" M#F HELM FIELD GUIDES | Birds of Northern South America An Identification Guide Robin Restall ¥ Clemencia Rodner Miguel Lentino _Birds of Northern South America An Identification Guide Plates and Maps @ An indispensable guide to all the birds of Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana i Covers 2,308 species including all breeding species, regular visitors and vagrants 5 @ Nearly 6,400 images on 306 colour plates, illustrating évery distinct plumage of every species and subspecies i Key identification features highlighted on the plates @ Colour distribution maps for all species (including ranges in northern Peru and northern Brazil) “A brilliant and original work destined to become a classic reference for museum and field workers alike” — Steve Hilty Author of Birds of Venezuela and A Guide 10 the Birds of Colombia wwwaacblack.com £40.00) BN 0-7136-7243-9 | | | il \9 "780713'672435| C won Ca!For cvery birder who ever struggled to Pentify a mystery bied For those loved ones who supported us so valiantly Author credits ‘The plates and captions, and black-and-w: with comments and suggestions, not to mention corrections, by Clemencia Rodner and Miguel Lentino! The distribution maps were compiled and produced by Miguel Lentino. The majority of the text was writien by Clemencia Rodner and Robin Restall, butall species and subspecies descriptio written by Robin Restall. Species accounts for Virconidae, Corvidae, Alaudidae, Hirundidae, Troglodytidae, Polioptilidae, Cinclidae, Bombicillidae, Muscicapid: Mimidae and Thraupidae were prepared by Bruno Walther, The species in critical detail by Olivier Tostain and Guy Tudor. All plates were reviewed by David Ascanio, with many captions corrected and additional captions suggested. Shaun Peters produced the discography. The entire text was edited by Guy Kirwan (who also wrote four of the introductory sections), and proof-read by Keith Marsh, ne drawings were all done by Robin Restall, ounts were reviewed Published in 2006 by Christopher Helm, an imprint of A&C Black Publishers Lid, 38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HB. Copyright © 2006 Robin Restall Commissioning Editor: Nigel Redman Production and design: Julic Dando, Fluke Art, Cornwall ‘The right of Robin Restall to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, ISBN-10; 0-7136-7243-9 ISBN-13: 978-0-7136-7243-5 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means ~ photographic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems — without permission of the publishers. book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed sustainable forests. I is natural, renewable and recyclable, The logging and manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin, Printed and bound in Ghina by 1010 Printing International Limited 10987654321 wwwacblack.comKEY TO THE MAP: range of . record not confirmed fr probable accurrence page number of species ] sot-winged Antwren account in Volume | 11,5-12.5cm; TR; c/lu DD p. 403 al es size altitudinal status abundance threat status range » Altinudinal range © Oceanic (coast habitats “Topic fron se level to 6 1400-1 6m) 1 ower Tropica sea leve to ¢800-900m) Upper Tropica! (6.800.900: co ci,400-1,600m) Subrropical (6.1,400-1,6(Kim to ¢.2,300-2,600m) Lower Subtropical (1400-1,600m to ¢.2,000m) Upper Subtropical ( 2,0Kim to 2,50 2,600n) Temperate (€2,300-2,6t0m to ©3,100- 3,400, or tothe trecline) ~ Pirauno (ror the treeline,¢3,100-3,40QIm, ta the snewtine) ‘The codes can be used together to iadicatea wider range in alritude, ‘eg TALS inclicates Tropical to Lower Subsropical, ic. se level to 2,000, Status R Resid Vo Vagéant 8 Borer! migrant 1 Introduced Ausra migrant 2 Unconfirmed ‘Species rz) be in more than one category, ex R/B = Resident and Boreal migrant “Abundanee f fairly common or frequent local (used as a qualifier to the five ebundance codes) Fro categories may be used to indicate range of abindanes, cutis sirly common ta scarce; and u/le = uncommon to locally common “Threat Stat A [as listed in Threatened Rinds of the World (2000)| * CR Critical NT Near Threatened EN — Endaitgered LC Least Concern VU Vulnerable DD DiitsDeficient —— — NE Not Evalbaed —.Plates 1— Plate 4: Plates 4-7: Plates 7-8: Plates 9-12: Plate 13: Plate 14: Plates 15-16: Plate 17 Plates 21-24: Plate 2: Plate 25: Plate 26: Plates Plates 41-43: Plates 44-47: Plates Plate 57: Plates 58-59: Plates 60-62 Plates 63-67: Plates 68-77: Plate 78: Plates 78-80: Plates 81-84: Plate 8: Plate 86: Plates 86-87: Plates 88-90: Plates 91-111: Plates 112-114: Plate 115: Plate 116: Plates 117-118: Plates 119-122: Plates 123-1 Plates 125-130: Plates 131-132: Plates 133-137 LIST OF PLATES ‘Tinamous Screamers Ducks and Geese New World Quails Chachalacas, Guans and Curassows Grebes and Penguins Albatrosses and Giant Petrel Petrels and Shearwaters Storm-petrels Tropicbirds and Trigatebirds Boobies Cormorants, Anhinga and P Herons, Egrets and Bitterns Ibises and Limpkin Spoonbills, Storks and Flamingos Vultures Osprey, Kites, Hawks and Eagles Caracaras and Falcons rakes, Rails, Gallinules and Coots ‘Trumpeters, Sungrebe and Sunbittern Thick-knees Plovers Oystercatcher, Stilt, Avocet and Jacana Snipes and Seedsnipes Shorebirds Skuas and Jaegers Gulls ‘Terns and Skimmer Pigeons and Doves Parrots Hoatzin Guckoos Barn Owl and Typical Owls Oilbird and Nighthawks Potoos htjars Swifts Hummingbirds Trogons and Quetzals Kingfishers Motmots Jacamars Puftbirds, Nunlets and Nunbirds Barbets Toucans, Toucanets and Aragaris Piculets WoodpePlates 138-148: Plates 149-153: Plates 154-159: Plates 159-171: Plates 172- Plate 180: Plates 181-183: Plates 184-209: Plate 210: Plates 210-211: Plates 212-213: Plate 214: Plate 215: Plate 216: Plates 217-221: Plates 2: Plates 2! Plate 227: Plate 228: Plates 229-231: Plates 232-238: Plate 239: Plate 240: Plate 241: Plates 241-246: Plate 247: Plates 248-265: Plate 266: Plate 267: Plate 268: Plate Plate 271: Plates 272-273: Plat Plate: Plate 279: Plates 280-283: Q74: Plates 283-284: Plate 285: Plate 286: Plates 287-294: Plates 295-296: Plates 297-298: Plate 299: Plate 300: Plate 301: Plates 30: Plates Plate 306: 269-270: (03: 304-305: Ovenbirds Woodcreepers Antshrikes Antbirds Antthrushes and Antpittas Gnateaters ‘Tapaculos ‘Tyrant-flycatchers Sharpbill K Cotingas and allies Pihas and Capuchinbird niteaters Fruitcrows Umbrellabirds and Cocks-of-the-Rock Manakins Becards, Schiffornis and ‘Tityras Peppershrikes and Vireos Greenlets Jays Swallows and Martins Wrens Gnatcatchers and Gnatwrens Wagtail, Pipits, Lark, Waxwing and Dipper Wheatear Thrushes Mockingbirds, Thrashers and Catbird Sparrows | Finches, Sierra Finches, Yellow Finches and Grass Finches Grassquits Seedeaters Sparrows 2 Brush Finches Cardinals and Grosbeaks Saltators, Seedeaters, Grosbeaks and Buntings New World Warblers Oropendolas Caciques and Orioles Blackbirds and ‘Troupials Grackles Cowbirds and Meadowlarks Siskins and Goldfinches. Euphoniias and Chlorophonias Exotics: INTRODUCTION Objectives of this book ‘This book was conceived as, and is primarily intended to be a viual guide to the identification of all of the birds one is likely to see within the geographic houndaries of northern South America. Tt was never intended asa field guide, but as a complement to the various guides that are currently available. It was our ambition to illustrate every distinet plumage of every species in the region, for such has not existed before ‘This ambition came to be modified slightly, as there are cases where it was simply impossible to find adequate references, whether they be specimens or original descriptions. Indeed, with some species, there are plumages of females and juveniles that are not even known. But, as it stands, this book contains illustrations of almost every distinct plumage of over 2,300 species and includes many plumages not previously illustrated anywhere, not even in the most eclectie journal. The key word here is ‘distinc’, for where females and juveniles are sufficiently like the adult male to be indistinguishable in the field they are usually represented by a single illustration. Many flycatchers, for example, fall into this category. We have sought to illustrate every visually distinet subspecies: This permits a comparative look at the full species in the region, and helps identify birds that might be intermediate in a clinal species If the user of this book finds that he orshe has a good reference for a plumage that is missing, we will be most grateful to receive it and will incorporate it into future editions, along with the inevitable new species that are heing described and discovered. The cut-olf date for new material for this book was the end of May 2006. All data received after that time is being stored for use in a future second edition, Taxonomy We have sequenced the families following the American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU) Checklist, incorporat- ing the necessary additions of exclusively South American families as revised by the AOU’s South American Checklist Committee (SACC). The new order is published on the AOU website (www.aou.org/checklist/ index.php3) and was last checked by us in May 2006. The species order within a family generally follows the SAGG list but does not always mirror it. The full SACC list is published on the following websit aou.org/checklistsouth.php3 wwe ‘There are oceasions when the authors of any guide are faced with the dilemma of the recognition of ognise the split, and in a species. Whenever this has occurred in our case, we have usually decided to this we have gone beyond the SACG list, Since this book has no pretensions to be a taxonomic reference, we feel comfortable in following this policy for the sake of clarification in taxon recognition and prompting more accurate attribution of taxa, One notable example is that of the lumping of Red-backed Havwk with Puna Hawk into a single, indivisible Variable Hawk by Farquhar (1998). ‘There seemed to be an instant wave of agreement with this decision (e.g. Ridgely & Greenfield 2000}, but it was not unanimous and we have decided not to follow it. In this ease, our decision was subsequently made easier as both the AOU and Dickinson (2003) retained the two as separate species. Subsequently, a new paper presenting a strong case appeared (Cabot & De Vries 2003), but diere is still disagreement about these bircs. The plates took ten years to complete and, in some cases, we followed splits proposed by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), only to find that subsequently these splits were rejected by the SACC on grounds of insut- ficient published evidence. In some of these cases we have retained the appearance of a split, giving each ‘species’ its own English name and map, but retained the official scientific name, making the situation clear In cach case of taxonomic uncertainty, the current situation is explicitly mentioned in the species accounts. We make no pretensions to taxonomic authority: This book should not be quoted as a primary or authoritati y. Our objective is to aid in the visual recognition of taxa, Our cognition’ of any taxon is absolutely not an authoritative, formal treatment with scientific credentials ed the ‘taxonomy by field guide’ syndrome |, for our purposes of identifying taxa, for retaining the two spe e source for any The last thing we would wish is to be accused of having exhi ‘The species limits presented here are simply what we have accept: in as unequivocal way as possible Nomenclature We have followed the most widely used common names throughout. These broadly follow the SAC list, but we have noted alternative English names occasionally, However, we have chosen to follow ‘Howard & Moore (Dickinson 2003) and the new [OC-endorsed list of recommended English names (Gill & Wright 2006) with regard to the hyphenation of English names, Both works explain the rationale for their use of hyphens, but generally they take a minimalist approach, avoicling hyphens unless itis considered essential to use them.‘The scientific names follow the SACG fist (which in turn follows the names used by the American Orni- thologists’ Union where possible), unless there is a recent precedent not to do so. Any departures from the SACC list are explained in the Notes section at the end of the species accounts. These scientific names have gender endings according to the principles set out by David & Gosselin (2000a and 2000b), and in conse- quence some names will appear ta be slightly different from those used in other field guides, or even in our own Cihecklist (Rociner et af. 2000). For example, the Great Green Macaw is now called ra ambiguus. wherea was formerly known as Ara ambigua, and Speckled Crake, formerly Coturnicops notata, is now C. nolais. Geographical area covered ‘The countries covered by the illustrations andthe text (but not the maps) are continental Ecuador, continental Colombia, Venezuela and its offshore islands, the islands that were part of the Netherlands Antilles offshore from Venezuela, namely Aruba, Curacao and Bonaire, and also Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. It should be noted that whilst we recognise ‘Trinidad & Tobago asa single political unit, in distributional terms we accord them separate recognition, thus “Tr” refers only to Trinidad and “To’ to ‘Tobago, and they are not shorthand for ‘Trinidad and ‘Tobago, which is always written “T&T” 20° 10" 60% 50" Northern South America, as defined in this book: The maps are cut off by a straight, latitudinal line eastwards from the southernmost point of Ecuador, at approximately 5° § of the equator. They show the distribution of birds north of this line, as far could estimate, thus depicting ranges that extend into or across northern Peru and northern Brazil. We believe that ending a bird’s range at the political boundary of a country is not helpful to the user of a book such as this. To observe that a species continues into Peru, Panama or Brazil signals an opportunity for further research, and perhaps a broader understanding of the bird being studied. But please note, we do not identify, nor describe or illustrate, any distinct subspecies that may occur in these extralimital areas, The continuation of the range on the maps into, for instance, northern Brazil means the species accurs there, but we do not identify which subspecies. Nevertheless, this guide may be used (with caution) by birders visiting northern Peru and Brazil north of the Amazon; both these regions still lack a satisfactory field guide. A few extralimital species have been included for the purpose of reducing possible confusion, An example is the hummingbird, Marvellous Spatuletail Loddigesia mirabilis which seems unlikely to occur in southern Ecuador, but for which there has been at least one contentious sighting. Other species occurring as we just beyond our boundaries will doubtless be recorded in our region in the future, but it has not been possible to include all of these.Moult and ageing We have generally avoided mentioning moult in the text, though the effecis of age, and wear throughout the year, may be touched upon when they are significant. With some families, the various plumages are so numerous and complex, for example in gulls and hawks, that it is regretiably beyond the scope of this book to be so comprehensive as to illustrate all of these. The reader is invited to refer to specialist books for a more detailed treatment; there are many of these, some of which are very comprehensive and helpful (c.g, Gulls of Europe, Asta and North America by Klaus Malling Olsen and Hans Larsson, Sylvia Warblers by Hadoram Shirihai, Gabriel Gargallo and Andreas Helbig, Pipits and Wagtails of Europe, Asia and North America by Pex Alstrom and Krister Mild, and Raplors of the World by James Ferguson-Lees and David Christie}. Regrettably, there are virtually no books dealing with Neotropical birds in such detail. However, itis relevant to note that in every species with a distinct contrast between juvenile plumage and the adult (usually male) plumage, there will be a period when the bird is moulting from one to the other, and may look nothing like either. These have been illustrated in only a few cases. In the case of parrots, in most species the sexes and juveniles all look alike, but there is a change of iris colour from juvenile to adult in many species. Juveniles usually have dark brown eyes, whilst adults may develop red, yellow or even white eyes, though many continue to have brown eyes. Moult may be sudden and dramatic, as in the case of an adult male Mallard Anas platyrhynehos or may be spread over several years, as in the ease of wing moult in pelicans and albatrosses- It is important to recognise that, in most cases, the bird needs to be able to fly, and therefore wing-feathers are shed in a steady sequence, with replacement feathers for a few old feathers growing belore the old feathers are dropped. Tail- and wing-feathers are usually replaced in matched pairs, a feather or two on each side, At times this might dramatically change the flight profile of a bird; for example, where the central pair of tail-feathers is shorter than those either side, creating a forked-tail impression in a species that normally has a blunt or rounded tail. It is as well to ponder these aspects when faced by a bird that does not quite match the illustrations or descriptions. In most species, post-breeding moult aflects the entire plumage. This is true also for birds about to migrate, though many species delay their moult until they reach their wintering grounds. Subsequently, there is a partial moult prior to breeding that only involves body-feathers. There are many different strategies and exceptions to the rules, but below are the various typical plumages and moulis, not all of which may be noticeable or significant; note that this sequence does not apply to all speci Juvenile plumage followed by post-juvenile moult (usually body-feathers only) — firsewinter / amature / intermediate / first adult plumage, followed by pre-breeding moult — first-summer plumage, followed by post-breeding moult —> adult (winter / non-breeding} plumage, followed by post-breeding moult > adult summer plumage, etc. The subject and study of moult of birds in the Neotropics is a very large and complicated one, and merits a dedicated book of its own, The subject has been well covered in North America (e.g. Pyle et al, 1987), and thus the moult strategies of Nearctic migrants are comparatively well known. Migrants usually have a basic (winter) plumage that differs trom their alternate (breeding) plumage, but this complicates rather than simplifies identification, Whilst some are only seen in winter plumage, others may be observed in any stage of plumage and moult, from breeding to non-breeding, It has been impossible to illustrate every one of these plumages, but those that may be expected in the region are all depicted. There are several species that migrate north to spend their non-breeding period in northern South America, and there are considerable numbers of North American species that pass their winter in, South merica. Some migrants pass overhead, with very few individuals alighting in northern South America, whilst others are generally seen during one passage period and not the other due to their overall routes being elliptical. And, finally, there is the ease of altitudinal migrants, where birds breed at higher elevations and move lower when not breeding. All migrants in a non-breeding situation tend to have different feeding habits and vocal behaviour from those on their breeding grounds, and different habitat preferences, which may differ yet again when the birds are in transit ¥ In some species it is often the case that a [ew individuals stay in the region the entire following year, returning north only 15-18 months after their arrival. ‘This is particularly true of juveniles that have physiological problems, c.g. illness, parasites or are underweight. These birds do not moult into breeding plumage during their stay, but remain in a basic or winter plumage for the duration, though a few might undertake a partial moultHOW TO USE THIS GUIDE Concept of the book ‘The concept of the book is to provide as comprehensive a visual guide as possible to the thousands of different plumages of the birds of northern South America, with additional text descriptions and details of subspecies, The text also gives information about the natural history of each species, and the whole should help (o resolve all those questions about identification that remain after a bird is identified to species level. As such, itis int id guides, and be of particular assistance 10 researchers of plumage variation. The contents of this book, despite being handled as concisely as we felt possible, have necessitated two volumes. The species accounts appear in the first volume and the plates and maps in the second. The two books are obviously complementary, However, recognising the habits of many field workers and birders to take plates alone into the field, and keep the text back at base for use at the end of the day, we have endeavoured to make the plates more comprehensive than usual with the addition of caption text on the plates themselves and coded information about status and abundance below the maps. In order to keep Volume 2 as portable as possible for field use, most of the introductory material is included in Volume 1, together with the appendices and Discography. However, some parts of the Introduction have been repeated in Volume 2 so that the latter imay be used on its own if desired. nded 10 complement the various country fi The species accounts (Volume 1) ‘These are short and tight, and are largely complementary to the plates and maps. Species accounts are subdivided into the following sections: Name A reference to the Plate number in Volume 2 is given afier the English and scientific names. Hypothetical species (either unconfirmed for the region or considered to be possible future additions to the list) have their names placed in square brackets Identification The accounts hegin with the length of the bird, as specimen, This is not abvays recognised by scientists as being a reli aken from a live bird or a freshly dead ator, but in this context it offers a. good comparison between species. For some species, such as seabirds, the wingspan (W)is also given. For polytypic species, the description that follows is usually of the nominate form or the most typical race of the region, Distinguishing features of other races ate briefly mentioned under Subspecies. Subspecies (Ssp.) Each taxon’s name is followed by abbreviated distributional data. region are abbreviated as follows: ‘The countries of the Ec Ecuador Tr ‘Trinidad Co Colombia To Tobago Ve Venezuela T&T Trinidad & Tobago Ar Aruba Gu Guyana Bo Bonaire Su Suriname Gu Curacao FG Hench Guiana ABC Aruba, Bonaire & Curacao Distributions are further refined by means of the points of the compass, thus: SC Co = south-central NE Ve n subspecies. This is particularly useful when not all subspecies are illustrated, Habits ‘These data have been limited to a few relevant notes. Emphasis has assist in the identi Status Remarks on status are best read in the context of the map from where a better idea of the distribution of each species will be gained. We have compiled data regarding relative abundance from the main and most current references for each country, which often permits a pattern to emerge, giving an idea of centres of abundance and population densities throughout the range of a species in the region Habitat Altiwudinal zones or actual altitude figures (sometimes both) are given —sce definitions on page 15, Voice Avian vocalisations are an‘ever-important contribution to the process of identilying birds, and the technique of responsible playback, to entice a bird close enough to be seen, is increasingly used by birders and ornithologists alike. We have olten presented several different versions of a species’ vocalisations which in some cases refer to the same calls or songs. These are transcriptions or interpretations, usually by very north-east Venezuela etc. There follows a brief comment that helps discriminate been given to features that ication of the species.accomplished ornithologists, and the source of each is given (see ‘References and citations’) below. The ‘Discography’ at the end of the book lists all the recordings of relevant bird vocalisations currently available commercially. Furthermore, it also lists bird species whose vocalisatons have been recorded (in taxonomic order}, cross-referenced to the available compilation with details of where the recording was made. Note(s) These are appended (and referenced) when there is an aspect of a species’ taxonomy that is relevant to its identification, especially if conflicting data on taxonomy is apparent in other literature. Alternative English or scientific names, or synonyms, are also given here. References and citations Throughout the preparation of this book, we have repeatedly referred to the principal guides of the region. ‘These have not been referenced or cited in the species accounts, except in the Vatce and Notes sections. They were invaluable and deserve particular recognition, It is interesting to note that these sources are sometimes contradictory, usually complementary, and invariably informative. It is assumed that ornithologists and birders alike will generally have access to these books, at least the most recent and readily available ones. They give much more local data than will be found herein, The regional guides referred to, together with their abbreviations which have been used to save space, are as follows (complete citations appear in the bibliography): R&G The Birds of Ecuador by R. S, Ridgely & P.J, Greenfield H&B A Guide to the Birds of Colombia by S. L.. Hilty & W, L, Brown MdS&P A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela by R. Meyer de Schauensee and W. I, Phelps, Js also the amended Spanish version, Aves de Venezuela (P&MdS) H Birds of Venezuela by 8. L.. Hilty Snyder The Birds of Guyana by D. E. Snyder BYR&S A Field Checklist for the Birds of Guyana by M. Braun, D. Finch, M. Robbins & B. Schmidt H&M The Birds of Surinam by F. Haverschmidt and G.E,. Mees ‘Tostain etal. Oiseaux de Guyana by O. Tostain, J-L. Dujardin, C. Erard & J-M. Thiollay. Voous The Birds of the Netherlands Antilles K. H. Vous fiench A Guide fo the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago R. {french SEP&M —— Neotropical Birds: Heology and Consercation by D. F. Stot D. K. Moskovits J.W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker & F&K Birds of ‘the High Andes by J, Bjeldsi & N. Krabbe Clements A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru by J. ¥. Clements & N. Shany Sick Birds in Brazil by H. Sick S&M Taxonomy and Distribution of Birds of the World by C. G. Sibley & B. L. Monroe, Please note that a number of other key references are frequently referred to in the Voice and Notes sections by abbreviations or incomplete citations. These refer to major sources such as family monographs and they are listed at the ends of the introduciory paragraphs as ‘Additional references used. For example, in the tanagers, [&I refers to Tanagers by M. L Isler & PR. Isler. Full citations appear in the bibliography The plates (Volume 2) ‘The purpose of the plates is to show as many different plumages of the birds of the region as possible. Every species recorded in the region has been illustrated, together with almost every distinct subspecies and plumage variation. A few hypothetical species have been included (especially seabirds), on the basis of unconfirmed records for the region or the likelihood of being recorded in the future. ‘Their names are placed within square brackets (as are their text entries in Volume 1). Species are arranged on the plates more or less taxonomically but, inevitably, concessions have had to out of sequence. Please note that, within a faanily, all of the birds are driaon cies and know at once how much be made and some species app: in proportion to each otter. Tlnus, the user can view a plate with a Lamiliar spe larger or smaller any other related, but unfamiliar, bird in that family is Right at the start, we decided to show the birds in a striclly comparative style, somewhat ritualiséd, but showing jizz characteristics as much as possible. In this way, comparisons of subtle detail in the plumages may be made. The differences in coloration and pattern that are shown’ between one race and another are not accidents of the printing process, but are delilberate indicators of the differences between one form and another. It would have been beyond my limited abilities as ar illustrator to depict every bird ina different tches and photographs. And, whilst the book has takent over ten years and natural pose based on field sto complete, such a requirement would have doubled the preparation time, Another aspect of the birds as drawn is that they are sometimes drawn four-dimensionally in order to show both rump and ventral areas. ‘Most hummingbirds perch with their wing-tips tucked beneath their tails, and their bills pointing upwards. In many cases birds have been drawn with their wings in a rarely held position in order to show diagnostic undertail-coverts as well as uppertail-coverts. Many birds hold their wings folded over their lower back and rump, with the tertials concealing the feathers below. including most of the uppertail-coverts, but here they are usually drawn with the wings slightly apart in order to show the lower back, rump and uppertail- coverts. These apparent flaws are‘a deliberate attempt to draw attention to diagnostic plumage features. To make the plates more useful, pointers highlight a key feature of the bird in question. Furthermore, additional information is given on the plates themselves by means of caption text. These little pieces of information highlight key habitat preferences or behaviour which, itis hoped, will assist in the identification process and enable Volume 2 to be used on its own in the field. ‘The threat status of those species listed in Threatened Birds of the World is coded next to the English name of each species on the plates (as well as underneath the map). See below for an explanation of these code: The maps (Volume 2) The areas within which a speci in red and major river systems in blue. The river systems, especially, provide an instant visualisation of whether a species is a bird of high country, for example, or whether it is a bird associated with well-drained lowlands. are shown in green. The maps also show political boundaries record not confirmed or range of illustrated races - < probable occurrence i Dot-winged Antwren 11.5-12:5cm;T;R; c/lu DD p. 403 | Sx page number of species account in Volume 1 size altitudinal status abundance __threat status range We have avoided as much as possible using blanket ranges within which a particular species might be found, assuming appropriate habitat, altitude, etc. Instead, we have indicated where a bird is confirmed to occux This isnot wholly successful, as there are many species for which itis only possible to prepare a distribution map by relying on the work of others, thereby following their broad strokes, errors or generalisations. Where we have left a simple interrogative “on a map, it signifies that a record has not been confirmed, is in doubt, or the occurrence of the species is likely or even probable, but simply not known Where more than one race has been illustrated, the approximate ranges of these races are indi the map (where possible) with the letters ‘a’, *b’, ‘c’ etc. The precise ranges of subspecies in the region is too imperfectly known for this to be done with any great accuracy, and our maps are necessarily rather small. ated on Abbreviated information Below each map is a set of data specific to that speci form for every speci without Volume 1. For fuller details, particularly subspecifie differenc in Volume | The top line has the English name of the species and the page number in Volume I where the species count is located. ‘The bottom line presents the following five pieces of information: . This gives certain basic information in coded s. The purpose of this is (0 make Volume 2 more usefull in the field when used. please check the species accounts Size: approximate or average, or range of, sizes in centimetres (cm). Occasionally, a tail or bill length might also be mentioned, or the sizes of both males and females, it the case of strongly sexually dimorphic species,Altitudinal Zones of northern South America as defined in this book. Derived from the US Geological Survey's 30 arc-second database ‘GTOPO30' (USGS 1997: Bliss and Olsen 1996). Altitudinal range: the various altitudinal zones ar 1, and by codes in Volume 2: referred to by name in the species accounts in Volume O Oceanic (coastal habitats) opical (from sea level to ¢.1,400-1,600m) LL. Lower ‘Tropical (sea level to «.800-900m) HE Ur Upper Tropical (800-900m to «.1,400-1,600m) S Subtropical (¢.1,400-1,600m to ¢.2,300-2,600m) HEE 5 Lower Subtropical (1,400-1,600m to ¢2,000m) 000m to ¢.2,300-2,600m) US Upper Subtropical ( ‘Te ‘Temperate (¢.2,300-2,600m to ¢.3,100-3,400m, or to the treeline) P Paramo (from the treeline, ¢.3,100-3,400m, to the snowline} The two lowest zones ~ Tropical and Subtropical ~ are each divided into two subzones, in order to be more specific for species that have a narrower altitude range, such as those found exclusively in the lowlands or on lower slopes. When a species ranges throughout the entire Tropical or Subtropical zone, only the general abbreviation is used. ‘The codes can be used together to indicate a range in altitude, e.g. T-LS indicates Tropical to Lower Subtropical, ie. sea level to 2,000m. Status: generally single letters, but combinations are possible ( boreal migrant, thus R/B): g. a specieS can be both resident and a R_ Resident a species that resides within its range throughout the year and breeds a) and migrates to breeding season (fiorthern winter) in our region in South America B_ Boreal migrant a species that breeds in the Nearctic region (North Ame spend the po: A. Austral migrant. a species that visits our region'from elsewhe V_ Vagrant a species outside its normal range T_Introduced.____a species introduced into our region, with a self-sustaining population Unconfirmed status uncertainAbundance: in order to be as user-ftiendly as possible, only five codes are used, plus one qualifier (= local) which may be used with any of the five codes. Thus, le = locally common ete. Given that abundance will vary considerably in such a huge region, two categories are frequently used, to show the range of abundance within northern South America. ‘The category of the most frequently occurring abundance is generally placed first. Thus, {/s = fairly common to scarce (i.e. the species is more often fairly common than scarce); and u/le = uncommon to locally common. © common invariably encountered within iis normal habitat f fairly common or frequent usually, but not invariably, encountered within its normal habitat uw uncommen relatively frequently, but not regularly, encountered within its normal habitat s «scarce only irregularly and infrequently encountered within its normal habitat rare rarely encountered 1 local only occurs patchily within its range Threat Status: this gives the status of those species listed in Threatened Birds of the World (BirdLife International 2000). The codes are as follows: GR Grit species facing an extremely high risk of extinetion in the wild in the near future EN Endangered facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future VU Vulnerable species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future specie: NY. Near Threatened - species coming very close to qualifying as Threatened (.c. CR, EN or VU} LG Least Concern species considered to be at less risk of extinction than Near Threatened DD Data Deficient species for which there is inadequate information (o make an a of its risk of extinetion NE Not Evaluated species not assigned a risk category (for example, newly described species with very small ranges or in threatened habitats) sessment Errors and Corrections Tcis hoped: that eventually this work will appear in an enlarged and completely revised second edition. When that happens, not only will species new to the region be added, but sexes and juveniles that have been exchided because they were unknown or specimens were unavailable, will be added, as will new descriptions of vocalisations. The reader thus has the opportunity to contribute to this project yy informing the authors of any errors on the plates, modifications to the maps, and refinements and corrections to the texts, including vocalisations, Please write to the senior author c/o A&C BlackBird Topography forecrown loves (orehead supercilium lores \ | upper mandible crown oribtal ring lower mandible—___ _ear-coverts nape lula > median wing:coverts a jmantle phat ean es primary coverts mesial =~ Y. malar greater wing-coverts breast lesser wing-coverts nail/claw: toe. tarsus underwing-coverts. axillaries thigh flank undertail-coverts uppertail-coverts pupil Serra crown/ oribtal-ring _/crown stripe rectrices eye-ring. + (tail feathers) i ES LD gonys~ crown stripe mesial stripe eye stripe Ka \ moustachial stripe malar stripe ~ eyebrow crown een orbital skin side of neck. upper mandible nape back . scapulars rump uppertail-coverts. bill s é “throat ~ breast ™ belly flanks lower mandible wing/ vent 4 thigh < tarsus“Tawny-breasted Tinamou 35-41cm;S-Te;R; u/r p28 3 White-throated Tinamou 32-36em; IT; R: f/u p28 Great Tinamou See 6 40-46cm; LTR; f/r p27 40-46em; UT-S; Rr YU p.27 42.5-49em; TLS; Rru/t p.27 6 Grey Tinamou Tinamus tao blackish head and neck 5 freckled white with A shite stzipe down neck. usually sings at dusk 5 Black Tinamou Tinamus osgoodi »b) larensis hershkovitzi heavy humid forests , on eastern slopes of a) septentrionalis Andes; epiphytes, ee ferns, bromeliads and Inamia pristine primary or very * ‘mature secondary forests in Andes, cloud forest in Venezuela2. Tawny-breasted Tinamou mulbyscrn: Nothocercus julius ‘ buffy barring ] Highland Tinamou Nothocercus bonapartei bonapartel pate Spots A 2 white dhroat juvenile/immature wei or very humid forest, light. clfin forests rich in ferus and epiphytes, up to treeline val bufly throat 3 White-throated Tinamou Tinamus guttatus black crown white spots forages alone; marshy, ‘on upperparis| muddy areas and ravines swith thick undergrowth white throat note variation between individuals singsa series of very melancholy whistles 4 Great Tinamou Tinamus major a) latifrons note variation in crown colour and aoe Teagth of crest, F mainly trrinfirme 6) pervianus is eae upperparts barred Pinta d) saturatus black but usspored adult plumage ray forage in clearings and along trails ~« rey legs e) zuliensis sta ellow-olive morph 2 y tall, dense, undisturbed primary forestRed-legged Tinamou Brown Tinamou 3 Undulated Tinamou 27-32cm; T; R; Ic/u p31 25-30cm; T-Te; R; f/r p.30 28-32cm; LT; R; o/f p30 § Sz Pale-browed Tinamou 6 Epsiticamou 25-27cm; IT; R; + VU p31 27-29cm; UT; R; r VU p.30 28.5-30cm; UT-LS; R; f/s LC p. 30 Cinereous Tinamou 29.5-32cm; UR; Hr p29 26-32em; LT; R; c/f p.29 8 Cinereous Tinamou Crypturellus cinereus unilorm dark brows usually near water in dense vegetation 7 Berlepsch’s Tinamou Crypturellus berlepschi wel primary and mature secondary forests juvenile the only uniform dark tinamou in its limited range dark redcish- brown legs| Red-legged Tinamou vou, 2, Brown Tinamou Crypturellus erythropus grey ead vow Crypturellus obsoletus all seven raves i eae aus described in vol 1 knoxi ‘quite variable, intiabits wxcen legsVariegated Tinamou Rusty Tinamou p32 28-31 cm; LT; R; c/u p.32 25-28cm; IT; Ry r p.32 “ ¢ °C Mes Bartlett's Tinamou Barred Tinamou Tataupa Tinamou 25-28cm; LER; p.32 25.5-27em; IT: R: If p32 24.5-26.5cm: T; Ry u p33 Little Tinamou Andean Tinamou Curve-billed Tinamou 21.5-24cm; T; Ri / p.29 25.5-30em; UTP: Ru p.33 26-30cm; Te-P; R; u p.33 paramo and bigh altitude grasslands grey arid serab and ‘open dry Forest streaked upperparts more rufous ‘on upperparts and wings grey breast Spotted buf ambigua > curvirostris 8 Andean Tinamou : 9 Curve-billed Tinamou Nothoprocta pentlandii Nothoprocta curvirostris] Grey-legged Tinamou 2 Variegated Tinamou Crypturellus duidae Crypiurellus variegatus lightly barred back black crown < heavily barred back rafous head and breast rufous head and breasi uid juvenile contasingy Josand ores. very shy era pale belly and forest firme forest, edges borders dnc! overgrown, Beaune 4 Bartlett's Tinamou Crypturellus brevirostris Crypturellus bartletti barred upperparts ull brown: acute breast dense humid nasnils tropical forest 6 Tataupa Tinamou we Crypturellus tataupa 5 i semi-decidous woodland and dry scrub nunstreaed LP soperpars 5 Barred Tinamou aie Crypiurellus casiquiare favours secondary bright rafons head habitats and plantations grey head, rneck and breast purplish-red legs restricted to white . i rey breast a outasts with sand-sol forests sehite bell 7 Little Tinamou Crypturellus soui andrei shy and clusive, swill not flush = oS highly variable with immature ‘uniform uabarred ‘upperpartsight illustrations on plate 7 1 Horned Screamer 3 Brazilian Teal 84-94cm; T;Riu/t NT p34 84-92cm; LT; RR; Ie/r p34 33-38em; T;R; ¢ p.37 4 Masked Duck Andean Duck 6 Torrent Duck 29-36em; IT; R; u p35 37-43.5cm; S-P; Riu p.36 41-42cm; S-P; R; f/u pl oy OL TERR, 7 ae, 7 Southern Pochard Ring-necked Duck 9 Lesser Scaup 46-48cm; TP; Ru p.4l 42-43.5cm; TS; By pal 41,5-43cm; T-S;B; Ic/u p42 antennaclike horn — vary variable in Tength remote marshy © choked lagoons, marshes and ponds ‘always with bushes and trees ceasily overlonked when resting among tall marsh grasses oF in Red Mangrove black ~~ neck, similar habitat to Horned Screamer lange spur con wings S all-grey underparts white belly occasionally soars rising, high- i, bis Tike a vulture pitched yelping 1 Northern Screamer @ 2 Horned Screamer ‘Chauna chavaria Anhima comuta3, Brazilian Teal Amazonetta brasiliensis usually in pairs or small groups and often with other waterfowl brasiliensis g freshwater wetlands partially forested very dull, look for green speculum, Maree C in light 4 Masked Duck usually seenin 5 Andean Duck Nomonyx dominicus Teen Oxyura ferruginea skulking, likes e reedbeds water with lois of highly variable ‘emergent vegetation, ‘iis low ia water sweilands a) ferruginea b) andina from Andean by white on: breeding: panels on wings non-breeding birds resemble Masked but have less distinet lines on face swamps and marshes no other a) colombiana 6 Torrent Duck duck in its Merganetta armata habitat tumbling, rocky mountain streams ‘sith pools and eee b) leucogenis juvenile 7 Southern Pochard 8 Ring-necked Duck Netta erythrophthalma Aythya collaris Capel ‘eclipse male has sthite spot by base of Bill and brown flanks 9 Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis white speculum Ss Tikes larger wetlands with deep water : ore eee spacious feshwacer FSeaage juvenile POPD*EEENE © Dut with dark aes ace chee ‘eyes, may show extensive reedbeds, weak ear patch aquatic vegetation Ireshwater wetlands ‘with open water, sub- merged plants and bordering vegetationDPPip fh io i Mallard Eurasian Wigeon 50-65cm; 7; Br p.39 45-5lem; TY 6 p.38 é OL Mell Northern Pintail 54-65em,TS:B; u/r p39 p.40 Yellow-billed Pintail 49-57em; TPR; f/u p39 4 OY MK A Blue-winged Teal Cinnamon Teal 36-40em; TS; R/B; ¢ —p.40 35-48cm; TP; R/B; p40 ep OL 10 Siceninge tea 34-43cm; TS; B; r 1a 1] D Marie Spected Teal p.38 38-43cm; SPR; u p.39 40-44cm; Te-P; R; IF p38 11 Andean Teal ‘Anas andium 10 Green-winged Teal Anas carolinensis montane waters ane bogs on. high slopes: white-green-hite specalum s punple-bronze 12 Mérida Speckled Teal Anas altipetens nou-breeding male Tooks like female forages in water ands on land, mountain lakes, ponds, rivers, boas ‘and marshes 8 speculum] American Wigeon Anas americana A 2 Mallard ale very seererive Anas platyrhynchos ‘when in eclipse, Sut females may gather in smal noisy eee water imal likely tw look like female aed 3, Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope Cs shallow wetlands oy on or near coast eclipse 5 White-cheeked Pintail o shallow Anas bahamensis breeding wetlands forges on water frequently up-ending a orfoad 4 Northern Pintail Anas acuta Likes wetland in open arvas with dense vezctation, fresh or brackish water o 7 Northern s ‘Anas clypeata sits low in seater with bill pointing dosen 6 Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica freshwater wer- lands of Andean slopes and valleys niceforoi svell-vezeiated, ‘open water, muddy shores juverile 9 Cinnamon Teal - Anas cyanoptera b) tropicus \ (resident) usually in large flocks of mixed species 8 Blue-wi fics Gcbracish water poe eres prefers abundant water o a) septentrionalium imps (boreal migrant) fier the &ipse ae lagoons, mangrovesOK 1 furous isting Duck D wiiteticea wristing Dick Black-bellied Whistling Duck 45-53em; TR; le p34 38-48em; TS; R; u p35 43-53cm; T;R; ¢ p35 Comb Duck 5 Muscovy Duck Orinoco Goose 56-76cm; T: Rj u/e p37 66-84cm; T;R; l'/u p37 61-66cm; TER; K/u NT p.36 Greater White-fronted Goose Snow Goose 65-86cm: IT,.B/V; p.36 66-84em; [T; B/V; p.36 roosts on waler, grazes on coastal Whitefront by dark Feel al oa Sap bia ngs paling up plats by theme oe blue phase immature white phase immature white phase adult blue phase adult 8 Snow Goose intermediate white/blue Anser caerulescens phase adult1 Fulvous Whistling Duck Dendrocygna bicolor Greshwater wetlands wih reed beds and tall water vegetation no chestnut ‘on back cinaamon head and streaked flanks diagnostic very fond of rice paddies 4, Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos somewhat nocturnal, forages on land and wary of usually slow-moving to still waters in forested areas wild birds very wary of man; very retiring large white wing panel in ight 6 Orinoco Goose @ Neochen jubata white wing panel 7 shows inflight favours lakes, but also rivers and open water, nests in forested 2 White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata black bill 3 Black-bellied Whistling Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis discolor coral bill chescout bacis throat faint vestigial band favours wet- Tands in ‘open areas juvenile scovy x domesticated duck (variable) feral hybrids are common and usually easy to approach, 7 Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons fiom Sow Goose in all plumages by pink bill ane barred plumage shy and wary, saltmarsh, open Farmland, coastal wweilanes adult juvenile ©female Eurasian Wigeon has darker wingbar white along, length of wings tundlervinig pale aarey (white Enrasian Wigeon: male Eurasian Wigeon browner ot banel through eye 5.1 American Wigeon . 4,7 Southern Pochard ee Netta erythrophthalma note heavy head and pale underwing, pale belly female wey cayptic but bive-ite bu 2 > ” 5.2 Mallard co ‘Anas platyrhynchos 5.7 Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata virally rim, duller undersing long pointed tails slim necks ochre: ‘ochre diagnostic 5.5 White-cheeked Pintail 5.6, Yellow-billed Pintail Anas bahamensis Anas georgica non-breeding shite speculum and grey speculum in underseing all plumages, no breeding 4.8 Ring-necked Duck . 4.9 Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Aythya collariswhite tailing edge fon speculum 5.11 Andean Teal Anas andium generally paler flies fast, rises tharAndean Teal very steeply Bam water 5.12 Mérida Speckled Teal Anas altipet 5.10 Green-winged Teal nas altipetens Anas carolinensis brawn body white body sbi ‘with spots vwith streaks 5.8 Blue-winged Teal Anas discors 5.9 Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera Ys ? COLE LIK A © ly A Crested Bobwhite D Tenn faced Qual 18-23cm; T; R; c/f p.50 17-20cm; T:; R; 12 ssp. described in vol. | ©) mocquerysi coveys up to 12 birds or so. 1 Crested Bobwhite Colinus cristatus 2 Tawny faced Quail Rhynchortyx cinctus very shy when distusbed, prefers to run then fiveze Father than By1 Marbled Wood Quail Rufous-fronted Wood Quail Blackfronted Wood Quail 23-29canj LT; R; Ic/F p.5l 23-28cm; TR; f/u p.5l 24-30cm; UT-Te; R; u VU p. 51 Dark-backed Wood Quail Rufous-breasted Wood Quail 24-27em; UT;R: Ie VU p.52 25-26.5cm; UT-Te; R; le/r p.52 7 Gorgeted Wood Quail Tacarcuna Wood Quail Starred Wood Quail 25.5-27em:S:R; f° CR p.52 22-25cm; UTR; le VU p52 24-26cm; T:R; + p53 1 Venezuelan Wood Quail 28-30cm; UTS; Ry If NT p.52 very shy; hides in cover ‘when disturbed, very vocal at dusk, calling lar-horeais repeatedly 9 Starred Wood Quail Odontophorus stellatus prefers to ran and freeze when disturbed sings only at dawn, siuall tight coveys, offen in single file 0) Venezuelan Wood Quail @ Odontophorus columbianusb) medius ©) marmoratus ] Marbled Wood Quail ye Odontophorus gujanensis / Ea) gujanensis 2. Rufous-fronted Wood Quail Odontophorus erythrops smnall ceveys on floor of humid forest 3 Black-fronted Wood Quail @ b) parambae Odontophorus atrifrons 4 R » inside hui lowland forest very * vocal at dave 4, Chesinut Wood Quail @ Odontophorus hyperythrus a ‘2 = > Aor of Black face fires sty aad Ftv, olen in pare 2) atrifons 5, Dark-backed Wood Quail @ Odontophorus melanonotus forages among leaf-liner andl around roois 0} trees, ‘very humid floor of montane forest forest floor 6 Rufous-breasted Wood Quail ‘Odontophorus speciosus pene soederstroemii may run and freege if disturbed, but usually fishes 7 Gorgeted Wood Quail @ ence Odontophorus strophiun somal floorof Danced 3 forest 2 throat divided Unroat oor of very vil ier bin ve te : 7 8 Tacarcuna Wood Quail @ Odontophorus dialeucos sanall coveys, flush noisilyRufous-vented Chachalaca off p42 55-6lem; TR: VU p43 Grey-headed Chachalaca 46-S8cm; T; R; Rufous-headed Chachalaca Speckled Chachalaca 56-66em; LT; R; u/r p43 45-60cm; T-LS;R; Ie/r p43 4 ce Rs Little Chachalaca 83 Blue-throated Piping Guan 43-54cm; 5; R; e/F pe 60-69cm; TR; If/r p46 69cm; (TR) r CR 1 Wattled Guan 72-78cm; UT-S; R; ii/r NT p.47 darkest montane guan 10 Wattled Guan @ Aburria aburri wet montane forest land mature second growth, especially on steep sloping more often heard tersain than seen2 Rufous-vented Chachalaca 1 Grey-headed Chachalaca Ortalis ruficauda Ortalis cinereiceps be, heavy to open forests, rake dt beusiland to gardens s drivers at dawn and dusk a) ruficauda b) ruficrissa rufous tunderail rif ip colour of undert varies by locality, more ofien rufous but may be “ ‘ochraceous or buffy 3 Chestnut-winged Chachalaca Ortalis garrula 4 white tips thickets, second growth riparian woodland, mangroves: chestout primaries \ only chaehalaca in its range, semi-clecidlaous forest and scrub AN SS shestaut outer Pee outer re>=ee-. 4 Rufous-headed Chachalaca @ tail eclges Ortalis erythroptera 5 Speckled Chachalaca Ortalis guttata 7 little Chachalaca Ortalis motmot whitish streaks ‘on neck pale fiinges to neck feathers dry ot nivist humid forest and morichales reddish legs Seoul =e tail feathers 6 Colombian Chachalaca Ortalis columbianus pale crest darker evest ce a facial skin Hance tae white wing pach diagnostic in range riparian forest 2 more than 100m 8 Blue-throated only guan Piping Guan on Trinidad Pipile cumanensis cumanensis 9 Trinidad Piping Guan 2, Pipile pipileNocturnal Curassow Sickle-winged Guan Bearded Guan 56-57cm; LT; R; u/r p.47 50-65cm;UT-Te;:R; If/up.47: 55cm; S-Te:R,r VU p44 ay COBOL PETZ c Band-tailed Guan Baud Guan Spix’s Guan 50-6]om; UT-S;R; Ie/u . p.44 58-65em; UT-LS: R; r VU p.45 70-80cm:; TR: f/r p.46 Marail Guan Andean Guan Crested Guan 63-68em; [T; R; f/u p45 51-Glem; S-P; R; Hf/u p45 72-91em; TS; R; u/r p45 9 Crested Guan Penelope purpurascens bushy crest often erected 1 Cauea Guan whien disturbed 76cm; UTS;R; r EN p.46 eo 10 Cauca Guan Penelope perspicax b) aequatorialis rich chest on back, wings, tail and underparts rufous lesser Uinderparts a) brunnescens ht groups of up to 16 or so allicels but rnid- and understorey ‘outer tail feathers darker] Nocturnal Curassow 2 Sickle-winged Guan Nothocrax urumutum < Chamaepetes goudotit small and seldom seen, nocturnal, rosts in hollow log oF on Dranches over streams BS seeretive likes tall forests on seep hillsides bine face a) fagani noticable shite supercilium and frosting on face b) sanctamartae unique rufous Underpasts in feathering shows white a chin frosting on head jled Guan Penelope argyrotis described 4 Band invol, 1 chestnut tip 3 Bearded Guan ® Penelope barbata white tips onal smaller than ¢) albicauda Sympatsic Crested Guan forages in small groups when lloped hid to upper disturbed fe Tee crouches nest 4 2 - levels and utters chest Erna 5 Baudo Guan ® bw calls Et bushy Penelope ortoni 7 Marail Guan gai crest pale bane Penelope marail 6 Spir’s Guan eee fate Penelope jacquacu a) granti heavy anne oe pairs or small groups note higher up, rarely on pale ground Bins ©) atrogularis likes soft, ripe palin Fults b) orienticola prefers dense epiphyte-rich, Inamiel forests 8 Andean Guan pe e Penelope montagnii1 Salvin’s Curassow Lesser Razor-billed Curassow Razor-billed Curassow 75-89cmi LT; R: s/r pas 75-85¢m; UT; R: If/u p47 83-89cm; LTR; If p48 Helmeted Curassow Great Curassow 85-92cm:S-Te Ri 6 VU p.48 '87-92cm, 978-84cm; TLS; Rr NT p.48 sealed black-and-white AS head and crest bum to wet forests forages mainly for fallen frvit mn leatliter only female currasovs with uniform brown : ibaa large crest x ‘eautle ™ alltback rubra foqrmakeNelen- 5 Great Curassow @ nabbed Currasow by Garba grech gloss not bluSee teuns held flarened Tange red bill | Salvin's Curassow Titerally attend Mitu salvini Tikes tra fre forest avoids flooded areas red bill no casque 4 a » red bill Ga ~ with tip to tail slarsened 2 Lesser Razor-billed Curassow Mitu tomentosum favours areas along rivers often near streams chestomt tip OF swampy areas 3 Razor-billed Curassow 5 Mitu tuberosum whiten Econ, BEA differs only by size and shape of helmet bluish helme coastal cordillera of Venezuela large helmet wattle on both rare barred rufous morph a) gilliardi pinkish-brown helmet in Andes 4 Helmeted Curassow @ . Pauxi pauxi a enn aPLATE 12: CURASSOWS 2 (Serer § 1 Yellow-knobbed Curassow Blue-billed Curassow Wattled Curassow 84-93cm: T:R:f/u NT p49 82-93cm; TR: r CR p49 82-89em; HT; R;r VU p49 r always near water in Black Curassow humid forests and sércra 86-95cm; T; Rf p49 bright red wattle female from Razar-billed Currasow 4 hy all-black tail and crest 3 Wattled Curassow @ Crax globulosa a) alector fom Salvin’s Churrasow Plate 11) by all-black eal ‘no white tips female has all-black grey ale aleeor from Yellow-knobbed likes thickets alone rivers and by smaller cere and tighter erest tangled forest borders fom allo patric male Wattled by small cere red core 2 4 Black Curassow Crax alector b) erythrognatha] Yellow-knobbed Curassow @ Crax daubenioni ‘especially fond of ravine habitats, gallery Jorests ae bright yellow watile fom male Great Currasow bby blue gloss {not green) allopatric white tip greenish legs 2 Blue-billed Curassow @ blue cere Crax aiberti barred morph only N slope of fa Marta Mis from all other cuerassouvs by bright blue base af bill only Female ccurassow with white loping ick normal (rufous) morph bright blue humid lowland forests ace lower montane slopes white tipLeast Grebe Pied-billed Grebe Silvery Grebe 25cm; Tle: R: c/r p.53 33cm; Te; R; le/u p54 27cm; Colombian Grebe 33cm; Te; R; EX p54 ] Least Grebe favours lakes and vselands with Tachyonee donner: abundant sloating vegetation head entirely yellow streaked brachyrhynchus pale eye adult juvenile/ non-breeding immature on 2 Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 4 ee faint band pale bill with antarcticus dark band adult ee é ae. adult non-breeding Beene juvenile/ immature only throat streaked likes areas with open water and marginal vegetation Silvery Grebe ‘unmistakable sede P 3 Podieers occipitalis : os Ags olombuan Grebe:®) sau Podiceps andinus juninensis non-breeding high altitude lakes and pools juvenile\ immature adult breeding, adult non-breeding Extinct last sighting on Take Tora in 19782 Orr i A Galipagos Penguin Humboldt Penguin 7 Magelarc Feneuin 48-53cm; O; V; r EN p55 65cm; O;¥; r VU ps5 70cm; O; V; r EN p.5S 5 Galapagos Penguin @ Spheniscus mendiculus juvenile pink base 10, lower manciible Jim 6 Humboldt Penguin @ Spheniscus humboldti extensive red on base of bill single black breast banel juvenile white band eneireling fice double blacls breast bi 7 Magellanic Penguin @ Spheniscus magellanicus ho penguins occur normally nor naturally in the waters of the region; all records are of dead or dying bires washed ashoreBlack-foote 68-74cmW190-210cm; 0; ¥;r VU LTE -d Albatross YW heb Waved Albatross 85-93cm W230-240cm; ed Albatross 7) -82em W180-200cm; O; ¥; + NT p56 Yellow-nos 83-93cm W210-250cm; O; V; ¢ NT p.56 Southern Giant Petre! 85-100emW185-200cm;0; : R: VU p.56 5 Southern Giant Petrel @ Macronectes giganteus | white phase dark phase 2 dark phase1 Black-footed Albatross @ Phoebastra nigripes 2 Black-browed @ Albatross Thalassarche mmelanopinys inelanophrys broad Back Kang eg r dank # x brew en 2 partial dark dusky tipped collar bill adult adult, vermiculations heaviest on sump and back o- 3 Yellow-nosed Albatross @ Thalassarche chlororhynchos chlororhynchos 4 Waved Albatross ® Phoebastria irrorata] Southern Fulmar 3 Parkinson's Petrel @ Ful y an sreree pb, wlmarusglacialoides > Write chinned Petrel @ Procellaria parkinsoni rs Procellaria aequinoctialis vA e bape WS S sie ? dk ude afies wit e ma apes wings in stiff small white chin Wh as ete inf 6 Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma neglecta 4 Mottled Petrel @ Pierodroma inexpectata 5 Dove Prion Pachyptila desolata 7 Cape Petrel Daption capense MN bouncing f, glides in strong Mg winds, igh above waves Q Black-capped Petrel @ : Plerodvoma hasitat ) e 8 Galapagos Petrel @ ad f Pterodroma phaeopygia Po "fr - = aS ‘often accompanies whales associated with Sargasston weed reef and upsvellings light, wing strokes sglides doverFlesh-footed Shearwater 40-45cm; O; V2; 1 P60 Great Shearwater 43-Slam W100-T18cm; O; A/V; s 45-47cm W96-99em; O; AV; r VU OQ) 38-46cm W97-105em; O; ¥; rp. 60 7 Sooty Shearwater Manx Shearwater Cory’s Shearwater 40-51.cm W94-109cm; O; A; f/u 30-38cm W76-89; O; B/V; r p. 61 45-48cm W100-125cm; O; B/V; Fr p.59 il Little Shearwater, Audubon’s Shearwater 25-30cm W58-67; 0: V:r p. 61 27-33cm W64-74; O; R; f p. 61 ‘onto primaries baroli fast, flapping flight action AN olen flies along eye shows : hetween comes \ wavesalternsting fe Miallow uttering as eeeen 10 Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis one bordering to wings 11 Audubon's Shearwater Pauffinus lherminieri race buy has dark eh tunderial-coverts2 Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes 5 Buller’s Shearwater @ Puffinus bulleri Picadiee moitled upperparts uundersings distinctive grey and black ——] : — andl low glides er! = “Hy Puffinus pacificus easy strokes J alledarkunderings 7 Sooty Shearwater L/ Puffinus griseus sven i oe morph ee we ae nee s aoa Grae a aiacenee ae deep, sing beats unmarked white“ Y undersigs tapering tail pale carpal bars ] Pink-footed Shearwater @ Puffinus creatopus flight erratic with buoyant ists acefil and elegant, 6 Wedge-tailed Shearwater Lid Seecaly in ey VJ nds tong, gh Irehing gies and clean white tundeswings 3 Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii 4 Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis dark bar on Punderwings travelling north, May-June cdistinet white band on upper tail cavers flies with quick, silt ‘wingbseats with fairly straight wings unmistakable 9 Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea borealis generally lacks white band though some show aan indistinet narrow band ” flight is slow t and relaxed with long glides on downward arched wings sliding fight aetion 8 Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus white undertail WW narrow black borders1 White-faced Storm-petrel White-vented Storm-petrel Wilson’s Storm-petrel 20-21 em W41-43cm; 0; ¥; r p.63 & 15-16cm;O;¥;r DD p.62 17-19cm W38-40cm; O; A/V: + p. 62 A Wetec nmoed Storm-petrel Least Storm-petrel White-bellied Storm-petrel 18-20cm; p63 13-15cm; O; B/V; + p63 19-2em; 0; AV; F p.62 Black-bellied Storm-petrel Leach's Storm-petrel Band-rumped Storm-petrel 20cm; O; V2; r > p.62 19-22cm W45-48cm;O;B; r p. 63 19-21.cm W44-46cm; O; A/V 1 p.63 1 Q Bats perel Markham’s Storm-petrel 1 23cm W46-51.cm; O; B; Ff p.64 23cm; 0; A; r DD p.64 18-21cm;O;B/V; © NT p.64 from White-faced by blackish under. wings and clearly forked tail 5 ee comes 21-23em W46er forked tail —— flies with shallow strokes and seldom glides 13 Ringed Storm-petrel @ Ashy St -petrel 2efsiy stores! Oceanodroma hornbyi Oceanodroma homochroaI White feed Stor pete! 2 White-vented Storm-petrel @ 3 Wilson's Storm-petrel elagodroma marina Oceanites gracilis Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus maoriana Bight direct combination of white rump and ‘walks on ‘white belly with dividing line water’ feet project beyond tail gracilis €: Feet project beyond tail bouncing’ light Ee om Ringed by. inter tail and we underwings black belly and white undertail-coverts & white below is variable indistinct upperwing bar 4, Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli 5 Least Storm-petrel See very large white area Cediod ad — ery large white area microsoma % = ‘wedge-shaped ai fight, deep slow wing: eats Twice andl banks, dividing line distinctive 7 Black-bellied Storm-petrel Fregatta tropica tropica bouncy irregular x feet fight; jinks. Does not extended protrude ‘walle on water wwhice W 6 White-bellied Storm-petrel \ Fregatta grallaria forked nirwine -. Sect é tail “T-shape below; | like Black-bellied — i above = 8 Leach's : aight Storm-petrel ae voter bine Ere agian Oceanodroma fon Allantie enast may ‘whit Peace hhave dark rumps band chapman 10 Black Storm-petrel Oceanodroma melania note longer wingbar ‘on upperwing forked tail 9 Band-rumped Storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro Va shorter wingbar on upperwing ilies with shallow luring strokes and ofien long glides Flight steady with very few gles 11 Markham's Storm-petrel ® Oceanodroma markhamiWhite-tailed Tropicbird Red-billed Tropicbird % Great Frigatebid 70-82cm (streamers 33-45cm) 90-10Scm (streamers 46-56cm) 85-105cm W 205-230cm:; O; V; r W90-95cm; 0; V5 6 p.65 W99-106em; O; R; u p.64 p.69 Magnificent Frigatebird i 89-114cm W217-244cm; O; BS | White-tailed Tropicbird Pe Phaethon lepturus catesbyi black markings pre white on owing Peace N fbrewings & \ ei) ® ; ear x \ 1 GE as : os =a tips ‘Yi Ly oN, iN te red bill mostly pelagic, only near coasts at breeding sites faint sealloping, black tips on upperparts tail leathers back lines Uhrough eye meet on nape 2 Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus juvenile ‘mesonauta3 Great Frigatebird Fregata minor ridgwayi cleaner on underparts juvenile juvenile colour of head varies and becomes progressively blacker over the juvenile g 4. Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens pale panel on upper adult sub-adult red Feet o grey throat i ae me sub-adult throat black feet o blue eyering Raeeey = } wat =a) ack 3 cia sub-adult dark tho adult ! juvenile sub-adultSt = : FLEE A Masked Booby Nazca Booby Peruvian Booby 81-85cm W152cm; O; R; f/u p. 66 90-92cm W152cm; O; R; ¢ p. 66 72-76cm; O; A; u/r p.66 y Red-footed Booby Brown Booby 76-84cm W152cm; O; R: c/f p.66 D 66-77cm W91-I0lem; O;R; c/f 64-74cm W132-150cm; O; R: ¢/r p67 p.67 6 Brown Booby Sula leucogaster juvenile juvenile white belly and “ undeewing pale bill ‘ adult. Pe Pacific birds have ceyish forcheads b) etesiaca a) leucogasterMasked Booby 3 Peruvian Booby inctive Sula daetylatra Sula variegata ee dactylatra ck 2 Nazca Booby face adult Sula granti we <4 = underparts ) streake juvenile brown dark face, low \ Grange bill bil \ « i), => white —_. suas white pateh in primasies juvenile adult \ brown back caledl white ae a adult dlasker head shite heal white patch | a in prisnacies white headed juvenile Sree black- ote white morp! morph ( entirely ‘white head like small Et — Maskecl/ Nuzea A Booby t BB ra + white tail, Gistinetive more whi for most fon back and morphs adult romp tha » ery : nebouxit juvenile . Salta ih white morph 4. Blue-footed Booby ; Sula nebouxii sua white-tailed morph 5 Red-footed Booby aes ae ‘Sula sulaNeotropic Cormorant sd Cormorant Guanay Cormorant 58-73cm; O-Te; R; p67 79-9) cm; O; B/Vs 6 p68 71-76em; O; A; u/r p68 Anhinga Peruvian Pelican Brown Pelican 81-91om; p68, 134-152em We.228em; O; A/V; r 105-11 cm We.200¢m; p.65 6 Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis duller on head Pay find bre parts \ adult non-breeding diving for fs 5 Peruvian Pelican Pelecanus thagus brighter head iets ane! bare parts \ larger than Brown red inshore waters adult feeding young, streaked underparts non-breeding coastal and ‘ofishore waters adult breeding1 Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus adult non-breeding 2 Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus adult breeding floridanus white facial skin dark lores \ extensive outer gular pouch extends around eve adult breeding orange lores lark upper lib adult immature non-breeding usually pale Heat widespread, coastal and freshwater habitats juvenile islands in the 3 Guanay Cormorant ee Phalacrocorax bougainvilli immature shite underparts Anhin adult breeding / AvAnhings Anhinga anhinga =~ anhinga lossy back red facial area favours marshes, lakes and slow buffy heal and neck GD nceclletie bill adult son beee cormorancte breesing bird with long thin ; secky small head occasional glides vec bi comabined eth fal give unique fight proiile eve vol. 1 exchisively marine and highly pelagie in Pacific, unmise ‘akable in range hhody underwater, only head and pat of beck showing immature ee SheeLittle Blue Heron, Tricoloured Heron Reddish Egret 51-76em; T-S; RK; ¢ 50-76cm; IT: R/B; fu p.75 66-81.cm; IT; Riu p75 l Grey Heron Cocoi Heron S7A2Z AT: Re Whistling Heron Purple Heron 50-61cm; TR; Ic p.75 78-90cm; 1? V2; ¢ p74 8 Whistling Heron Syrigma sibilatrix fostersmithi bright blue orbital skin 9 Purple Heron from water Ardea purpurea J- juvenile white tail contrasts prefers to forage at sunser, and stalks swith grey back in flight facing the su juvenile2 Tricoloured Heron Egretta tricolor ] Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea (see also plate 22) tricolor feequently fishes bby raising andl spreading wings and holding head partially under mainly freshwater wetlands, marshes and flooded grassland % juvenile SS r adult non-breeding adult non-breeding = adult - ar breeding —scashores, salt and mudflats, coastal shallows and marshes, mangroves, iver deltas and lidal creeks 3 Reddish Egret Egreita rufescens (see also plate 22) c epee 4 Western Reef Heron Egretta gularis (see also plate 22) rufescens wet and dry ‘grasslands, shallow water, rice field, usually solitary, dlelends feeding tenitory } adult non-breeding juvenile adult non-breeding courtship hina adult breeding forages alone in tenaciously hold terriiory, consta active, will often hold wings ‘open when fishing 7 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias {Gee also plate 22) 5 Grey Heron 6 Cocoi Heron Ardea cinerea Ardea cocoi cinerea ‘s occidentalis solitary, quiet, stancls a A ge waiting, stalks slowly “f AO —= ; ane rery cautious Cw \ forages alone \\ serenely \ accidental vagrant from Europe solitary, quiet and shy, juvenile fresh and brackish to = salt watersDes Egret Great Egret : p74 Little Egret 48-68cm; p.76 80-104cm; T; Ri ¢ 55-65em; T; Vj r Capped Heron Cattle Egret 51-61em; UTR; s p75 46-S1em; . oe 21.3. Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens See also pate 21) swings and ena Ps swhen foraging in water J 7 ye white morph adult 4 Capped Heron earn) breeding Pilherodius pileatus plumage distinctive ‘bent wings held low" light action looks laborious wingbeats ee SS oe > SP S oi 5 Cattle Egret juvenile ; adult non-breeding Bubulcus ibis, ibis adult al stalks prey along edge of water, often motionless, walks slowly least aquatic of all egrets, COuFtShip rage loose and scat- plumage tered flocks of varying ses ‘agricultural grasa, rice Fells, pastures and mcadoves “follows grazing livestock adult breeding adult non-breeding21.4. Western Reef Heron Egretia gularis (see als drooping bill 1 Little Egret Egretta garzetta straight bill, note red lores adult non-breeding yellow lores courtship plumage < 21.1 Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea Ae (see also plate 21) \ —_ white morph 3 Great Egret Ardea alba geven lores: egretta usually forages alone unless bundance of food, lent and often motionless bill SS fh, adult = breeding ) | typically forages by slow wading and stirring with feet, oceasional short rushes, mainly on reef and rocky $0 plate 21) courtship plumage lores andl feet orange 2 Snowy Egret Egretta thula rages by dashing around in shallow water, but also patrolling in grass \ adult non-breeding 21.7 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias (see also plate 21) white morph i \ sein neck Samuostic J courtship i a eee courtship _éult breeding non-breeding plumage adult non-breeding adult breedingWFLA AG Yellow-crowned Night Heron S1-Them; LR; t/t p.72 Agami Heron Boatbilled Heron 45-5].cm; IT; R; Ie 1 64-76cm; T;R; u p71 fineatum shallow, meandering water, marshes, flooded grassland hear yood. an, gallery forest adult 7 water's edge or immature shallows active dawn and dusk 9) Rufescent Tiger Heron Tigrisoma lineatum 60-76cm; LT; R; s Black-crowned Night Heron 61-69cm; FTe; R; Ic APE AC Bare-throated Tiger Heron 71-81em; IT; Riu Striated Heron p.70 35-48cm; TLS;R: s p.73 x Bee Green Heron p.72 38-43cm; TLS; R/B; f/r p72 Rufescent Tiger Heron p.70 66-76cm;T;R; fs p.70 pinnatus nsually solitary: keeps well within dlense cover, freezes with head and neck stretched upwards if disturbed; can be seasonally common 10 Pinnated Bittern Botaurus pinnatus1 ¢ 3, Striated Heron 2 Agami Heron Butorides striata Agamia agami striata solitary at water's ‘edge, may enter shallow water especially in dry season very shy and wary ] Yellow-crowned Night Heron juvenile: Nyctanassa violacea adult LCAEe all kind of wetlands where shore vegetation is dense rarely in water juvenile 6 Green Heron Butorides virescens virescens lowland weilands, crouches motionless then jabs at great speed, may wade in deep water ? juvenile lke Striated Heron sjovenile Benen 5 Black-crowned Night Heron usually sotitary Nycticorax nycticorax 4. Boat-billed Heron hoactli Cochlearius cochlearius a) panamensis )p b) cochlearius quite social adult non-breeding ae adult breeding ia juvenile ae aL nds of werlande wih forested margins or dense water in wetlands vegetation e.g, seedbeds with forested juvenile 8 Bare-throated Tiger Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum 7 Fasciated Tiger Heron Tigrisoma fasciatum mangroves and densely wooded marshes and ran ning water through dense forest salmoni sually seen stand= n boulders mid-stream, fies quiey tain brooks: ‘\ ardawn and dusk also lowlands adult immature immatureScarlet Ibis 54-70cm; (TR: le MOLE A AC White-faced Ibis p77 46-66cm; Sharp-tailed Ibis peceey Ibis p78 76-86em; LT; R; f/s 50-65cm Green ibis Limpkin 50-58cm; TR; If/u p78 56-71em; UR; F p. 109 Strip-backed Bittern 1D bestaitem p72 1 Buff-necked Ibis | p.78 28-33cm; LT; R; Ic/s 28-36cm; T-Te; R; f p7i 71-81cm; T;R; le/s forages at water’seelge and in wet leaf iver, wetland inside a) erythromelas juvenile 13s 28-33cm; (T;R; + p7l freshwater wetlands with dense cover, rice fields ee oe Fiushes with slow laboured ee one Dee meer 13 Zigzag Heron Zebrilus undulatus x 11 Stripe-backed Bittern Ixobrychus involucris 12 Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis1 Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus ruber iM « very similar «© juvenile White Ibis: est ented by frst red feathers ~ the xo species usually forage together 5 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinelllus legs project beyond tail in flight vainly freshwater varshies, accasionally ry grassland, not fat 8 Limpkin Aramus guarauna guiarquna sembles a sight ied iis Jongsidle water, fresh= water marshes, wel and ruddy pastures, edges OF mangroves anes 2 Whit Ibis Eudocimus albus A adult unmistakable, saialy coastal and’ in Hamas dark eye also shows / white on face adult breeding adult non-breeding Z mainly freshwater ‘marshes, irrigated cultivation, ricefields 6 White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi streaked white on neck tntique in tiny range in highlands: favours short grazed priramo, 9 Black-faced I Theristicus melanopis ‘adult unmistakable; ‘mainly coastal man- gzaves and mudflats, also in anos a} 4 Sharp-tailed Ibis Cercibis oxycerca heavy red bill slow laboured fight, nasually solitary or sunall groups, damp grassland, marshes rice fields red eye, note / white line clien wades in deep water probing into mnckly hottom rod legs when breeding. 3 Bare-faced Ibis Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi sociable, usually in ‘compact groups, follows grazing herbivores slender forange-pink bill donot protrude Past tail tip abondanr, may be in large niaesbers woty Pe distinctive horizontal stance long tail 7 Green Ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis solitary and wary usually in or neat Z swet, muddy forest legs do not project beyond tail in flight 10 Buff-necked Ibis Theristicus caudatus caudatus very noisy in pre lawn at roost calls nasal taro tare open county, often far from waren, partial o recently burned pasturesVER A Eurasian Spoonbill D Roseate Spoonbil Maguari Stork 86cm: LT; Vr p79 68-86cm; LT; R; Ie p79 97-102cm; LT; R; f/s p.80 Wood Stork Jabiru Greater Flamingo 83-110cm; LT; Ry ¢ p80 120-150cm; UTR; IW/s p.80 120-145em; usually wary, but more tame on feeding grounds Chilean Flamingo 99-109em; TP;R; r NT p.82 saline lagoons, salt pans fl ie saline lagoons, “ J ‘estuaries and ruber SS f mudflats on coast, ae 6 Greater Flamingo’ AeA a ect mercy Uber 7 Chilean Flamingo @ Phoenicopterus chilensisa ] Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia bill black se leucorodia Fee eee Sea cet « eater and al pone 3 Maguari Stork ee doesnot asually Ciconia maguari mney ‘ mieeatohey ean Fe , feathered neck aes o 2 Roseate Spoonbill bil alse ae Platalea ajaja —_> a), coastal areas, mangroves salt or brackish water, seleiom inland fecshwater wetlands of all kinds, including rice fields 5 Jabiru Jabiru mycteria 4 Wood Stork eee J decurved bill diagnostic iD immature ~ “4 from young Mealy prefers freshwater . aoa Sredlands but in dal dank bill and brackish waters if food is adundant Rs adult hhuge and ‘uninistakable Diack flight feathers show wel in fight see King Vulture | Plate 26),PLATE 26: VULTURES a) brasiliensis short tailed; white roundels less distinct in Eeuariorian birds, | Black Vulture Black Vulture Coragyps atratus 56-68cm; Tle; R; p80 2 Turkey Vulture inl and glist Gale peal Cathartes aura : | when gliding, wings held in allow VW “Turkey Vulture 64-81.cm; T-Te; R/B; c p.8l = % tesser Nellowienled silvery-grey tone to remiges, Vulture acon ton ened Cathartes burrovianus shallow V" 3 Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture 58-66cm; 1; R; c/f pl 4 Greater Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes melambrotus 4 Greater Yellow-headed Vulture 74-81 cm; UF; Bsc p.8l immature from other vultures by irregular white on wing anc! eleep-winged shape adult may be confused with Maguari Stork at a distance, but stork has extended neck and legs 5 King Vulture King Vulture Sarcoramphus papa 5 71-81em; T. R u/r p81 ga ee BaP 6 Andean Condor Vultur gryphus rounded tail with no barring in any plunage 6 Andean Condor 100-130em; T-P;R; r NT p.821 Black Vulture Coragyps atratus 3, Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus a) brasiliensis usually flies and often flaps savannas wings heavily : from all other vultures by shorter tail and whisish, roundel in flight usually in groups Sano Ss pater 2 Turkey Vulture a) ruficollis fe humia fee ; meridionalis juvenile By ae eee 4 Greater Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes melambrotus lowlands including, humic and dry forest and partially cleared land noaually solitary; soars very high 3rd year Me. 5 King Vulture SN Sarcoramphus papa 6 Andean Condor @ Vultur gryphus ae for hours immature breast may seem very swollen and out lof proportion aller feedingf € Osprey 2 Grey-headed Kite Hook-billed Kite 55-58em; LT: B; ¢ p83 46-54em; TR; u p.83 38-42cm; TTe; R; u p84 d ROLL Double-toothed Kite Rufous-thighed Kite Pearl Kite 31-35cm; T; R; u p.86 29-35cm; TR; 6 p.86 20-28em; T; R; Ie/u p.84 diten in dense swainsonii primary forest, Intolerant af forest diseurbance ary toad areas overgrown ‘woodland usually solitary in lewser levels 6 Pearl Kite Gampsoryx swainsonii 5 Rufous-thighed Kite Harpagus diodon 1 Osprey Pandion haliaetus iol Clie carolinensis wetlands — lange seas of relatively Open shallow water des t catch fish usually solitary boreal migrant October- May, but some immatures y year-round2 Grey-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis cayanensis repeatedly soars ‘over cangpy short periods throughout the day hunts from an exposed perch, mainly at dawn and dusk ar immature light phase immature intermediate immature dark phase the tee monphs only ‘occur in ienmature plumage 3 Hook-billed Kite Chondrohierax uncinatus uncinatus siderable ‘of bill vol] immature dark morph immature gnnerally sluggish secretive andl i perch inside forest ut soars high over 4 Double-toothed Kite oo Harpagus bidentatus immature juvenile s black 1h a) fasciatus immature amet fixquendy follows Woops of moneys bie flgchs sad army ©) Pidentatus s, for prey they disturbs Bzards, large insects etctimes 1 White-tailed Kite may Fane 3 Plumbeous Kite ith raised TES | curus 2. Mississippi Kite Ictinia plumbea ae So ee ane pen forest gallery forest, forest ee Hane eyes Cee ‘Sands in palm savanna and open suly bunts returns to perch to feed country, offen sits on an exposed branch ignoring observers lusk 4 Swallow-tailed Kite “adult immature Elanoides forficatus we immature 2, a bE es ia) a fear Pe fien drifs in zoups of 30 sallies from pereh ta snatch snails from water with is feet, also hunts by eeuising low juvenile immature A over water 5 Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis mostly seen forest hawking large insewets| eran forficatus spa (boreal ssident) migrant) (me o 6 Slender-billed Kite Helicolestes hamatus Snail Kite adult replaces Snail Kite in forest areas, shallow lagoons sui rounded by oA Wes adult >, ores, etc Slender-billed Kite immature ae )Rufous-thighed Kite ig Ze Harpagus diodon glides on. Hac wings flaps and sfides, soars low juvenile 27.2 Hook-billed Kite Chondrohierax uncinatus slow wing beats, slightly bowed wings when soaring adult grey morph dark morph juvenile 28.2 Mississippi Kite y Ictinia mississippiensis AN Ret 28.1 White-tailed Kite & Elanus leucurus | Z 4 juvenile & i q buoyant leisurely swingheats, slides with swings flat epg ee ee 27.3 Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus a 27.5 Pearl Kite Pen bidentatus Gampsonyx swainsonii leonae Pao i: / | wingvea, ‘\ aliding juvenile juvenile adult fastwingbeats and glides . 27.1 Grey-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis juvenile dark morph. er Vee* juvenile HWY dark mo juvenile pale morph 28.3 Plumbeous Kis Ictinia plumbes leisurely buoyane Hight, slides on fat wings 28.4 Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus slow loose seingbeats, fat wing sliding an soaring32.1 Plain-breasted Hawk Accipiter ventralis adult juvenile Ast wingbeats, soars and glides on flat wings t 4] ides soars dark morph = f=) on flat wings. nie light morph juvenile 32.3 Slate-coloured Hawk Leucopternis schistaceus 32.4 Barred Hawk Leucoptemis princeps 32.6 Plumbeous Hawk Leucopternis plumbeus Me, adult, Tre apparently does juvenile adult Iiyye ae. i - — not known 32.7 Semiplumbeous Hawk Leucopternis semiplumbeus short fast wing slices, rarely 32.5 Black-faced Hawk Leucopternis melanops 32.8 White Hawk Leucopternis albicollis slow song wing. beats des, sons one Pa Nar flat-wing plides fast shallow beats short glides; des no soar albicollis 32.9 Grey-backed Hawk Leucopternis occidentalis| Lang rinse Harr Northern Harrier Cinereous Harrier 45-60cm; UT; R; u p.87 45-53cm; UT; By 6 p.88 43-50cm; TP; R; u/r p88 pale morph pale morph sehen hunting, alternates Tong, low glicles with drifting from side-to-side ] Long-winged Harrier Circus buffoni dakinorty dark morph 2 Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus immature Beye ereous Harrier fis with slow wingbeats aterm Circus cinereus Walk glides on raised wing, somnedmes slides with flat or sighily bowed wings1 Long-winged Harrier Circus bufoni usually rests on ground rather than a post oF fence normal morph immature marshes, grassland, sinall lagoons with, emergent vegetation, rice fields and open ceuldivation dark morph, immature ‘adult retaining some immature characters % 2 Northern Harrier usally solitary, perches on round, poles, fences and Circus cyaneus reeds but seldom on trees hudsonius immature swampy areas with thick growth: of tall reeds and grassy aqua vyeyetation, rice fields, fishly ploughed éulivation 3 Cinereous Harrier open country, particularly Circus cinereus marshes and reeel beds immature pastures and wetland i humic! inter-Andean valleys2s oD, Cooper's Hawk Geey-belied Hawk Semicollared Hawk 43-Slem; UT; R/A; p.88 37-47 cm; UT-Te; By p89 30-36cm; UT-S;R; u/r p89. Tiny Hawk 20-28cm; 75 Ri u p.89 , ] Grey-bellied Hawk 2 Cooper's Hawk Accipiter poliogaster Accipiter cooperii Ly i, Ge ston sll wingbeats, fe Tong glides on flat wings WE adult 3 Semicollared Hawk Accipiter collaris a rufous ee, juvenile ©] jivenite i“ eS adult. 4 Tiny Hawk - Accipiter superciliosus fast shallow wing- Deats, short glides rufous beayn juvenile1 Grey-bellied Hawk Accipiter poliogaster usually solitary, soariug over forest, perches at forest edge dense humid lowland forests and mature second growth especially along rivers intermediate immature/adult, black-faced grey-faced immature often around wetlands or along rivers 3 Semicollared Hawk @, Accipiter collaris usually alone, may be in pairs, ‘wary and shy immature quite wary, usually solitary, perches within canopy, anly oc- casionally in the open Perea rufous eee 4 Tiny Hawk Ds Eat Accipiter superciliosus anager a) fontanieri b) superciliosus still-hunts for bieds within forest, usually perches low, but occasionally mn canopy immature eo immature rufous, phaseSlate-coloured Hawk 38-430mj UT; Bw p.92 Plain-breasted Hawk D 28-33cm;TTe;R; u/r p89. Z OP: 1 fee Barred Hawk 5 Black-faced Hawk 6 Plumbeous Hawk 53-59cm; UT-Te,R; u/r p91 31-43¢m; T; R; u/r pol 35-38cm;IT;R; ¢ NT p92 | ’ base Semiplumbeous Hawk eet 33-36cm; T; R; u/r p93 46-S6cm; T; R; If/u : 8 White Hawk " 9 Grey-backed Hawk ® Pe © Leucoptemis albicols oie plerr eaeetar night sits in sun for long periods on exposed perch, adult white rump only shows in flight immature ©) costaricensis] Plain-breasted Hawk Accipiter ventralis discreet and well-hidelen black ph: four bars dark Bee fon aclule phase keeps to cover withi and hunts (iroue 2 Bicoloured Hawk soars above forest, bunts of upper levels juvenile Accipiter dying through foliage note chal collars bicolor ‘on immatures . ricolor a J Mn, immature immature immature forest borers and secondary woods especially around Takes and along, rivers 3 Slate-coloured Hawk Leucopternis schistaceus 4 Barred Hawk Leucopternis princeps usually solitary seldom soir sail-humt edge of w: usually on exposed perch at for- est edge, oF soaring high - over forest ‘immature S 6 Plumbeous Hawk @ 7 Semiplumbeous Hawk Ne Leucopternis plumbeus Leucopternis semiplumbeus fies fast ssith shallow \singbeats and short glides, but rarely only perches jn open in carly morning, otherwise well inside cover in forest; does Feereihy aay inside forest, still hunts within dense Tower levels; does D rvvature eo ate, 5 Black-faced Hawk a ‘Vpureibeaae meabatn ed o c juvenilec PLATE 33: BLACK HAWKS AND BUZZARD-EAGLE flight illustrations on plate 34 OT LR CSO TILE SK A Rie f Rufous Crab Hawk ‘Common Black Hawk 3 Mangrove Black Hawk 46cm; 17, R; f p93 46-Slem; T-S; R; ¢ p04 39-47cm; LT; Ri c p.94 Great Black Hawk Harris's Hawk 64em; TLS; R: u 48-S6cm; T-S; R; Ic p96 ¢ 6 Black-chested Buzzard-Fagle 65-80cm; TPR: K/u p96 soars gracefully, and high, fbr long periods above cliff faces, and cruises aver frets, 6 Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle hhovers aceasionally Geranoaetus melanoleucus dry.areas, rocky eat ravines albo open immature juvenile1 Rufous Crab Hawk aoe: Buteogallus aequinoctialis ‘rubs occasion- ally hue fight, cx low aver water usually in pairs near edge of immature adult na N : Ee 3 Mangrove Black Hawk Buteogallus subtilis adult. habits lke Common, Black Have FP) note base af tail is white 5 Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus short wings, long tail b) unicinctus 4, Great Black Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga 2 Common Black Hawk Buteogallus anthracinus silos from Tow perch at waters ede, nay >) walk about shore ancl even wade in shallows note base of tail is black, immature fe en perches immature within canopy and also on top of tall urubitinga solitary orin pain high; attend sa semi-open, drier lowlands and foothills sometimes Swampy areas and marsh= fands with scattered trees, thorny serub with cactus—— 33.2 Common Black Hawk 33.1 Rufous Crab Haw 33,3 Mangrove Black Hawk Buteogallus Buteogallus subtilis eas é aequinoctialis Scien ier ae slow wingbeats; slides and soars fon flar wings Soars on black base flat wings torail slow strong, wingbeats, slides; flat wings piv adult adult juvenile 33.6 Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle Geranoaetus melanoleucus level wings 33.4 Great Black Hawk Buteogallus 5 urubitinga juvenile i harrisi Uh unitinetus > Po, a> adult long, frequent Fo slides alternate juvenile with slow strong swingbeats glides and soars On fla or slightly {ast shallow beats, cupped wings, glides J with wrists raised and tips pointed down, 33,5 Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus35.1 Savanna Hawk Buteogallus meridionalis strong heavy beats ancl glides on cupped wings; soars fon flat wings oa juvenile Buteo albicaudatus 35.5 White-tailed Hawk WM, hypospodius slow heavy wing- beats, gleles with swings raised juvenile 35.3 Roadside Hawk Buteo magnirostris fast shallow flaps and short glides le. fast shallow flaps and short glides 35.4 Grey-lined Hawk ye il Asturina nitida ee Nga adult 35.2 Black-collared Hawk Busarellus nigricollis slow strong, wingbeais, slides on bo wings: soars swith slightly arched wing adult dark-throated morph ' 35.6 Solitary Eagle adult Harpyhaliaetys solitarius juvenilePLATE 35: HAWKS 3 AND SOLITARY EAGLE ® flight illustrations on plate 34 Roadside Hawk 33-40cm; T-5; R; ke p.97 Savannah Hawk Black-collared Hawk 3 51-64cm; T; R/A; c/F p25 46-Stem; TR; le p95 Agcened Hawk White-tailed Hawk 6 Solitary Eagle 38-43em; TR: u p93, 53-60em; T-S; Rf p97 66-7lcmUTTeR; rp. 95 6 Solitary Eagle Harpyhaliaetus solitarius solitarius perches on high bare branches; sometimes swoops dosen-slope in humid, wet and cloud forests juvenile] Savanna Hawk 2 Black-collared Hawk Buteogallus meridionalis poles, post Busarellus nigricolis poles, posts, stumps; Fences ete., for long peviod: on roadsides ak wn immature sinnilar behaviour to Savanna; Raya) slvays around wetlands immature 3 Roadside Hawk Buteo magnirostris 4 Grey-lined Hawk Asturina nitida sti-hunts fom semi-apen perch will chase prey Bap, through trees as rey) adult ale ‘insidiatrix’ magnirostris 1 nervous ne ‘ am attends savanna fires; om adult, mats adult ae usually perches in towns aud cites that alone of bare limb hhave plenty of trees of satay ee or roadside pole 5 White-tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus ‘pen to semi-qpen drier areas, dry scrub, cactus desert, pastures, thin ‘or patchy woodland, especially b) hypospodius cite adult juvenile dark morph dark morphflight illustrations on plate 37 Broad-winged Hawk 35-43cm; T; B; f p.98 White-rumped Hawk 35-3Bcm; S-Te; R; p.98 OLA A Short-tailed Hawk 35-41.cm; T-S; Ryu p98. White-throated Hawk 41-48cm; S-P;R; u/r p.98 5 Swainson’s Hawk Buteo swainsoni boreal migrant in transit to and fiom Argentina immature light morph immature red/dark morph 6 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis race(s) not identified wide variety of habitats, perches high on tall trees Swainson’s Hawk 46-52cm;T-S;B; u/r p99 costaricensis, Red-tailed Hawk 47-60cm:; Te; VB; F p99 seems lethargic when perched ‘on exposed or covered branch, but swift in flight bor adult adult adult light morph red morph dark morph. soars high’on stiff relatively raised, narrow wings with long tips eris-crossing in wile circles Patiie dark phase A _sostaricensis/calurus] Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus a) platypterus b) antillarum dark morph "Y= lack morph) boreal migrant, usualy solitary, perches Paitin: lethargicaly on pole or exposed branch ver treetops 2 White-rumped Hawk Buteo leucorrhous white rump only shows in fight adult adult dark morph pale morph immature 3 Short-tailed Hawk usually solitary 4 Buteo brachyurus soarcg high op. brachyurus hunts by cruising over forest top sometimes hovering belore diving; seldom perches in exposed spot 4 White-throated Hawk Buteo albigula vz adult dark morph immature dark morph wsing tips y nearly each ipof tal usually seen fying over high humid montane forest, loud, and patches of elfin forest or paramo36.6 Red-tailed Hawk 36.1 Broad-winged Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Buteo platypterus steady, stil antillarum steady, Tabouted wing- beats glides on level wags oo hand leven sou with light theta we D adut We r \ NAW platypterus Wea “J borealis ua : fEERE 36.2 White-rumped Hawk we Buteo leucorrhous costaricensis 36.3 Shortttailed Hawk an neleabrecagute raat wi stiff wingbeas, soars high still winebeats, flat wings with lite son's j with 2 Seal j ee rane AQ juvente pale morph adult dark morph dark morph 36.4 White-throated Hawk (= - Buteo albigula ne adult tye 36.5 Swainson’s Hawk Buteo swainsoni adult pale morph juvenile Tight easy wwingbeats with alides; wings slightly raised rocks Side to side juvenile red/dark morphs adult dark morph pale morph38.1 Red-backed Hawk Buteo polyosoma i juvenile be ® na & ie juvenile 38.3 Ornate Hawk-Eagle 38.2 Puna Hawk Spizaetus ornatus Buteo poecilochrous ees zglides on flat dee wings, soars on ARE raisee wings \ deep powerful Buteo albonotatus 38.5 Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle cae 4 Spizastur melanoleucus as ike Turkey Vile) powerful us, glides turned upRed-backed Hawk Puna Hawk 3 Ornate Hawk-Eagle 45-53cm; S-Te; R; ¢ p99 50-70cm; S-P;R/A2: fp. 100 58-63cm; TR; u/r ——p. 101 4 Zone-iailed Hawk Black-and-White Hawk-Eagle 48-53cm; T-Te; R/B; up. 100 56-60cm; T-LS;R; u/r — p. 101 3 Ornate Hawk-Eagle perch-hunts from» Spizaetus omatus Iside canopy of tall trees, AS vicarius ornatus \ circles and soars high especially in the mornings juvenile Black-and-white Hawk-Eas™ Spizastur melanoleucus forest next 1 country, alongs patches of Fores wet sx flies like a Turkey Vuluare and easily dismissed as such > sitions ait (otteg, adult. ‘chases, and stoops: from soaring fight immature immature very wide variery of habitats but aleays Uo zeneualed Hawk ea Buteo albonotatus| Red-backed Hawk Buteo polyosoma swing tips reach halfway down, wail 2 Puna Hawk Buteo poecilochrous of sing tips reach tip of tail —_ = = a é . juvenile juvenile immature)alee as Black Hawk-Eagle D Bisctand-chestout Eagle Crested Eagle 63-71cm; TS; R; lu p. 102 63-74cm; S-Te; R; s p. 102 81-86cm: T;R; u/r NT p. 100 forked erest 86-93cm: TLS; R; s/r_ NT p. 101 orjust below itis lowland of confision with dEagle wie does female notiecably larger than male Al a ww long foxk not developed NS seu bids note mamber of bars a on tal become Fewer : Fete: immature y 4 Harpy Eagle @ ‘enormous, powerlil legs Harpia harpyja and fecir grasping sloths and monkeys juvenile1 Black Hawk-Eagle ies wd sons Spizaetus tyrannus Sonnets ed ae soars high: slow wing Aapping very upright position when inactive usually perches and stillshunts in subcanopy note dark cheek rR immature immature 2 Black-and-chestnut Eagle Oroaetus isidori single longest Feather to crest frequently soars and circles rover lowland forest -may be mistaken for Haxpy whith is periods on Big, igh branches adult pale morph smaller and more slender tha juvenile Hi dark morph immature 3 Crested Eagle G Morphnus guianensisnt 4 ite 39.1. Black Hawk Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus white dises diagnostic 39.2 Black-and-chestnut Eagle mapa Oroaetus isidori powerful deep deep heavy ‘wingbeats, glides wingbeats, Sidon lt i; presi = often, Pt aha the, ae ihe wee ed aseoney + juvenile rapid swingbeats then glides, does MM 39.3 Crested Eagle Harpia harpyja Morphnus guianensisAy ] Ba Easle 75cm; LT; Vs slow powerial wingbeats, seldom glides, intermediate/ juvenile intermediate ] Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus juvenile vagrant to Curagao before the DD Timpact of the 1950 recent recovery could me, return of southern wanderersVLE A Black Caracara Red-throated Caracara Carunculated Caracara 43-48cm;IT; R; f p. 103 48-56cm;, TR; Ifa. 103 51-56cm; Te-P:R; If/u p, 103 : 1g j uw Mountain Caracara Northern Caracara Yellow-headed Caracara 51-56cm;Te-P;R: rp. 104 48-53cm;TTe;R: cp. 104 4)-46em: TS;R: G/F p. 104 7 laughing Falcon Herpetotheres cachinnans ‘Mountain Caracara in flight looks simailax, but belly white ta rmid-breast Laughing Falcon 46-56cm FLS;R; up. 105 2 Red-throated Caracara Ibycier americanus ‘ Yellow-headed Caracara 1 Black Caracara 5 Northern Caracara c Milvago chimachima Daptrius ater Caracara cheriway = adult [ 3 Carunculated Caracare Phalcoboenus carunculatsBlack ¢ 3 Carunculated Caracara 1 Dasani D Red-throated Garacara Phiadleoboerus-eariincllatue Ibycter americanus forages in pairs ancl small noisy bands strong flyer, ofien near juvenile forages inside forest, pairs or 5 small noisy bands, not shy 4, Mountain Caracara Phalcoboenus megalopterus walking on ground, often around grazing herbivores 5 Northern Caracara Caracara cheriway strong flyer, soars gracefully, forages in small juvenile ground 6 Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima seaches for prey by ring or perching. on high, follows tile and will pull icks from their acks @oe_ Laughing call very farreaching usually perched fairly high ‘onan exposed perch, flies ‘up to 20 binds, may purposefully with laboured forage together lapping, never soars carvion, road kills ‘tc.,also hunts ‘vertical posture when at rest 7 Laughing Falcon Herpetotheres cachinnansPlumbeous Forest Falcon p. 105 3 p. 105 28-35em; 1-5; R; u 25-36cm; (T; R; u p. 106 28-35cm; T Slaty-backed Forest Falcon Collared Forest Falcon 6 Buckley's Forest Falcon 35-46cm; LT; R; s/r p. 106 46-60cm; T; R; u/r p. 106 41 -46cm; LT; R; p. 106 ete adc SAU Telewest, mee oe wal ease |} sere veiaping wth Sabah Side erie nak Dut alo birds up to size of guans ‘tawny morph, tawny-naped variant b) semitorquatus pale morph dark morph immature a) naso 5 Collared Forest Falcon Micrastur semitorquatus1 Barred Forest Falcon wii tive ened eres Micrastur ruficolls Hi alin mene eee ore small birds at ant swarn three tail bars \ note variable Fadult \ number of railbars immature immature immature b) interstes ©) concentricus 3. Lined Forest Falcon Micrastur gilvicollis 2 Plumbeous Forest Falcon Micrastur plumbeus @ juvenile 0 tal bars fone tail bar 4 Slaty-backed Forest Falcon feeds mosdy on sakes, hu inside wet or very humid forests, Micrastur mivandollei ant swarms, perches within 2m = eee ee ae chemin walks or runs on forest floor cS BPD isiniy ne rid ic iowerevly ; but where overlaps with Collared 6 Buckley's Forest Falcon eines Micrastur buckleyi juvenile usually near tis juvenileAplomade Falcon Merlin Bat Falcon. oR: fu p. 108 25-33cm; LT-S; B; If/u —p. 107 23-30cm; LT; R; u p. 108 Orange-breasted Falcon Common Kestel 6 Peeing nee 33-38cm; T-S; R; s/r p. 108 32-39cm; ?; Vj or p. 107 38-5l.cm; Te; R/B; up. 109 Peregrine in fight, showing typical faleon profile American Kestrel € 25-28em; TPR Fp. 107 . usualy solitary, catches inreeinseos in fight most often seen perched on telephone wires and a) aequatorialis posts along roackiles b) isabellinus 7 American Kestrel Falco sparverius d) caucae once f) brevipennis1 Aplomado Falcon Merl Falco feroralis 2menin Falco columbarius ara very fond of wintering Dickcissel immature mostly perch-hunts, Rn. usually in partially open areas 2) femoralis richardsoni ~ main prey, binds tfien forages alone, ‘caught in flight, but pairs offen use a ‘one-two hit method of cooperative hunting 4, Orange-breasted Falcon b) pichinchae Falco deiroleucus 5 Common Kestrel fierce expression Falco tinnunculus > 3 Bat Falcon immature tinnunculus Falco rufigularis jie barred andrtail-coverts Entopean slain in adil bs) primaries hoxer stoops forages by flying and just ps tip from 310m immature primaries do hala hovering to san not reach ip ground below pres cute epteiel of tal fad poles, scanning ground 6 Peregrine Falcon S, Falco peregrinus tundrius toeal anatum sy favours areas with migrat- ing shore birds, winterinut Dickeissel mosts and a where birds are continually boreal migrant cassini resident in Beuador soars high and stoops at speed pealei but also stoops from civeling and perch1 Russet-crowned Crake 16-18cm; TR; u pil 7. White throated Crake 14-16cm; T; Ri li/u p12 iT Speckled Crake 1 13-14em; TR; pl secretive, both grassy freshwater marshes and salmarshes, flies strongly when flushed, tucks legs uupin fight wi jamaicensis 9 Black Rail @ Laterallus jamaicensis Chestnut-headed Crake 19-22cm; UT; Ryu Rusty- fiankediCrake B16-18cm, 2 14-19¢em; LT Rs u EN p.12 OMA Uniform Crake 20-23em: T; R; s/r Ocelated Crake 14-15cm; T; Ru forages secretively, always in dense vegetation, flooded pastures, wel and enastal grass Tands, rice and alfalfa fields 10 Speckled Crake Coturnicops notatus pms Black-banded Crake 18-20cm; UTR; l/r p.12 Grey-breasted Crake 14-15.5cm; T; R; wu p. 113 Black Rail 12-15cm; Te-P;B; r NT p. 112 prefers areas with dense, all grasses, Moriche, Maura palm hogs ete., but not necessarily ne waters when flushed, drops back imp cover almost immediately ee = schomburgkii 11 Ocellated Crake Micropygia schomburgkii1 Russet-crowned Crake Anurolimnas viridis ve a) brunnescens / cautious and secretive b) viridis, Pe recapentoa reer ter defaresaton, not always in Pee eee 3 Black-banded Crake“ "0" Anurolimnas fasciatus 5 plantations va 4, Rufous-sided Crake Laterallus melanophaius ee a) oenops oe. . Lf \wel swampy grassy areas, river banks, around ox-bow lakes, pools, streams, river islands; only occasionally: far from water ea ) melanophaius dlfficult to flush, less shy than other crakes and to forest edge shrubbery and in the open 6 Grey-breasted Crake Laterallus exilis humid to wet soil, edges of streams, 2 Chestnut headed Crake Anurolimnas castaneiceps a) coccineipes b) castaneiceps solitary, inside thickets and dense vegetation, very wary aud difficul vo see 5 Rusty-flanked-Crake @) Laterallus levraudi lakesides, marshes, swamps etc usually in pairs Forages within dense veg- tation; anay be fearless in response to playback 7 White-throated Crake Laterallus albigularis ve b) cerdaleus responds well to playback but does not expase itself humid andl wer grassy areas; may be seen on dry stream beds oralmost dry watercourses responds to playback but wary and dificult to flush, les shor distance swith dangling legs, borders of wet- lands, rarely indy: grass 8 Uniform Crake Amaurolimnas concolor castaneus keeps to dense cover and is very reluctant flush wet, swampy thickets and under- brush, alongside water, borders of mangroves, forest edgesIIE LITA AC ‘ Sora Ash-throated Crake Paint-billed Crake 19-25¢em; UT; B; c/u pis 21-24cm; T; R; Ic/f p. 116 18-20cm; T-S;R; w/r pp. 116 Colombian Crake T2S-Vem: UR; Wr p.16 D. 18-2em TSR DD p16 Plain-flanked Rail 24-27em; UR r EN p. 114 25-30cm; Te; R; H/u EN p. 14 Virgin & Bogota Rail @ Rallus semiplumbeus 9) Virginia Rail Rallus limicola aequatorialis forages fartvely in dense segeiation, comes into open only easly morning, favours dense reed beds solitary in freshwater wetlands, always where there are extensions of emergent ‘vegetation, reeds, tall grassesbrown mottled black |] Sora 2 Ash-throated Crake upperparts: and flecked white Porzana carolina Porzana albicollis ‘brown mottled black, no white Black face, he / 7 yellow bill ea brown head olivacea wet and bogey a ‘may come out to see intruder 5 Colombian Crake ® Neocrex colombiana upperparts yellow and ved bill 3 Paint-billed Crake Neocrex erythrops *°"""""" 4. Yellow-breasted Crake olivascens a Porzana flaviventer b) colombiana sarred Seeriail aS streaked ; VQ ere rite > es skulking; likes areas with lush tall marshes with floating grasses, rice fics, ditches ete juvenile adult skulking but comes out fo open muddy areas 6 Clapper Rail ) dillonripleyi Ralllus longirostris d) margaritae brackish and saltwater marshes and mangroves, 7 Plain-flanked Rail @ paca ghee Rallus wetmorei shorter than Clapper Rail Fe b) pelodramus no barring only in red andl Black mangroves in limited range in N Venezucta normal adult black morph.Plumbeous Rail 25-32em; UF; R; Kf/r p17 28-38cm; S; Ry 6 p17 Grey-necked Wood Rail Red-winged Wood Rail Brown Wood Rail 38-42cm; TR; f/u p. 114 31-33cm; UT; R; u/r p. 115, 33-36cm; LU; R; u/r VU p. 11S Rufous-necked Wood Rail brown back 28-30em; T; Ry u/r p.14 6 Brown Wood Rail @ > Aramides wolfi grey restricted 40 head and neck streams and swamps inside rufous head forest and mangroves, habits and nece and habitat much as ‘ Rnfous-necked Wood Rail juvenile ‘usually in dense cover but comes ‘ou onto mudflats when tile is ‘out, favours mangraves, rarely inside deciduous forest 7 Rufous-necked Wood Rail Aramides axillaris1 Spotted Rail Pardirallus maculatus maculatus freshwater margins variable barring 7 on flanks 2 Plumbeous Rail Pardirallus sanguinolentus red and blue base 1 greenish bill black indent ‘wet grass areas along streams, sugarcane fields streams andl weet ceemadeest, 4 Grey-necked Wood Rail lecat srs ies Aramides cajanea and marshes cajanea rey back, head and neck grey thighs calls lovelly and excitedly, exchanges with birds in the area can result in a siotous chorus white spotting on head, "upperparis and breast dark morph adult ree spot at base 3 : fF gels bil barred morph juvenile pale morph juvenile freshwater marshes with dense emergent water Teo vegetation, rice fields, some white canals etc flecking 3 Blackish Rail Pardirallus nigricans a) nigricans ——, yellow-green bill S whitish throat smatshy ponds and b) caucae — somedimes comes ieaeateres Fats to forage with ‘waders or other waterbiftds 5 Red-winged Wood Rail Aramides calopterus Drown crown ‘and hindneek eee Ea along streams and wet de nifous wing ‘on neck grey breastPurple Gallinule Azure Gallinule 27-36cm; T;R/B; c/f p18 23-26cm;IT,R; fu p. 18 28cm; US-Te; R; r Caribbean Coot Slate-coloured Coot 33-38cm; UTR If NT p. 119 34-43cm; Te; R/B; le/rp. 19 40-44cm; S-P;R; Ie/u p. 19. Common Moorhen 30-38cm; TP; R/B; c/s p. NB iainly freshwater with emergent vegetation, ofien in rice fields juvenile zed shield and Bil, Gpped forages on land and on water, Mare swale with bigh steps and horizontal, but cocks tal when 7 _ white stripes on flank in all plumages immature white underiail with dark centre red tibiae, normally ‘concealed galeata 7 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus1 Purple Gallinule 2 Aare Gallinule Porphyrula martinica Porphyruld flavirostris sally in pairs but flocks up to qayenie: 500 may gather, behind cover ornear it; clambers over water plants and reeds, ineluding rice wetlands with dense vegeta- tion, forages within cover but may be seen walkin ats of floating vegetation along edge of reed beds pale blue on shield A eee 3 Spot-flanked Gallinule Callinula melanops bogotensis red and sellony bill brown upperparts not secretive, often seen swimming among reed beds undertail white uundertail - white adult . * juvenile ‘poling . ons 2 esate fr wetlands with ontop of hil — 4 Caribbean Coot ee 5 American Coot Fulica americana Fulica caribaea al on bill we a columbiana yellow legs, red tibiae (attr J rarely seen) large frontal both species prefer freshwater wetlands with shield, all * ample submerged and emergent vegetation, white bill ‘occasionally on brackish water swims in the ‘open and wallis yellow legs along shore forages mostly on white-fronted sweater, diving for morph shoots ete 6 Slate-coloured Coot mesly forages | Fulica ardesiaca water, diving = shoots, et atrura pale-fronted morph dark lexs NI seldom on water without reeds and tesa one morph higher elevations ‘where pale-fronted hhas green leas and fee tends to be morph is dominant at lower elevations juvenilePUA A Grey-winged Trumpeter Pale-winged Trumpeter 3 Sungrebe p. 110 28-30cm; UTR: H/s ——p. 120 45-S2em; UF; R; f/a p. 110 45-S2em; 7; ?R; + Sunbittern 46-48cm;T;R; /r ——p. 120. 4 Sunbittern Eurypyga helias distinctive horizontal stance and alking alls across mucldy round and wet forest li ceiges of water, but does nat wade “ responds very well to playback or human rivers, streams, lanes whistle nel wet areas in forest| Grey-winged Trumpeter i Psophia crepitans b) crepitans ‘unmistakable, in pairs fr groups on forest floor when alarmed flies to a high branch groups engage in play including mack fights, chases and bragging over food, playing swith gs ete a) napensis ‘ochre back diagnostic wanders peacefully ochroptera 15 floor of pristine lorra frme forest 2 Pale-winged Trumpeter Psophia leucoptera 3 Sungrebe unique swiped Heliornis futica hhead and neck pattern sometimes swims with only head showing above c Anhinga srow white tips Al {conspicuous ' AG, a striped legs and fet, does not normally slow moving oratill water in walk on ground, but may run to flee; lowlands with dense overhang- al vegetation perches on branches overhanging water ing or maryDouble-striped Thick-knee Peruvian Thick-knee American Golden Plover 43-48cm; UT; Ri ¢ p. 126 38-43cm; LT; R: p. 127 24-28em; (T; B; u p. 122 MOTT MAK, A Tawny-throated Dotterel 30cm; UT; B; F p. 122 23-26cm; UT: V; p. 122 25-29cm; T-P; R?; r p. 125 generally still, often lying on ground by day, nocturnal and vociferous by night, eyes reflect in headlights ancl Hashlights unmistakable in range 2 Peruvian Thick-knee : Burhinus superciliaris a) pediacus b) vocifer a grey covert fortis panel on wings tonntistakable in range ] Double-striped Thick-knee Burhinus bistriatus3 American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica winter juvenile ote wings protuding well past tip of tail, fo not project ail in flight all-black” breeding | swing tips to Spor tall | boréal passage migrant en route toro. Argentina & Tawny-throated Dotterel Oreopholus ruficollis 5 Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva juvenile roject & Reendtail white . bars ‘when approached may turn away and stand stil pallidus oe 4, Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola coastal mudfiats, mud strips behind mangrove tidal pools, saltpans ete as all Phasatis eve breeding, short __ hind toe 7 Pied Lapwing Vanellus cayanus juvenile "adult ons forward in short buests like a sand ployerJ connen Ringed Plover D Semipaated Plover 3, isons ters 18-20em; TV) 6 p23 L£.17-19em; tT; R/B; lef p. 123 DP 16.5-19em LT R/B; HA p. 123 n eae inital Lye é HOUR AC Killdeer 5 Collared Plover 6 Sey Plover: (23-28cm; T-S;R/B; u/r p. 124 14-15cm 1; R; Ie p. 125 15-17.5em; LT; R; c/a p. 124 Piping Plover 8 Souther Lapwing 9 Andean Lapwing 17-18.5cm; LT Vs F p. 124 ye p.12I 33-36cm; Te-P;R; le p. 122 open bogs attended grazing land, ploughed land 9 Andean Lapwing fies with Tight springy Vanellus resplendens bat slo lapping juvenile open grassy areas, usvally near Ireshwater lakes cayennensis and rivers 8 Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis juvenile] Common Ringed Plover 2 Semipalmated Plover Charadrius hiaticula 1088 tan Charadrius semipalmatus tundrae Sneek short 3 Wilson's Plover es ea Charadrius wilsonia eyebrow thick bill small cosually singly but gregarious bill feeds slowly and deliberately alert but allows non-breeding. iin (NS Am resident) Be 00 d:00cing So (May) breeding eaane various coastal coastal mud) habitats, sometimes and sandfats short grassland 4 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus free. ‘wilsonia juvenile wide variety of ‘open habitats from savanna to ploughed fields, not necessarily wilsonia beldingi 5 Collared Plover 2 vplelostal Charadrius collaris tidal aah ina note lack of _ collaris white collar ae 6 Snowy Plover j Charadrius alexandrinus 7 Piping Plover i Charadrius melodus = a) nivosus eb) occidentalis =~ juvenile : MB 00 breeding y juvenile/ ( non-breeding immature ; at : a breeding sabitats from sandy 2, ey prone Beaches and mudflats ~ Hone prominent by short grassland fiat, smooth mud ~ flas and sal pans white wingbar shows in flightAmerican Oystercatcher Black-necked Stilt American Avocet. 48cm; O; R/B: u/r p. 125 36-39e : off p. 126 43-46cm; TS; By r p. 126 Wattled Jacana 17-25cm; LT; R; p. 140 cere Gooey ameiran: pipette gia on ee , aco ©) hypomelaena juvenile cs Va a) intermedia d) melanopygia AX b) scapularis unmistakable, Iu waterbirds 4 Waitled Jacana abundant floating vegetation Jacana jacana uge-footed ours areas with,] American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus palliatus juvenile adult rocky and sandy beaches and estuaries tliagnastie ‘ wing pattern \ usually in pairs dhat do not mix with other shorebirds 2 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus a) mexicans sy and easy pt vp — wil fly around in circles crying loudly, especially nervous shen with young 3 American Avocet adult Recurvirostra americana 5) melanurus > foods by sweeping bil fom side to sie — \, juvenile ° in shalllow Fe — nd ez favours brackish and freshwater marshes and pools “ adult ae en . et surface juvenile ——=* pressing) vagrant 10 coastal estuaries and lagoons, and tice fields in ofien roosts in coastal lowlands water standing on one legAly tune sue 22em; Te-P; R; 2 South American Snipe 3 Andean Snipe p. 129 25-29em;T:R/A; fp. 128 29-30cm; TP; R; UF/up. 129 ’ d LYLE A Dy, 4 Wilson's Snipe Noble Snipe 6 Giant Snipe 25-28cm; T-Te; By If/u pp. 128 30-32cm; Te-P; R; f p. 128 35-40cm; T; R; u p. 128 7 invesial Stipe Least Seedsnipe Bufous belied Seedsnipe 29-30cm; Te-P; R; u/r NT p. 129 16-19¢m; T; R?; 6 p. 140 27-30.5em; P:R: u/r p. 140, open marshy paramo around treeline, grassy areas rich in Espa Tee it almost black underwings 7 Imperial Snipe @ Gallinago imperialis a = / S Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe Attagis gayi open sandy desert and. barren fields with serub and succulents when disturbed lowers diagnostic throat close to ground and. ‘and breast pattern keeps still cuneicauda BE asec TIDE ts Be hrnab meston Thinocorus rumicivorus a and bogs with Eipeetiapee coca 1 Puna Snipe open reed marsh Gallinago andina when Bushéd, rises steeply then flies in small jumps’ no zigzag » almost white underwing 2 South American Snipe Gallinago paraguaiae paraguaiae wot savannas, edges of streams, marshy coastal areas Sean era, flush, takes off with zig-zag flights only in lowlands is 3 Andean Snipe oud raspin Gallinago jamesoni aie fished grassy marshland near tweline flushes wit an, explosive tit 4. Wilson’s Snipe Gallinago delicata delicata Bushes explosively at the last minute, and takes off with a zigzag fight, may give white undefwing-coverts and white bar 5 Noble Snipe Gallinago nobilis dusky bill ‘montane marshland, ushes reluctant, takes off heavily with less pronounced rig-zag all brown underwing- ‘gd Eee 6 Giant Snipe Calllinago undulata undulata seldom flushes, prefers to squat and fiveze, or tall vegetation, tall slowly walk away grass, also swamps and flooded grassland when flashed utters dakokeBartailed Godwit Hudsonian Godwit Black led Godt 37-4lom TBM; +p. BT 36-42em; TB Ie/r pO. 36-40cm: BA; rp. 130 c Oe Eskimo Curlew Marbled Godwit Whimbrel 429-34em; LT; B; r CR p. 131 42-48cm; IT, BV; 5p. 131 40-46cm; [T; B; fF Long-billed Curlew Upland Sandpiper Basco eh Sea 26-32cm;T-(P);B; up. 132 oe 32cm, 920-25em; IT; BN; p. 138 aii Seer eee Philomachus pugnax eis signiicant then female, dilferenc colour here is individual juvenile wwingbeats slower and eceper than, other similarssized shorebirds gregarious forages actively often running with hunched posture1 Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica lapponica 2 Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica. only large bird with mainly black underwings juvenile juvenile all three highly gregari ee wour muddy © estuaries non-breeding { cosually only seen juvenile on Atlante coast in October non-breeding white underwing white dp ) 3 Black-tailed Godwit / Limosa limosa rounded head with bold ees ened bill 4 Eskimo Curlew @ Me 5 Marbled Godwit Numenius borealis Limosa fedoa fedoa non-breeding |) iN \shite underwing all-black intertidal mudflats, mney overflies the Jong neck and shor ¥ 3 y perenne y i Dill diagnostic brielly to feed on offshore islands ~ east A of continenrin September, west in March ovata region sac opie as 8 Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda sgrasy land, pastures, air fields, parks cte., seldom by water rather shy, stays in mixed flocks, strides rapidly, peck= ing and probing conspicuous in flocks of shorebires at ronsts and when feeding fudsonicus 6 Whimbrel YT eae 7 Long-billed Curlew @ Numenius americanusAND ALLIES ‘Common Greenshank De Yellowlegs 3 Lesser Yellowlegs 30-35cm; TB; ¢ p. 132 29-35cm; TP; B: ¢ p. 132 23-25em; TS;B; /F —_p. 133 Spotted Redshank 4 5 Wandering Tatler Spotted Sandpiper 29-32cm; T; B/V; r p. 133 a 26-29cm; LT; B; s . 18-20cm; TS; ae 7 saltary Sandpiper Wood a gt 18-21cm; T; B; f p. 133, 19-23cm; T; B/V; or p. 133 9-23cm; usually seen on intertidal strips especially tidal muck. flats bordering mangroves feeds by walking slowly, stitebing into mud 1 Short-billed Dowitcher 11 We billed Dowitcher 25-29cm; (TB: f p. 129 24-30em; IT; B; p. 130 fight call (peep or ook pe a) caurinus juvenile as SS more of a freshwater bird, wades up to belly, prefers marshes and Freshwater muddy areas fatnimstved — 2s non-breeding inegular and varied non-breeding 10 Short-billed Dowitcher 11 Long billed Dowitcher fight call tutte Limnodromus griseus Limnodromus scolopaceus2 Greater Yellowlegs 1 Common Greenshank Tringa melanoleuca Tringa nebularia feeds singly or in small groups, wads in water, often swims, dashes Dill almost straight, throngh water after small fish Dill curves fi only Bactionally up slightly . upcumed non-breeding —— from coastal lagoons to paramo rain pools, ‘marshes, rice fields ete breeding winters inland, favours Aooded meadows, marsh- es and rice fields eve breeding 5 Wandering Tattler Fenn Heteroscelus incanus esser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes bobs and teeters, low weaving fight 4, Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus non-breeding _— accidental slight droop non-breeding rocky coasts with Siar habitats to breeding, piers out to sea and Greater Yellowlegs, ‘ ‘offshore islands, stops ‘aot as likely to dash wedge-shaped ce ene) 4 atinland eee ‘will walk on lily white rump, yonls on migration eaves and floating entire under- 2 ‘ swing white 6 Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius vegetation 7 SolitarySandpiper Tringa solitaria white cye- rings solitavia Dill and legs variable from, < yellow to orange orgrey solitary ‘often wades in shal- non-breeding eae iene Ee oo Eesee eee Wood Sandpiper breeding: Tringa glareola 9 Terek Sandpiper ‘Xenus cinereus esi breeding upturned continually teeters rear end “YY non-breeding ‘Bill ast uns along the shore; just ery active about any Ireshwater habitat forages ina y Sandpiper) frenzied mao- fieshuwater wetlands ner sweeps bill rarely in coastal areas through wateree Dale L fede Sanderling D. Semipatmated Sandpiper Western Sandpiper 20-21 cm; LT; B; f p. 136, 13-15cm; UT; B; c p. 156 14-17cm; T-S; B; p. 36 AULA i White-rumped Sandpiper Baird's Sandpiper 13-15em: TS; B; ¢ p. 137 15-18cm; T; By r p. 137 14-17cm; T-P; B; r p. 137 ut anna AO TE, EEL > Pectoral Sandpiper Stilt Sandpiper Dulin 19-23em; T-P; B; u p. 137 18-23cm; T; B; Ie p. 138, 16-22cm; LT; B; p. 138 ETA 1O Sitter Sandie 18-23cm; IT; BV; © DI 1 1 Buff-breasted Sandpiper p. 138 18-20cm; LT; B; 5 p. 158 short grass country, freshwater weilands, egal also far from water ich buff distinctive _ juvenile runs in a very upright manner; quite approachable rather freeze than Mush, when fushed fies with erratic twisting jizz unmarked uty cheeks 11 Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficolis2 Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla 1. Sanderlin Calidris alba feeds close ta water's edge, keep- ase t0 wav a and juvenile by probing in rm chestnut “non-breeding nus fast, Calidris fuscicollis very sociable 4. Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla juvenile ‘more often inland than Western or Semipalmated, residents tend to ceupy muddy \ non-breeding 7 Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos ~ juvenile Bal droops dightly at cod lagoons and a soups spread nonabeoeane muds vat in grassy 2 along coast, fieshyvater wellands inland 9 Dunlin Calidris alpina pacifica walks slowly and deliberately, probing into mud or sand tidal flats, estuar- ies, salt rows of) short streaks tends 10 feed 5 White-rumped Sandpiper white rump shows in Bight 3 juvenile ay’ swing tips on Whit ramped andl Baird's extend beyond tail, 8 Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus 3, Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri tends to feed by waking into shallow ‘water, beaches, intertidal strips, ei juvenile AS non-breeding call af Western is distinctly longer more high-pitched than Semipalmated 6 Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii “Sy «juvenile - } gel caves White-rumped and Baird’s use ally overfly the region, and are ephemeral in small numbers in the region juvenile vusually seen bellydeep in water, stitches and. scythes, sometimes head completely submerged non-breeding 10 Curlew Sandpiper s Calidris ferruginea juvenile white rump. shows in flight non-breeding marshes, salt pans eteLAS ve a Ruddy Turnstone Red Knot Black Turnstone 21-26cm; IT; B; p.135 23-25em; (7; B; u p. 135 22-25cm;(T;B/V; © p. 135 ¢ 2 SET Surfbird Wilson's Phalarope ELF 3 Red-necked Phalarope 23-26em; (TB; u/r p35 20-25em; TP; B; Ic/r —_p. 139 18-20cm;O7;B; rp, 139 Red Phalarope Willet 20-22cm;O-T;B; rp. 139 33-41 cm; T; R/B; p. 134 doth may be found on intertidal strips and sale marshes b) inornatus breeding early spring 8 Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus breeding ‘walks slowly bill angied down, also runs, scythes water, flight strong, downstroke emphasised nnop-bogeding semipalmatas is Tike inoraates but more ockiraceons2 Red Knot Calidris canutus Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres see vol. | for ‘ight pattern morinella juvenile ‘open sandy beaches, sandy ‘outer reaches of cstuaries, on mudflats during sigration non-breeding non-breeding adult 4 Surfbird Aphriza virgata breeding hurriedly tosses pebbles and seaweed aside for hidden prey rocky coasts, especially ‘where lots of seaweed has been thrown up on the both turnstones forage rocks and shore onrocks,shingieand 3, Black Turnstone mucl and are adept at Arenaria melanocephala dealing with shellfish see vol. Lor flight pattern non-breeding breeding bird is lighter with rufous patches on scapulars, spotted and scalloped below juvenile not as active as Ruddy, gathers in flocks to feed and roost “Saf non- breeding 6 Red-necked Phalarope hin Phalaropus lobatus pone forages swimmin, 5 Wilson's Phalarope bt cy Beery” Phalaropus tricolor Gee winters in saline lakes % Pe . i ee. RD) inthe hightands oe . fee — ates earaaries the edges ofS as a thé Huebol “ —— : Gites fae 3 seems first-winter non-breeding. juvenile/ =—— 4 — = Dy Arstwinter ‘ ee y ~~ eyteea on-breeding ert td weather ea Fe inbreeding first-winter. 7 Red Phalarope Phalaceplenitcars also along. the edges ‘of Humboldt CurrentGreat Skua Chilean Skua 3 Parasitic Jaeger 51-66cm; 0; Br p.141 53-59em;O;A/V;r p41 46-67cm (including tail streamers of 84cm); O;B: u/r pp, 142 Pornarine Jaeger South Polar Skua Gerteeielsere 65-78cm: 0; 8B: u p.142 50-5Sem;O;A; w/t p. 141 50-58cm (including tail streamers of 15-25cm);O;8; rp. 142 patch dian i small whit Great Sha flash restricted 6 Long-tailed Jaeger primaries, Stercorarius longicaudus pale nape but | no dark cap winter two primaries cunstreaked underparts first-winter davk trailing VY cdige to wing smaller bill and head than Great Skua tivo primaries ight agile and buoyant shorter relatively deeper bill than slim profile gives 5 South Polar Skua Parcde ewer! deep-chsted look Stercorarius maccormicki2 Chilean Skua vbareinghore FleGreatsSkils Sega ee tciay talpy harbours and forage long tidal strip Stercorarius skua adult extensive white Bash szealeed “ clesparts immature dead normal juvenile juvenile dark juvenile Dighly pelagic in noticeable cap winter but stays 09 waters of he Shett Sontinental warm cinnamon under / pans in all plumages 3 Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus Ashomenine Jaceey Stercorarius pomarinus powerful flight interspersed with short glides white five outer primaries adult adult non-breeding breeding white om all primaries first-winter juvenile juvenile barred tsworotie bill in ght has distinedly jerky up- all plumages \ ats, interspersed with elides barred underwings strongly barred4 Belcher’s Gull Siem; O-IT; A; Kelp Gull 58cm; O-LT; R/A; s p. 143 p. 144 California Gull 51-58cm; O-LT; B/V; r YN black 6 | third-winter second-winter note rail a with th 7 California Gull Larus californicus p. 144 note black ©. streaks in tail Grey Gull 45-46cm; O-L; A; Ic 1 PETIA A Lesser Black-backed Gull 51-61.cm; O-UT; B; u/r PITT LL American Herring Gull 55-56em; O-LT; B: u/r ‘opportunistic and totally ‘omnivorous, coastal areas and inland ~ even gardens black and red onbill » ar black. white edge adult non-breeding pte allashite tail Tt non-breeding 8 American Herring Gull Larus smithsonianus Ring billed Gull p. 143 45-53cm; O-UT; By u/r Great Black-backed Gull p. 145 71-79cm; O-LT; V; p. 144 continual tone XS second-winter ‘mainly coastal, but also on large inland. waters, opportunistic, offen at rubbish tips p. 143 de AG p. 144 | juvenile first-winter1 Belcher’s Gull Larus belcheri onerasting i nape Ss adult non-breeding adult breeding LS ~ second-winter J ee and around seabird colonies 4 Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus dominicanus cs Fivenic second-winter aggressive and dominant, usually on coast but ventures inland may have dusky band adult breeding mS juvenile third-winter 6 Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus adult non-breeding 2 Grey Gull Larus modestus adult non-breeding adult breeding gathers in mimbers along the tide line, cunning swilly behind retwvating breakers Tike a sandpiper oa second-winter birds lighter grey with partially grey hack and wings, x firstwinter 3 Ring.billed Gull Larus delawarensis al bills have black band second- Y winter =? adult breeding seen on rubbish dumps 5 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus graellsii dusky sub-terminal bar on underwis good field mark for second-year birds onwards slow, deep wingbeats second-winterFranklin's Gull p. 146 33-38cm; O-LT; R/B; u/r p. 147 1 Laughing Gull 38-43cm; O-LT: R/B; ¢ Black-headed Gull 5 Bonaparte’s Gull Andean Gull 38-43cm; O-UE B/Y; fp. 145 33-36cm;O-U;B up. 146 48cm; Te-P; R li/u p. 146 Grey-hooded Gull 36-38em:; T; R: If p. 145, 33-36em; O-LT; B; u/r pp. 147 33-36cm; O-L; B; u/r —p. 147 9 Little Gull Larus minutus adult non-breeding 1 Swallow-tailed Gull 55-60cm; IT; R; s/t ip. 147 "juvenile ther tern-like, with Black Terns along coast 10 Swallow-tailed Gull undulating flight, mainly noctirnal Creagrus furcatus adult non-breeding é adult i adult breeding non-breeding firstwinter juvenile] Laughing Gull Larus atricilla adult fea non-breeding breeding ene firstsummer oe juvenile 2 Franklin’s Gull * Franklin’s and Laughing Larus pipixcan Goll are regularly together 3 Erounmiocded Gil adult Larus maculipennis By Gh icncbretain “oe DL & fee or or ee first-summer firstwinter juvenile 4, Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 5 Bonaparte’s Gull Wi ML, by J a Go SS adult non-breeding —_ first summer bill always black, sipped red adult non-breeding 6 Andean Gull Larus serranus adult breeding y= ’ a adult. non-breeding frseaimmed 7 Grey-hooded Gull Larus cirrocephalus cirrocephalus adult MA iveving fe ky cat first-summer second-winter generally coastal but has a 7 Dropensiy ta vst feshwater 8 Sabine’s Gull Jakes, wedands etc Xema sabini gr continual graceful beats, is rather tern-tike, often adult breeding =. associates with (ern ‘ J juvenile non-breedingAYES, EL ode LO fe 1 Inca Tern 2 Brown Noddy Black Noddy 40-42cm; O-IT; R; f p. 151 40-45cem; OUT; R; f p. 148 35-39cm; O-UT; R; u/r pp. 148 Sooty Ter Black Tem 35-38cm;OLLR: fp. 148 43-45cm;O-U;R; fp. 148 22-24cm; OUT: B; sp. 151 White Tem 28-33cm;O-UT Vs rp. 148 7 Black Tern Bridled Tern, flight exatc with frequent Chlidonias niger planiage micva jerky undulations, swoops Dut rarely dives between breeding and winter surinamensis non-breeding adult note cap with cear-coverts 6 White Tern first summer/ Geis alba winter alba breeding adults juvenile = A v0n-breesing adult very gregatious hypothetical for ollshore Ecuador and Colombia light and fluttering ight, catches flying i fish in the air ze? juvenile] Inca Tern Larosterna inca 2. Brown Noddy white ae Anous stolidus edge moustache flies low over the sea stolidus juvenile cree mene forages at night immature adult. fight graceful and buoyant ‘ shallow flutcering adults a wingheats 3 Black Noddy Anous minutus americanus immature 4, Bridled Tern adult Onychoprion anaethetus, juvenile 5 a sociable; forages with fast fluttering fight often resis on ‘over shoaling fish driftwood or otsam - 2 juvenile os adult ‘ fies lowe aver sea and plange-clves 5 Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus highly social, flocks with other seabirds ‘over shoaling fish does not plunge- dive, but swoops 10. snateh from surface white forehead docs not extend beyonel eyes J Peri very rarely settles juvenile ee, = acecanes J first'summerSouth American Tern 1 Rove ten 40-44cm; O-LT; A; s p. 151 Gull- 35-43cm; O-7; By F p. 150 0. Ad Black Skimmer 41-46 cm) LTR; c/f p. 154 adult l breeding, — lagoons, estuaries rivers tal pools etc. as long as the water is smooth and placid juvenile adult 6 Caspian Tern non-breeding Hydroprogne caspia heavy re bill rather : gzll-ike piratic, robbing A ther tems 4 adult breeding ) spring Elegant Tern 40-43cm; O-LT; R/B; u/r NT p. 153 Caspian Tern 48-59cm; O-IT;B; up. 150 7 Black Skimmer Rynchops niger adult breeding ~ ffies up to 1m above water swith bill pointing down, hovers before plunge-diving into the water juvenile, firstowinter1 Royal Tern Thalasseus maximus B maximus Z very sociable, ussnally / forages close to shore / flies high, dives but docs nor submerge adult 2 breeding — = firstwinter ——_— J £ ie breeding 3 Elegant Tern ® Thalasseus elegans Z adult LS non-breeding ba adult breeding Gen Sos eae ae adult slim and elegant = y breeding. a Ci rests in packed flocks “= fon sandbars and onda adult 5 Gull-billed Tern breeding fo =O Gelochelidon nilotica allow wingbeats, usu ally points bill forward in flight (ike a gull) seldom with bill pointed down ‘adult breeding adult. Diack eap, nov eresied gl, flies with smooth, leisurely strokes zt : breeding JZ firstwinter_ yee Zs ‘ te 2 adult LY large pale yellow bill usally flies high cover water and ofien follows boats oF ae = non-breeding non-breeding 2 South American Tern Sterna hirundinacea very soctal, often in large flocks over open water aind kelp beds; plunge dives from about 6m id fo Ae adult \\_non-breeding — S adult ae non-breedng SF ne aise wing patern 4 Large-billed Tern Phaetusa simplex Os. simplex 4 adult (breeding ~.__non-breeding a adult juvenile ae roosts on sandbars and mudflats with skimmers, nighthaawks ane others juvenileLeast Tern 20-28cm; O-UT; R/B; up. 149 2 Yellow-billed Tern 23cm; UT; R; f p. 149 LNT Common Tern 5 32-38cm; O-LT:R/B; ¢ ps 152 33-38cm; OI Br p. 152 Sandwich Tem Geeme Tem 40-45cm; O-LT; R/B; up. 152 40-43cm; O-U;R; f/u pp. 153 7 Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis acutiftavidus 4 O fists ) ac ( first-summer breeding \ er lives fom higher than smaller terns ner em em breeding { / S.Sandwich: pill almost 2 late summer entirely black: adult non-breeding Peruvian Tern Bem; OTA; s NT p. 150 LSI Le Roseate Tern 35-43cm; O-LT;R; le/r —p. 151 8 Cayenne Tern Thalasseus euryenathus flight strong, fast and light social but only rarely mixed swith other species bill all = yellow * ade adult breeding, a jo adul mf Cayenne: dark-billed type1 Least Tern es Steraula antillaru antillarum outer two primaries — dark adult & breeding a = pie Ser usually flies 8-6m above water and S535 buoyant and erratic fight, hurried, hovers before plonge-dliving, with rapid waderlike beats 2 Yellow-billed Tern 3 Peruvian Tern @ Sternula superciliaris quick sigh with Sternula Jorata rapid wingbeals, =a, frequently hovers oy adult 7 SS non-breeding adult breeding juvenile fv Be f me 4 2 = adult ee at pa usually solitary aceasionally non-breeding Zz breeding sonra tera ete ral a over shallaw water 4 Common Tern ecue Sterna hirundo non-breeding 5 Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea hrirundo 7 note broad adult Dota wedge: non-breeding adult Z | ‘ non-breeding flight buoyant, slowish, shallow and more graceful strokes with down-turned tail — gs — = g et ez non-breeding 6 Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii x ee frstewinter juvenile very pelagic ~wintering far ure sea, coastal records nnsually of young birds bires in Caribbean do not have pink flush on breast = ; £ ; first-winter adult , S Efe. z parcnsnreccin: ae Se I — non-breedingPLATE 63: PIGEONS White-crowned Pigeon Scaled Pigeon Scaly-naped Pigeon 29-40cm; UT; Vr p. 155 28-34cm; LS; R; f/r p. 156, 32-41 cm; T; R; Ie/u 4 Bare-eyed Pigeon Marafién Pigeon Pale-vented Pigeon 30-37em;IT:R; Ie/f —_p. 156 31-34em; UT-S; R; ¢ WU p. 158 25-26.5cm; (TLS; Duumid montane forests, arboreal and rarely 33-40cm; UT-P;R; Ie/f —p. 157 Suan a) roraimae eo Dill always yellow juvenile a) roraimae Sey eens oy loud needles b) albilir 7 Band-tailed Pigeon PE Patagioenas fasciata ic p. 156 p.1571 White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala 2 Scaled Pigeon Patagioenas speciosa juvenile usa solitary but oecasionally in large flocks most offen seen flying strongly over forest, mangroves heavy sealing sa, diagnostic 3, Scaly-naped Pigeon Patagioenas squamosa 4 Bare-eyed Pigeon Patagioenas corensis inenie De juvenile “goggles? broad white wing pateh diagnostic shows as a Veshape oe ae “ distinctive loud _ wingeflapping when J flushed! Bary bird of GS Bie canopy, 6 Pale-vented Pigeon aie Patagioenas cayennensis 5 Marafién Pigeon @ Patagioenas cenops ; shoulders Giignostic key mark, arboreal and ofien ary, generally avoids closed forest and rainforests ‘usually seen in loose groups both foraging sand in large 200sts Sparian forests of faratiéu basinShortbilled Pigeon 2 Ruddy Pigeon 26-310m: TR W/s 158 : 27-32em: TAS; R: t/a p. 158 Plumbeous Pigeon Eared Dove Mourning Dove 33-34cm; FS;R; Ie/F p. 159 22-28cm; Te: