Pós Graduação em Biociências-Zoologia, Pontifícia UniversidadeCatólica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS.2Corresponding author. Email: carla@pucrs.brReceived on 3 August 2012. Accepted on 20 August 2012.ABSTRACT: During an expedition to the Espinilho State Park, located at Barra do Quaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (30° 12 ‘11 “S 29° 57 ‘ 40” W), from 18 to 24 July 2012, we recorded an individual Tarphonomus certhioides, which was captured, banded(CEMAVE G 106017), recorded, and photographed. It was found in an area of dense dry and thorny vegetation, with predominanceof Vachellia caven (Fabaceae). We suggest “joão-chaquenho” as the vernacular name in Portuguese for this species.KEY-WORDS: Espinilho, range extension, distribution, Brazilian Official Bird List, UpucerthiaThe Chaco Earthcreeper Tarphonomus certhioides(d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1938) is found in southeasternBolivia (southern Dpto. Santa Cruz), western Paraguayand northern and central Argentina (Provs. Mendoza, LaPampa, Santa Fé, Corrientes, and Entre Rios) (Fjeldså& Krabbe 1990, Ridgely & Tudor 1994). It is generallyregarded as a resident and fairly common species in itsrange (Short 1975, Remsen 2003). Although not includedwithin the austral migrants by Chesser (1994), it mightbe an austral migrant in Formosa (Di Giacomo 2005).On 21 July 2012, we found an individual of thisspecies in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, near theborders with Argentina and Uruguay, at Parque Estadualdo Espinilho, Barra do Quaraí municipality (30°12’11”S;57°29’40”W). It was photographed, tape recorded, andcaptured with mist nets and banded (metal band CentroNacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres –CEMAVE - G 106017 with a red color band on opposedtarsus [left]). We also collected a blood sample of thisindividual, which was deposited in the bird collection ofMuseu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontífícia UniversidadeCatólica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS - MCP 3395).We found the bird in a habitat characterized by a highdensity of espinilho like trees, dominated by Vachelliacaven (Fabaceae) mixed with scrubby thickets and thorny,short trees (Figure 1). The habitat was similar to thatdescribed for this species in the literature: thickets in aridscrub (Remsen 2003, Chesser & Brumfield 2007). Theindividual recorded was identified by plumage as an adultof the nominate subspecies (Figure 2), which occurs innearby Corrientes, and Entre Ríos, Argentina (Remsen2003). The measurements (mm) of the individual were:tarsus (21.1), culmen (23.75), exposed culmen (23.1),culmen from nostril (16.5), wing chord (68.0), tail (totallength; 72.0), and body mass (24.7 g).FIGURE 1. Habitat where the Chaco Earthcreeper Tarphonomuscerthioides was recorded in Brazil on 21 July 2012. Photo: E. C.

454First record of the Chaco Earthcreeper Tarphonomus certhioides (Furnariidae), in Brazil.Márcio Repenning, Eduardo Chiarani, Mauricio da Silveira Pereira and Carla Suertegaray FontanaFIGURE 2. Adult Chaco Earthcreeper Tarphonomus certhioides captured by a mist net. Photo: M. S. at Parque Estadual do Espinilho, Barra doQuaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on 21 July 2012.This is the first documented record of Tarphonomuscerthioides for Brazil, supporting its inclusion in theprimary list of the Brazilian Checklist Committee(CBRO 2011). Our preliminary data suggest that thespecies should be considered an occasional visitor inBrazil, but subsequent fieldwork may alter this view.We suggest for the species the Portuguese name “joãochaquenho”in allusion to its English and Spanish namesadded of the vernacular name “joão” used commonly forthe representatives of ovenbirds in Brazil. We suggest thatthe range of Tarphonomus certhioides might extend toUruguay in the Espinilho formation along the UruguayRiver banks.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Gabriel Larre, Caio Wahl and MiriamSantos Borba for the valuable help in the field. We thank A.Aleixo (Editor) and J. V Remsen for valuable suggestionsin the manuscript. We thank Condomínio AgropecuárioCeolin for logistical support during field work andSecretaria Estadual do Meio ambiente (SEMA) for thepermission to develop the MSc. project: “ Assembléiade aves territorialistas da formação Espinilho: densidadee seleção de habitat” at Parque Estadual do Espinilho.We thank Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservaçãode Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE) for licenses and metalbands and Instituto Chico Mendes para a Conservação daBiodiversidade for Licenses.REFERENCESCBRO – Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. 2011.Listas das aves do Brasil. 10ª ed., http://www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/pdf/AvesBrasil2011.pdf (access on 30 July 2012).Chesser, R. T. 1994. Migration in South America: an overview of theaustral system. Bird Conservation International, 4: 91-107.Chesser, R. T. & Brumfield, R. T. 2007. Tarphonomus, a new genus ofovenbird (Aves: Passeriformes: Furnariidae) from South America.Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 120: 337-339.Di Giacomo, A. G. 2005. Aves de la Reserva El Bagual, p. 201-465.In: Di Giacomo, A. G. & Krapovickas, S. F. (eds.). Historianatural y paisaje de la Reserva El Bagual, Provincia de Formosa,Argentina. Inventario de la fauna de vertebrados y de la floravascular de um área protegida del Chaco Húmedo. Buenos Aires:Aves Argentinas/Asociación Ornitológica del Plata (Temas deNaturaleza y Conservacion 4).Fjeldså, J. & Krabbe, N. 1990. Birds of the high Andes. Copenhagen:Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen and Svendborg,Apollo Books.Remsen Jr., J. V. 2003. Family Furnariidae (Ovenbirds), p. 162-357.In: Del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. A. (eds.). Handbookof the Birds of the World, Broadbills to Tapaculos, v. 8. Barcelona:Lynx Edicions.Ridgely, R. S. & Tudor, G. 1994. The birds of South America: TheSuboscines Passerines, v. 2. Austin: University of Texas Press.Short, L. L. 1975. A zoogeographic analysis of South American Chacoavifauna. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 154:163-352.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 455-457Dezembro de 2012 / December 2012NOTA/SHORT-COMMUNICATIONA first documented Brazilian record of LeastSeedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829(Thinocoridae)Felipe Castro 1 , João Castro 1 , Aluisio Ramos Ferreira 2 , Marco Aurélio Crozariol 3,6 and Alexander Charles Lees 4,51Rua Tainha, 345, Bairro Sítio Ressaca, Ubatuba, SP. CEP: 11680-000. Brazil.2Rua Joaquim do Prado, 413, Cruzeiro, SP. CEP: 12701-370. Brazil.3Clube de Observadores de Aves do Vale do Paraíba Paulista – COAVAP; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia. Museu Nacional/UFRJ,Departamento de Vertebrados, Setor de Ornitologia, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. CEP: 20940-040. Brazil.4Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, CP 399, Belém, Pará, Brazil.5Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.6Corresponding author: marcocrozariol@gmail.comReceived on 25 July 2012. Accepted on 23 August 2012.ABSTRACT: Herein we present the first documented record of the Least Seedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus (Eschscholtz, 1829)for Brazil. On the 21 April 2012 a juvenile T. rumicivorus was photographed and sound-recorded by birdwatchers on the beachat Ubatumirim in the municipality of Ubatuba, on the northern São Paulo state coast. This is the first documented record of anyseedsnipe (Thinocoridae) for Brazil. Its behaviour and the circumstances and potential drivers of its vagration are discussed.KEY-WORDS: birdwatching; Eragrostis; Thinocorus; vagrancy.At mid-morning on 21 April 2012, F. C., J. C. andA. R. F. were birdwatching on the beach at Ubatumirim(23°19’53.53”S; 44°54’34.89”W) in the municipality ofUbatuba, in northern São Paulo state, Brazil, when theyencountered an unusual bird with which they were notfamiliar and could not identify. They documented theoccurrence with a series of digital images and soundrecordings.On returning home, F. C. posted theseon a social networking site and solicited help with theidentification from A. C. L.; who along with Juan MazarBarnett immediately identified the bird as a juvenile LeastSeedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus. The bird remainedat the same site for five days, remaining until the 26April. The individual (Figure 1a) was very tame anddid not interact with any other bird species on site,occasionally drinking from nearby small pools (Figure1b), and spending its entire stay along a straight pathwhich gave access to the beach for local people (Figures 1cand 1d). It foraged on the seeds of the non-native ElasticGrass Eragrostis tenuifolia (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) inaddition to other unidentified food items picked upfrom the ground. The bird was extremely tame and whenapproached closely it would prefer to run away and hidebetween grass tussocks rather than flying (a behaviourthat reflects its Portuguese name ‘agachadeira-mirim’;Figure 1a). The bird only flew on rare occasions whentotally encircled by the watching observers or whenapproached rapidly by locals on foot or on bicycles. Onflushing, the species would typically call (see archivedrecord: Pereira 2012). In the middle of the day the birdwould shelter in the shade of the tussocks with beak andwings open, apparently suffering from the effects of heatstress. This species has not previously been documenteddrinking in the wild, as it is normally thought to obtainall its dietary moisture through eating succulent plants(Fjeldså 1996).Thinocoridae is an exclusively South American family,composed of four species in two genera (Attagis gayi, A.malouinus, Thinocorus orbignyianus and T. rumicivorus),which are principally distributed in Andean and coldtemperate environments in the Andes and Patagonia(Fjeldså 1996). Thinocorus rumicivorus is the smallestspecies in the family and is composed of four subspecies: T.r. pallidus found in the lowlands of southwestern Ecuadorand northwestern Peru; T. r. cuneicauda of the Peruviandesert; T. r. bolivianus of the Altiplano region extendingfrom the extreme south of Peru through northern Chileand western Bolivia to northwestern Argentina; andfinally T. r. rumicivorus of the Patagonian steppe southto northern Tierra del Fuego, migrating to central Chile

456A first documented Brazilian record of Least Seedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Thinocoridae)Felipe Castro, João Castro, Aluisio Ramos Ferreira, Marco Aurélio Crozariol & Alexander Charles LeesFIGURE 1. a): juvenile Least Seedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus (photo by J. C.); 1b: Thinocorus rumicivorus drinking rainwater from a puddle (photoby M. A. C.); 1c and 1d: images depicting the habitat frequented by the individual (photos by M. A. C.).and the plains of northeastern Argentina and Uruguay.The species typically occupies sandy semi-desert habitatswith a sparse cover of creeping plants and shrubs, withmany succulents. It may also use lightly cultivated areas,feeding on roads and shrubby pastures close to floodedplains, especially in areas dominated by Parastrephia sp.(Fjeldså 1996, Laredo 1996, Aramburú et al. 2007). Itsdiet consists primarily of seeds and foliage (Fjeldså 1996,Aramburú et al. 2007, Korzun et al. 2009).In Brazil the species has been reported on oneprevious occasion; from the state of Rio Grande do Sul,in the municipality of Tavares at the Parque Nacional daLagoa do Peixe, on 26 April 1990 by Antas (1990), asfollows:“Thinocorus rumicivorus – Uma ave em plumagemjuvenil encontrada nos campos úmidos entre a formaçãode dunas e a lagoa a 26 de abril de 1990. Diagnosticadapelo seu característico deslocamento no solo e forma decorpo e bico inconfundíveis. A ausência do negro nocentro do pescoço denunciou a idade da ave. Essa ave,componente de uma família especial de Charadriiformes,tem distribuição predominantemente andina, ocorrendotambém na Patagônia argentina tanto em reprodução, comoinvernando. No inverno austral alcança rotineiramente ascostas uruguaias. Esse é, entretanto, o primeiro registro daespécie e da família no país.”.As this record did not include any supportingvouchers (images, recordings or a specimen) it could notbe accepted onto the primary list of Brazilian birds by theComitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO)along with 30 other species for which documentationis not available (CBRO 2011). Reasons for this CBROdecision were outlined in the journal “Nattereria”(CBRO 2000). As such, this record of a multi-observed,photographed and sound-recorded individual should besufficient proof to allow this species to be promoted tothe primary list by the CBRO.Despite being one of the commonest bird speciesof southern Patagonia, Thinocorus rumicivorus has beenthe subject of few field studies and its natural history ispoorly known (Fjeldså 1996, Laredo 1996, Aramburúet al. 2007, Korzun et al. 2009). We consider it mostRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

A first documented Brazilian record of Least Seedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Thinocoridae)Felipe Castro, João Castro, Aluisio Ramos Ferreira, Marco Aurélio Crozariol & Alexander Charles Lees457likely that this individual pertains to the subspecies T. r.rumicivorus, since individuals of this taxon are migratory,travelling north to Uruguay to escape the austral winter(Fjeldså 1996). Rates of long-range vagrancy are typicallyfar higher in longer-distance migrants than shorterdistancemigrants or resident species (McLaren et al.2006). The overlapping of the two Brazilian recordswithin a few days of each other at the onset of theaustral autumn is probably more than coincidental,and both events may have been related to the presenceof exceptional cold weather which may have stimulatedthe individual to migrate farther north than normal. Theweather at the time of the discovery was calm, overcast,20.0 °C, 88% relative humidity and 1017 hPa, but therehad been a particularly strong cold front over southernSouth America in the preceding week. Vagrancy in thespecies has previously been reported with an adult malephotographed on the South Shetland Islands, Antarcticaon 1 December 1996 (Favero & Silva 1998). It is alsopossible, that this individual, a juvenile on its firstmigration, may have committed a navigation error orfailed to ‘turn off’ the endogenous urge (‘zugunruhe’) tocontinue migrating (cf. Lees & Gilroy 2009).The diet of the family is poorly known, althoughthe beak morphology is suitable for removing both seedsand parts of the plant itself (Korzun et al. 2009) andthis species consumes more seeds than other membersof the family, which apparently prefer shoots (Fjeldså1996). Thinocorus rumicivorus has not previously beenreported as consuming seeds of Eragrostris (cf. Aramburúet al. 2007) although Aramburú et al. (2007) found thatmembers of the family Poaceae may make up around40% of the species’ diet. Eragrostis tenuifolia is native tosouth-east Asia and the Afrotropics but has been widelyintroduced elsewhere in the world (Jung et al. 2008). InBrazil it has been reported from the states of Goiás, MinasGerais, São Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul (Boechat &Longhi-Wagner 2000). Within its regular range, T.rumicivorus has been viewed as a potential crop pest, buthas been shown to be beneficial to farmers as the speciesactually consumes more weed species and may in fact beproviding an ecosystem service (Aramburú et al. 2007).For example, in Buenos Aires the species principallyconsumed the species Polygonum aviculare, a pest of wheat(Triticum sp.), from within crops of “couza” (Brassipusnapus) (Aramburú et al. 2007).This Brazilian ‘first’ also illustrates the growingtrend for notable ornithological records to be made byamateur ornithologists, a situation fostered by the growthof the Wikiaves website (www.wikiaves.com.br) whichhas acted as a focal point in nurturing the communityof domestic amateur ornithologists. This vagrant wasalso visited (‘twitched’) by many observers on subsequentdays, a regular occurrence for a vagrant sighting in Europeor North America, but perhaps the first instance of itskind in Brazil, see Booth et al. (2011) for a review of thepotential conservation benefits of this activity.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank Paulo de Tarso Z. Antas for commentson the record from Rio Grande do Sul, Daniel Firme forhelp finding pertinent literature, and Dr Hilda Wagnerfor help with identification of the grass species.REFERENCESAntas, P. T. Z. 1990. Novos registros para a avifauna do Rio Grandedo Sul, p. 67. In: Encontro Nacional de Anilhadores de Aves, 6.Pelotas: Universidade Católica de Pelotas.Aramburú, R.; Formoso, A.; Arambarri, A. M. & Montalti D.2007. Morfometría, peso corporal y dieta invernal de la AgachonaChica Thinocorus rumicivorus em La provincia de Buenos Aires.Hornero, 22: 39-42.Boechat, S. C. & Longhi-Wagner, H. M. 2000. Padrões dedistribuição geográfica dos táxons brasileiros de Eragrostis (Poaceae,Chloridoideae). Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 23: 177-194.Booth, J. E.; Gaston, K. J.; Evans, K. L. & Armsworth, P. R.2011. The value of species rarity in biodiversity recreation: Abirdwatching example. Biological Conservation, 144: 2728-2732.CBRO – Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. 2000.Resoluções do CBRO. Resolução n° 13: Excluir Thinocorusrumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829 da lista principal de aves brasileira,transferindo-o para a lista secundária. Nattereria, 1: 46.CBRO – Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. 2011.Listas das aves do Brasil. 10ª ed., http://www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/pdf/AvesBrasil2011.pdf (access on 19 February 2012).Favero, M. & Silva, M. P. 1998. First Record of the Least SeedsnipeThinocorus rumicivorus in the Antartic. Ornitologia Neotropical,10: 107-109.Fjeldså, J. 1996. Family Thinocoridae (seedsnipes), p. 538-545.In: Del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal J. (eds.). Handbook ofthe Birds of the World, Hoatzin to Auks, v. 3. Barcelona: LynxEdicions.Jung, M. J.; Veldkamp, J. F. & Kuoh, C. S. 2008. Notes on EragrostisWolf (Poaceae) for the Flora of Taiwan. Taiwania, 53: 96-102.Korzun L. P.; Érard, C.; Gasc, J. P. & Dzerzhinsky, F. J. 2009.Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae)to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus. Zoosystema, 31:347-368.Laredo, C. D. 1996. Observations on migratory and residentshorebirds in lakes in the highlands of North-western Argentina.International Wader Studies, 8: 103-111.Lees, A. C. & Gilroy, J. J. 2009. Vagrancy Mechanisms in Passerinesand Near-Passerines, p. 1-23. In: Slack, R. (ed.). Rare BirdsWhere and When: An analysis of status and distribution in Britainand Ireland, v. 1: sandgrouse to New World orioles. York: RareBird Books.McLaren, I. A.; Lees, A. C.; Field, C. & Collins, K. J. 2006. Originsand Characteristics of Nearctic Landbirds in Britain and Irelandin Autumn: a Statistical Analysis. Ibis, 148: 707-726.Pereira, F. A. 2012. [WA622741, Thinocorus rumicivorus (Eschscholtz,1829)]. www.wikiaves.com/622741 (access on 03 May 2012).Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012

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Revista Brasileira de OrnitologiaVolume Volume 20 – 20 Número 20 –– Número 4 – Dezembro 22 –– Junho 2012 / / Issue 20 20 – – Number 24 2 – – June December 20122012SUMÁRIO / CONTENTSartigos / PAPERSBirds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservationEdson Guilherme ............................................................................................................................................................First record of Augastes scutatus for Bahia refines the location of a purported barrier promoting speciation in theEspinhaço Range, BrazilMarcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Anderson Vieira Chaves and Fabrício Rodrigues dos Santos.................................................Records of the Crowned Eagle (Urubitinga coronata) in Moxos plains of Bolivia and observations about breedingbehaviorIgor Berkunsky, Gonzalo Daniele, Federico P. Kacoliris, Sarah I. K. Faegre, Facundo A. Gandoy, Lyliam González andJosé A. Díaz Luque..........................................................................................................................................................393443447NOTAS / SHORT-COMMUNICATIONSPredation of Long–tailed Silky Flycatcher (Ptilogonys caudatus) by Ornate Hawk–Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) in a cloudforest of Costa RicaVíctor Acosta-Chaves, Federico Granados-Rodríguez and David Araya-Huertas...................................................................First record of the Chaco Earthcreeper Tarphonomus certhioides (Furnariidae), in Brazil.Márcio Repenning, Eduardo Chiarani, Mauricio da Silveira Pereira and Carla Suertegaray Fontana...................................A first documented Brazilian record of Least Seedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Thinocoridae)Felipe Castro, João Castro, Aluisio Ramos Ferreira, Marco Aurélio Crozariol and Alexander Charles Lees...............................451453455Instructions to AuthorsISSN 0103-56579 7 70103 5 6 5 0 0 3

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